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110:(1919) wrote that many psychic photographs were revealed to be fraudulent produced by substitution and manipulation of the plates, double-printing, double-exposure and chemical screens. However, Carrington also stated he believed some of the photographs to be genuine. The term "thoughtography" was first introduced at the beginning of the twentieth century by Tomokichi Fukurai.
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when he thought no one was looking, sticking pictures into his "gizmo," a tube he held between his head and the camera lens. That some claim he produced images without the tube, and at some distance from the camera, is easily attributed to double exposure or use of previously made exposures, followed by the fake snapping of a picture.
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on which fold marks could sometimes be seen from the photographs. A photograph of Carrière taken from the back of the ectoplasm face revealed it to be made from a magazine cut out with the letters "Le Miro". The two-dimensional face had been clipped from the French magazine Le Miroir. Back issues of
345:
in his performances. The lens cap left on the camera, Geller would take pictures of his forehead and then have the pictures developed. Geller claimed that subsequent images had come directly from his mind. James Randi claimed Geller had performed the trick by using a "handheld optical device" or by
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Anyone who knows anything about this issue knows that Mr. Serios was long ago exposed and thoroughly debunked as a fraud. This was done with absolute certainty by professional photographers
Charlie Reynolds and David Eisendrath in the October 1967 issue of Popular Photography. Serios was observed,
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meaning "writing" or "representation," intending it to refer to the power of inscribing images directly onto photographic plates by sheer force of will. This phenomenon was known among western psychical researchers as "psychography" or "thoughtography," a practice that first emerged with the
193:(1923) which included photographs of the ectoplasm. Critics pointed out the photographs of the ectoplasm revealed marks of magazine cut-outs, pins and a piece of string. Schrenck-Notzing admitted that on several occasions Carrière deceptively smuggled pins into the séance room. The magician
242:
After
Schrenck-Notzing discovered Carrière had taken her ectoplasm faces from the magazine he defended her by claiming she had read the magazine but her memory had recalled the images and they had materialized into the ectoplasm. Schrenck-Notzing was described as credulous.
93:(1896) by Arthur Brunel Chatwood. In the book Chatwood described experiments where the "image of objects on the retina of the human eye might so affect it that a photograph could be produced by looking at a sensitive plate." The book was criticized in a review in
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and the results were negative. It was discovered that with tight controls, Kiyota was unable to project mental images onto film. He could only achieve success when he had the film in his possession without any control for at least 2 hours.
323:"Kiyota's Polaroid photos were apparently produced by preexposing the film, since it was noted that he made great efforts to obtain a film pack and spend time with it in private." In a 1984 television interview, Kiyota confessed to fraud.
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of pictures and cause them to appear on photographic film -- a supposedly psychokinetic (PK) process called "thoughtography." The man, an often unemployed bellhop named Ted Serios, was the object of a sensational article in
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Randi's point was driven home in 1984 when
Masuaki Kiyota, hailed as the Japanese Uri Geller, revealed in a television interview that he had faked the phenomena that had been verified by both American and Japanese
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When journalists found irregularities, Nagao's credibility was attacked, and there was speculation that her later illness and death was caused by distress over criticism. In 1913, Fukurai published
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146:, Ikuko Nagao, and others as subjects. Fukurai published results of experiments with Nagao that alleged she was capable of telepathically imprinting images on photo plates, which he called
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Skeptics, among them professional photographers, consider psychic photographs to be faked or the result of flaws in the camera or film, exposures, film-processing errors,
89:. Thoughtography has no connection with Spiritualism, which distinguishes it from spirit photography. One of the first books to mention "psychic photography" was the book
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285:(1967), arguing that Serios's purported psychic abilities were genuine. However, professional photographers and skeptics found that Serios was employing simple
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154:. The book was criticized for a lack of scientific approach and his work disparaged by the university and his colleagues. Fukurai eventually resigned in 1913.
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To accomplish his marvelous feat, Serios looked through a paper tube that he pressed against the camera's lens. A Polaroid model was used . . .
189:" were the result of "ideoplasty" in which the medium could form images onto ectoplasm from her mind. Schrenck-Notzing published the book
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means. While the term "thoughtography" has been in the
English lexicon since 1913, the more recent term "projected thermography" is a
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Later that year
Fukurai began to study another psychic, Ikuko Nagao, who possessed a talent he called "nenagraphy" or simply
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Psychokinetic
Photographs. In 1967 the world learned of a Chicago man with apparently remarkable powers: he could merely
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Thoughtography (also known as psychic photography) first emerged in the late 19th century due to the influence of
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wrote "In
Germany and Austria, Baron von Schrenck-Notzing is the laughing-stock of his medical colleagues."
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The
Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions
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Beyond Light and Shadow: The Role of
Photography in Certain Paranormal Phenomena: An Historical Survey
383:
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1381:
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The Jule
Eisenbud Collection on Ted Serios and Thoughtographic Photography, 1931–2001, bulk 1964–1989
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67:
57:, is the claimed ability to "burn" images from one's mind onto surfaces such as photographic film by
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the magazine also matched some of Carrière's ectoplasm faces. Cut out faces that she used included
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wrote that the ectoplasm of Carrière was fake and was made of cut-out paper faces from
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magazine and even an entire book written by Denver psychiatrist Jule Eisenbud,
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instant film. Serios's psychic claims were bolstered by the endorsement of a
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replicated the ectoplasm of Carrière using a comb, gauze and a handkerchief.
1471:
1085:
An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural
204:
62:
416:
Dreaming of Cinema: Spectatorship, Surrealism, and the Age of Digital Media
283:
The World of Ted Serios: "Thoughtographic" Studies of an Extraordinary Mind
208:
1401:
1181:
1088:. Digital adaptation by Gilles-Maurice de Schryver. (Online ed.).
1024:"'Psychic Projections' Were a Hoax - The Chronicle of Higher Education"
262:
643:
737:
The Oxford Handbook of the History of Psychology: Global Perspectives
342:
308:
278:
134:
in Japan, Tomokichi Fukurai, an assistant professor of psychology at
1201:
849:
Facts, Frauds, and Phantasms: A Survey of the Spiritualist Movement
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582:(2nd ed.). Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. p. 517.
281:-based psychiatrist, Jule Eisenbud (1908–1999), who wrote a book,
161:
18:
1212:
1002:(2nd ed.). Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. p. 77.
777:
Unruly Spirits: The Science of Psychic Phenomena in Modern France
511:"Modern psychical phenomena, recent researches and speculations"
303:
Masuaki Kiyota is a Japanese psychic who was claimed to possess
1216:
967:. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 285.
722:
discovery of so-called "N-rays" around the turn of the century.
23:
An alleged "thought photograph" obtained by Tomokichi Fukurai.
1508:
Association for the Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena
1195:
166:
Carrière with fake ectoplasm made from the French magazine
879:
Debates on the Meaning of Life, Evolution and Spiritualism
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Authors of the Impossible: The Paranormal and the Sacred
917:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. p. 197.
914:
Camera Clues: a Handbook for Photographic Investigation
545:
Camera Clues: A Handbook for Photographic Investigation
779:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 120.
612:(1st ed.). Dulles, Virginia: Brassey's. p.
609:
Photo Fakery: A History of Deception and Manipulation
1054:. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. p. 348.
1648:
1627:
1614:
Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Laboratory
1566:
1495:
1259:
173:In the early 20th century the psychical researcher
1720:Old Souls: The Scientific Evidence for Past Lives
834:. Chapter Séance-Room Phenomena. Duckworth. p. 49
1528:International Association for Near-Death Studies
1589:International Institute for Psychical Research
453:The Perfect Medium: Photography and the Occult
307:powers. Kiyota was tested by investigators in
1619:Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures
1228:
8:
1727:Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind
1116:Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology
419:. Columbia University Press. pp. 124–.
346:taking photographs on already exposed film.
269:, a hotel bellhop in his late forties, used
130:Around 1910, during a period of interest in
71:, a remake of the 1998 Japanese horror film
717:meaning "thought" or "idea," and the Greek
713:Fukurai coined this term from the Japanese
683:The Scary Screen: Media Anxiety in the Ring
117:, flash reflections or chemical reactions.
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1604:National Laboratory of Psychical Research
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445:
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1741:Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation
1177:University of Maryland, Baltimore County
770:
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377:
375:
1503:American Society for Psychical Research
570:
568:
371:
1051:A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology
65:popularized in the 2002 American film
7:
1774:
1518:Institut Métapsychique International
1119:(5th ed.). Detroit, Michigan:
1579:British College of Psychic Science
1202:Mind Power or Hoax? Thoughtography
1159:The Problems of Psychical Research
1090:James Randi Educational Foundation
734:David B. Baker (13 January 2012).
680:Kristen Lacefield (1 April 2013).
580:The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal
319:According to magician and skeptic
261:In the 1960s, it was claimed that
14:
1748:Varieties of Anomalous Experience
1692:Journal of Scientific Exploration
1773:
1762:
1761:
1000:Pseudoscience and the paranormal
480:Arthur Brunel Chatwood. (1896).
1208:Fukurai Institute of Psychology
152:Clairvoyance and Thoughtography
1609:Oxford Phasmatological Society
1599:Metropolitan Psychical Society
1553:Society for Psychical Research
1377:Parapsychology research at SRI
1:
1678:Journal of Near-Death Studies
1538:Parapsychological Association
1387:Plant perception (paranormal)
642:Carroll, Robert Todd (2003).
1574:American Psychical Institute
1533:Koestler Parapsychology Unit
1523:Institute of Noetic Sciences
1204:, accessed February 24, 2006
1198:, accessed February 23, 2006
808:"Spiritism and common sense"
549:University Press of Kentucky
273:powers to produce images on
191:Phenomena of Materialisation
1312:Electronic voice phenomenon
961:Kripal, Jeffrey J. (2011).
175:Albert von Schrenck-Notzing
1843:
1640:Skeptics of parapsychology
1594:London Dialectical Society
1513:College of Psychic Studies
1113:; Shepard, Leslie (2001).
456:. New Haven, Connecticut:
341:began to use a 35 mm
330:
296:
254:
218:King Ferdinand of Bulgaria
108:Modern Psychical Phenomena
1757:
1685:Journal of Parapsychology
1635:List of parapsychologists
1543:Parapsychology Foundation
1250:
1162:. Dodd, Mead and Company.
775:Brower, M. Brady (2010).
450:Chéroux, Clément (2005).
413:Lowenstein, Adam (2015).
102:The psychical researcher
52:
1734:The Roots of Coincidence
1297:Dermo-optical perception
947:The World of Ted Serios.
832:Psychical Research Today
382:Krauss, Rolf H. (1995).
177:investigated the medium
1664:Extrasensory Perception
1657:An Experiment with Time
1584:Cambridge Ghost Society
1317:Extrasensory perception
1267:Apparitional experience
742:Oxford University Press
648:. Hoboken, New Jersey:
337:In 1995, famed psychic
195:Carlos María de Heredia
32:projected thermography,
16:Claimed psychic ability
1807:Paranormal terminology
1362:Out-of-body experience
876:Harris, Frank (1993).
170:
24:
1567:Defunct organizations
1548:Rhine Research Center
1352:Near-death experience
1182:Factual Basis Behind
1121:Gale Research Company
911:Nickell, Joe (2010).
882:. Buffalo, New York:
458:Yale University Press
165:
22:
1817:Photography by genre
1496:Active organizations
1382:Past life regression
690:. pp. 34, 37–.
35:psychic photography,
1332:Kirlian photography
1322:Ganzfeld experiment
1154:Hereward Carrington
1048:Paul Kurtz (1985).
500:. Volume 53. p. 460
482:The New Photography
361:Kirlian photography
220:, French president
104:Hereward Carrington
91:The New Photography
1292:Deathbed phenomena
1190:2018-12-15 at the
845:McHargue, Georgess
688:Ashgate Publishing
313:Granada Television
171:
142:experiments using
87:spirit photography
25:
1802:Paranormal hoaxes
1789:
1788:
1407:Psychic detective
1367:Pam Reynolds case
1272:Astral projection
1111:Melton, J. Gordon
1080:"Kiyota, Masuaki"
744:. pp. 354–.
604:Brugioni, Dino A.
126:Tomokichi Fukurai
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1671:Irreducible Mind
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1302:Dream telepathy
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1827:Telekinesis
1487:Zener cards
1467:Telekinesis
1427:Pyrokinesis
1422:Psychometry
1392:Poltergeist
930:11 February
757:11 February
703:11 February
665:11 February
321:James Randi
229: [
226:Monna Delza
201:Donald West
115:lens flares
59:parapsychic
1796:Categories
1482:Xenoglossy
1372:Paranormal
1347:Mediumship
1337:Levitation
1282:Bilocation
1130:081039488X
1095:26 January
1030:2016-12-17
980:6 December
886:. p.
862:0385053053
830:. (1954).
814:2016-12-17
521:2016-12-17
496:. (1896).
432:6 December
388:. Munich:
367:References
339:Uri Geller
333:Uri Geller
327:Uri Geller
267:Ted Serios
257:Ted Serios
251:Ted Serios
205:newspapers
168:Le Miroir.
1472:Telepathy
1307:Ectoplasm
1078:(n.d.) .
853:Doubleday
719:graphein,
265:resident
209:magazines
183:ectoplasm
63:neologism
38:nengraphy
1768:Category
1188:Archived
1184:The Ring
1156:(1921).
998:(2002).
847:(1972).
606:(1999).
578:(1996).
543:(2005).
350:See also
275:Polaroid
68:The Ring
49:Japanese
1780:Commons
1402:Psychic
1253:Outline
1175:at the
1140:Alt URL
711:nensha.
263:Chicago
148:nensha.
81:History
1628:People
1327:Ghosts
1260:Topics
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343:camera
309:London
279:Denver
121:Claims
96:Nature
43:nensha
40:, and
1277:Auras
938:think
650:Wiley
237:]
1125:ISBN
1097:2022
1056:ISBN
1004:ISBN
982:2017
969:ISBN
943:Life
932:2017
919:ISBN
892:ISBN
857:ISBN
781:ISBN
759:2017
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705:2017
692:ISBN
667:2017
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1357:Orb
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