97:
1719:
1767:
1735:
1751:
319:. Per Chakhotin's argument, the Three Arrows and the swastika would always appear as if the three lines were imposed over the swastika rather than the other way around. The Three Arrows were adopted as an official social democrat symbol by the SPD leadership and the Iron Front by June 1932. Iron Front members would carry the symbol on their arm bands. The slogan "neither Stalin's slaves nor Hitler's henchmen" was also used by the SPD in connection with the symbol.
191:
1522:
52:
343:
1704:
38:
1611:) in 1945. The symbol had been modified to include a circle, and the symbolism changed to represent the unity of industrial workers, farm workers and intellectuals. The Three Arrows remained a prominent symbol of the Social Democratic Party of Austria until the 1950s. According to the modern SPĂ–, the Three Arrows represent opposition against fascism, capitalism and
1952:[Thälmann had insulted the SPD as "auxiliary police for fascism", as a "treacherous and anti-people party", its leaders as "professional traitors", "servants of capital" and "mortal enemies of socialism", the Iron Front as "terrorist organization of social fascism" and that the "Liquidation of the SAJ as a mass organization" was required.]
1634:
in 1976, uses an adaptation of the Three Arrows as its logo since its foundation. However, its arrows are pointing upwards, and each have a different colour (previously black, red and white; the white having been replaced by orange). According to party members involved in the discussions about the
1949:
Thälmann hatte die SPD als „Hilfspolizei für den
Faschismus", als „verräterische und volksfeindliche Partei", ihre Führer als „berufsmäßige Arbeiterverräter", „Kapitalsknechte" und „Todfeinde des Sozialismus", die Eiserne Front als „Terrororganisation des Sozialfaschismus" beschimpft und die
292:). Chakhotin provides an even wider range of meanings, including the three elements of the movement (political/intellectual power, economic force, physical force), the three qualities demanded of fighters (activity, discipline, union), as well as the ideals of the
221:
as the propagandist of the paramilitary Iron Front, and together they developed propaganda initiatives to counter the NSDAP and the KPD in early 1932. The two launched the Three Arrows as a symbol for the social democrat militancy. The Iron Front was regarded as a
1766:
1734:
1718:
1866:[The Three Arrows were the symbol of the "Iron Front", which wanted to distance itself from the "Harzburg Front" and the National Socialists, from the monarchists and from the totalitarian communists.]
96:
1118:
1104:
1111:
880:
2061:
1694:
2087:
1582:, the symbol appeared on pamphlets of the Revolutionary Socialists of Austria and was used in graffiti. During 1932–1935, it was also used in Belgium, Denmark and the United Kingdom.
578:
667:
583:
1047:
1864:
Drei Pfeile waren das "Eisernen Front", die sich von der "Harzburger Front" und den
Nationalsozialisten, von den Monarchisten und von den Kommunisten absetzen volte.
1710:
1552:
304:). He also noted that "the figure 3 appears so often in human life, in thoughts, in personal life, and in history, that it has become a sort of 'sacred figure'."
1390:
2352:
1586:
875:
588:
455:
963:
792:
182:
Since its inception, the symbol has been used in many different contexts by a variety of anti-fascist, social democratic and socialist organisations.
2010:
1130:
885:
299:
2347:
1089:
780:
480:
280:". The three arrows also represented the three agents of working class strength: political (represented by the SPD), economic (represented by the
2274:
1924:
909:
804:
556:
254:
2235:
2200:
2152:
1983:
1907:
787:
645:
168:
2095:
1757:
1725:
1669:
448:
2357:
775:
746:
398:
1807:
1750:
1158:
2337:
2301:
1741:
1658:
The Three Arrows were adopted by socialist and antifascist organizations in Poland. In 30. became an emblem of two political parties:
1631:
1619:
1602:
1571:
1545:
1377:
760:
753:
202:
152:
101:
81:
1942:
1703:
1196:
438:
1635:
choice of symbols, the Arrows were chosen as a way to differentiate the party from its main rivals' easily recognizable logos: The
2342:
1477:
672:
1857:
543:
1538:
1396:
1176:
953:
897:
865:
635:
613:
413:
393:
287:
515:
233:) campaign. Chakhotin authored a book by the same name. The Three Arrows were thought to represent the struggle of the
1850:
Social democrats and communists after
National Socialism and war: on the historical classification of the forced union
1845:
Sozialdemokraten und
Kommunisten nach Nationalsozialismus und Krieg: zur historischen Einordnung der Zwangsvereinigung
1383:
1243:
941:
860:
770:
731:
640:
433:
373:
257:
2362:
1797:
1648:
1636:
1099:
1026:
721:
689:
261:
210:
17:
1779:
799:
657:
608:
418:
378:
2332:
1895:
1802:
1574:
adopted the Three Arrows as their combat symbol. The
Austrian socialist poet Karl Schneller dedicated the poem
1062:
967:
388:
1352:
1578:
to the 1932 Austrian Social
Democratic Party congress. The symbol was banned in Austria in 1933. During the
726:
551:
495:
2018:
1783:
1682:
1659:
1627:
1324:
1283:
1019:
992:
916:
490:
2046:
Bund
Sozialdemokratischer Freiheitskämpfer/innen, Opfer des Faschismus und aktiver Antifaschist/inn/en.
1504:
1273:
1233:
1206:
1033:
1009:
1004:
926:
704:
618:
326:
190:
2117:
525:
1623:
1429:
1211:
1014:
2064:[Panel 1 - Photo 6 (high resolution): SPD election poster for the 1932 Reichstag election].
1365:
1359:
1338:
1263:
568:
505:
485:
368:
308:
2255:
716:
1494:
1288:
1140:
1125:
603:
736:
1899:
2231:
2196:
2148:
1979:
1938:
1903:
1853:
1652:
1371:
1135:
973:
838:
741:
699:
520:
500:
472:
443:
403:
293:
277:
214:
145:
125:
2221:
1969:
1686:
1644:
1482:
1472:
1345:
1317:
1268:
1171:
1084:
1057:
936:
902:
843:
819:
809:
593:
234:
218:
148:
1526:
1467:
677:
311:
revolutionary artwork. According to
Chakhotin, his inspiration for the Three Arrows was a
269:
156:
137:
117:
1937:. Zeithistorische Studien (in German). Vol. 25. Cologne: Böhlau Verlag. p. 60.
307:
The aesthetic of the campaign and the Three Arrows symbol as such drew inspiration from
2169:
1888:
1817:
1812:
1655:. It is also supposed to stress the resistance to and rejection of fascism and Nazism.
1298:
1293:
1223:
1162:
1074:
997:
711:
510:
223:
88:
1521:
2326:
1690:
1594:
1439:
1424:
1419:
623:
465:
84:
and its paramilitary wing the Iron Front; anti-fascist symbol designed to deface the
1585:
After
Chakhotin had been forced into exile to France, the symbol became used by the
51:
2241:
2206:
1989:
1598:
1449:
985:
814:
342:
334:
273:
121:
2186:
1843:
1926:
Der rote Faden. Kommunistische
Parteigeschichte und Zensur unter Walter Ulbricht
1640:
1612:
1590:
1579:
1489:
1434:
358:
281:
238:
2062:"Tafel 1 - Foto 6 (Hohe Auflösung): Wahlplakat der SPD zur Reichtagswahl 1932"
2048:
1414:
1331:
826:
408:
316:
265:
242:
206:
172:
160:
105:
85:
57:
1931:
The Red Thread. Communist party history and censorship under Walter Ulbricht
1499:
980:
246:
176:
113:
1444:
1258:
1253:
312:
229:
Mierendorf and Chakhotin launched the Three Arrows against the Swastika (
2145:
Sergei Chakhotin - His contributions to social psychology and biophysics
2068:(in German). Denkmal für die politisch Verfolgten in Mörfelden 1933-1945
104:
from 1932, with the Three Arrows symbol representing resistance against
37:
250:
16:
This article is about the German political symbol. For other uses, see
2223:
La République en représentations: autour de l'œuvre de Maurice Agulhon
260:
elections, the Three Arrows were used to represent opposition to the
164:
109:
2228:
The Republic in representations: around the work of Maurice Agulhon
1744:
in Portugal, inspired by the German Social Democrats' Three Arrows
189:
95:
2277:[What explains the arrows and the orange of the symbol].
2090:[Reich Banner Black-Red-Gold - Topics: The Iron Front].
1186:
848:
460:
1971:'Dreipfeil gegen Hakenkreuz' - Symbolkrieg in Deutschland 1932
253:. On a widely used and publicized SPD election poster for the
167:
in 1932, it became an official symbol of the Party during the
2230:] (in French). Publications de la Sorbonne. p. 44.
1976:'Three arrows against swastika' - symbol war in Germany 1932
1890:
Lost Comrades: Socialists of the Front Generation, 1918-1945
2088:"Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold - Themen: Die Eiserne Front"
1947:– via Zentrum fĂĽr Zeithistorische Forschung Potsdam.
1601:, the Three Arrows became the official party logo of the
881:
Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan
1950:„Liquidierung der SAJ als Massenorganisation" gefordert.
163:
as a symbol of the social democratic resistance against
2092:
Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold - Reichsbanner Geschichte
2275:"O que explica as setinhas e a cor laranja do sĂmbolo"
1681:
The Three Arrows symbol is popularly used within the
668:
Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
76:
68:
44:
30:
23:
Social democratic and anti-fascist political symbol
2013:[Three Arrows - Democracy Center Vienna].
1887:
1593:until the 1970s, when it was substituted with the
1048:Romanian resistance movement during World War II
2195:] (in German). Druffel-Verlag. p. 20.
1963:
1961:
1959:
1842:Potthoff, Heinrich; Faulenbach, Bernd (1998).
1589:. The Three Arrows remained the symbol of the
1114:Assembly for the National Liberation of Serbia
1673:
1546:
8:
1773:
1711:French Section of the Workers' International
1663:
1606:
297:
285:
2302:"This Is What The Antifa Flag Symbols Mean"
1978:] (in German). GRIN Verlag. p. 2.
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1697:, have adopted the Three Arrows as a logo.
1587:French Section of the Workers International
876:Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan
456:Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals
100:A widely publicized election poster of the
1837:
1835:
1833:
1685:, along with flags based on the symbol of
1622:, created in 1974 in the aftermath of the
1553:
1539:
964:Polish resistance movement in World War II
321:
213:(KPD). In this setting, the SPD organizer
1852:] (in German). Klartext. p. 27.
1675:Algemejner Jidiszer Arbeter Bund in Pojln
1391:(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang
315:that had been crossed over with chalk in
2220:Becker, Annette; Cohen, Evelyne (2006).
1131:Liberation Front of the Slovenian People
171:, representing their opposition towards
159:. First conceived for the SPD-dominated
2120:[Reich Banner Black-Red-Gold].
1829:
1699:
781:Pope Pius XII and the German Resistance
481:Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias
333:
155:(SPD), used in the late history of the
2011:"Drei Pfeile - Demokratiezentrum Wien"
1782:), a paramilitary organization of the
1105:Anti-fascist Assembly for the National
217:recruited Russian exiled physiologist
56:The version used as the emblem of the
27:
1119:Anti-Fascist Council for the National
886:Japanese People's Emancipation League
788:National Committee for a Free Germany
268:, accompanied by the slogan "Against
169:November 1932 German federal election
7:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1726:General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland
1683:antifa movement in the United States
1670:General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland
1630:in Portugal, and renamed itself the
2300:Friedmann, Sarah (15 August 2017).
2066:politische-verfolgung-moerfelden.de
805:Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization
776:Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany
399:Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany
284:) and physical (represented by the
2353:Social Democratic Party of Germany
1603:Social Democratic Party of Austria
1378:Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice
646:People's Liberation Insurgent Army
264:, the monarchist parties, and the
203:Social Democratic Party of Germany
153:Social Democratic Party of Germany
102:Social Democratic Party of Germany
82:Social Democratic Party of Germany
14:
1197:Anti-fascist research group Kafka
226:terror organisation" by the KPD.
196:Three Arrows against the Swastika
1765:
1749:
1733:
1717:
1702:
1520:
1478:Anti-Germans (political current)
341:
116:, alongside the slogan "Against
50:
36:
2273:Marujo, Miguel (4 April 2016).
2118:"Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold"
1695:Young People's Socialist League
2348:Democratic socialism in Europe
1808:Post–World War II anti-fascism
1756:Logo of Jewish workers' party
1159:Post–World War II anti-fascism
544:Resistance during World War II
205:(SPD) was opposed by both the
1:
2185:Franz-Willing, Georg (1982).
1397:Red and anarchist black metal
954:Norwegian resistance movement
898:Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
866:National Liberation Committee
636:Bulgarian resistance movement
414:Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold
288:Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold
18:Three Arrows (disambiguation)
2258:[The Three Arrows].
2188:1933, die nationale Erhebung
1665:Polska Partia Socjalistyczna
1100:Yugoslav resistance movement
1090:Moldovan resistance movement
557:National Liberation Movement
516:Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion
300:liberté, égalité, fraternité
2094:(in German). Archived from
2017:(in German). Archived from
1923:Lokatis, Siegfried (2003).
1674:
1384:This machine kills fascists
1244:Aktion Kinder des Holocaust
942:Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten
861:Italian resistance movement
771:German resistance to Nazism
732:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
584:Latvian resistance movement
449:Concentrazione Antifascista
434:1922 Italian general strike
374:Republikanischer Schutzbund
2379:
2358:Social democracy in Europe
2168:Chakhotin, Sergei (1940).
1968:Albrecht, Richard (2007).
1798:Weimar paramilitary groups
1626:, which put an end to the
1177:Arsch huh, Zäng ussenander
690:Danish resistance movement
673:Jan Žižka partisan brigade
309:Soviet-Russian avant-garde
231:Dreipfeil gegen Hakenkreuz
194:Cover of Chakhotin's book
80:An official emblem of the
15:
2338:Anti-communism in Germany
2193:1933, the national survey
2015:www.demokratiezentrum.org
1628:48-year-long dictatorship
1620:Democratic People's Party
1572:Austrian Social Democrats
658:Anti-Fascist Organisation
609:Belgian National Movement
64:
49:
35:
2147:. Kiev: Artmedia print.
1896:Harvard University Press
1803:Weimar political parties
1740:The current logo of the
1121:Liberation of Yugoslavia
1063:Slovak National Uprising
968:Polish Underground State
389:Antifaschistische Aktion
2343:Anti-fascism in Germany
2143:Posudin, Yuriy (2015).
2122:SPD Geschichtswerkstatt
1742:Social Democratic Party
1632:Social Democratic Party
1107:Liberation of Macedonia
614:Front de l'Indépendance
496:Abraham Lincoln Brigade
2171:The Rape Of The Masses
1886:White, Dan S. (1992).
1784:Polish Socialist Party
1774:
1664:
1660:Polish Socialist Party
1607:
917:Jewish Labor Committee
491:International Brigades
419:Roter Frontkämpferbund
298:
286:
198:
141:
129:
1505:Libertarian socialism
1353:Grândola, Vila Morena
1274:Unite Against Fascism
1234:Antifascistisk Aktion
1207:Armed Forces Movement
1010:Narodowe Siły Zbrojne
1005:Kampfgruppe Auschwitz
927:Luxembourg resistance
589:Lithuanian resistance
193:
99:
1775:Akcja Socjalistyczna
1624:Carnation Revolution
1570:In August 1932, the
1430:Diversity of tactics
912:during the Holocaust
151:associated with the
2174:. pp. 105–106.
1566:Use outside Germany
1527:Politics portal
1409:Tactics and methods
1366:Rock Against Racism
1360:Nazi Punks Fuck Off
1339:First they came ...
1264:Anti-Fascist Action
993:Bataliony Chłopskie
579:Estonian resistance
569:Austrian resistance
552:Albanian resistance
506:Dabrowski Battalion
486:Confederal militias
369:Arbeiter-Schutzbund
2279:Diário de NotĂcias
2098:on 22 January 2021
1728:, 15 November 1947
1689:. Sections of the
1495:Left-wing politics
1289:Anti-Racist Action
1141:Yugoslav Partisans
1126:Croatian Partisans
1029:Organizacja Bojowa
604:Belgian Resistance
526:Thälmann Battalion
439:Aventine Secession
199:
130:
2363:Socialist symbols
2256:"Die Drei Pfeile"
2237:978-2-85944-546-1
2202:978-3-8061-1021-0
2154:978-966-97453-1-6
1985:978-3-638-67833-9
1909:978-0-674-53924-2
1772:Demonstration of
1687:antifa in Germany
1653:hammer and sickle
1591:French socialists
1563:
1562:
1372:Rock gegen Rechts
1311:Music and culture
1136:Slovene Partisans
910:Jewish resistance
839:Cretan resistance
756:of the Resistance
700:French Resistance
521:Palafox Battalion
501:British Battalion
473:Spanish Civil War
444:Arditi del Popolo
404:Confessing Church
294:French Revolution
237:movement against
235:social democratic
215:Carlo Mierendorff
146:social democratic
94:
93:
2370:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2058:
2052:
2044:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2021:on 2 August 2019
2007:
1994:
1993:
1965:
1954:
1953:
1936:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1893:
1883:
1868:
1867:
1839:
1780:Socialist Action
1777:
1769:
1753:
1737:
1721:
1706:
1693:, including the
1677:
1667:
1610:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1525:
1524:
1483:Anti-Japaneseism
1473:Anti-nationalism
1346:Fischia il vento
1318:A las Barricadas
1269:Anti-Nazi League
1085:Soviet partisans
1058:Slovak partisans
937:Dutch resistance
844:Greek resistance
820:Oster conspiracy
810:Schwarze Kapelle
754:National Council
749:de la RĂ©sistance
641:Fatherland Front
594:Soviet partisans
379:Socialist Action
345:
322:
303:
291:
219:Sergei Chakhotin
209:(NSDAP) and the
149:political symbol
54:
40:
28:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2333:1932 in Germany
2323:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2310:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2284:
2282:
2281:(in Portuguese)
2272:
2271:
2267:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2238:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2203:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2127:
2125:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2071:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2034:
2024:
2022:
2009:
2008:
1997:
1986:
1967:
1966:
1957:
1945:
1934:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1885:
1884:
1871:
1860:
1841:
1840:
1831:
1826:
1794:
1787:
1770:
1761:
1754:
1745:
1738:
1729:
1724:Meeting of the
1722:
1713:
1707:
1649:Communist Party
1637:Socialist Party
1618:The Portuguese
1568:
1559:
1519:
1512:
1511:
1468:Anti-capitalism
1463:
1455:
1454:
1410:
1402:
1401:
1312:
1304:
1303:
1249:United Kingdom
1213:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1035:
1028:
1022:Ghetto Uprising
1021:
999:
987:
975:
911:
904:
755:
748:
747:Mouvements Unis
737:Libération-Nord
678:Prague uprising
541:
533:
532:
450:
364:Central Europe
353:
262:Communist Party
255:6 November 1932
211:Communist Party
188:
186:Weimar Republic
157:Weimar Republic
60:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2376:
2374:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2292:
2265:
2247:
2236:
2212:
2201:
2177:
2160:
2153:
2135:
2109:
2079:
2053:
2032:
1995:
1984:
1955:
1943:
1915:
1908:
1869:
1858:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1818:The Six Arrows
1815:
1813:Arrow (symbol)
1810:
1805:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1786:, before 1939.
1771:
1764:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1714:
1708:
1701:
1597:symbol. After
1567:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1375:
1368:
1363:
1356:
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1342:
1335:
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1302:
1301:
1299:Refuse Fascism
1296:
1294:Redneck Revolt
1291:
1286:
1279:United States
1277:
1276:
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1266:
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1256:
1247:
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1237:
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1227:
1226:
1224:Spanish Maquis
1217:
1216:
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1199:
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1179:
1174:
1163:denazification
1157:
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1144:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
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1075:Spanish Maquis
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764:
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761:National Front
758:
751:
744:
742:Libération-sud
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
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707:
693:
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629:
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621:
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581:
574:Baltic states
572:
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562:
561:
560:
559:
542:
539:
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531:
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529:
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511:ILP Contingent
508:
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469:
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362:
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331:
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241:(referring to
224:social fascist
187:
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175:, Nazism, and
92:
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2049:Unser Zeichen
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1981:
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1944:3-412-04603-5
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1691:American Left
1688:
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1595:fist and rose
1592:
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1440:Popular front
1438:
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1425:Direct action
1423:
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1420:Deplatforming
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1037:
1036:Zwiazek Walki
1032:
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1018:
1016:
1013:
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981:Armia Krajowa
979:
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717:Armée secrète
715:
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624:Witte Brigade
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39:
34:
29:
26:
19:
2309:. Retrieved
2305:
2295:
2283:. Retrieved
2278:
2268:
2262:(in German).
2259:
2250:
2242:Google Books
2240:– via
2227:
2222:
2215:
2207:Google Books
2205:– via
2192:
2187:
2180:
2170:
2163:
2144:
2138:
2126:. Retrieved
2121:
2112:
2100:. Retrieved
2096:the original
2091:
2082:
2070:. Retrieved
2065:
2056:
2047:
2023:. Retrieved
2019:the original
2014:
1990:Google Books
1988:– via
1975:
1970:
1948:
1930:
1925:
1918:
1889:
1863:
1849:
1844:
1709:Logo of the
1680:
1657:
1617:
1599:World War II
1584:
1575:
1569:
1450:United front
1325:¡Ay Carmela!
1278:
1248:
1239:Switzerland
1238:
1228:
1218:
1201:
1192:Netherlands
1191:
1181:
1166:
1112:Anti-fascist
1094:
1079:
1069:
1052:
1042:
974:Anti-Fascist
958:
948:
932:Netherlands
931:
921:
892:
870:
855:
833:
815:20 July plot
800:Rote Kapelle
765:
727:Franc-Tireur
694:
684:
662:
652:
630:
598:
573:
563:
546:
540:World War II
470:
428:
424:Three Arrows
423:
383:
363:
335:Anti-fascism
306:
282:trade unions
230:
228:
200:
195:
181:
134:Three Arrows
133:
131:
31:Three Arrows
25:
2128:18 December
2124:(in German)
2102:18 December
1898:. pp.
1641:raised fist
1613:clericalism
1580:Nazi regime
1576:Drei Pfeile
1490:Anti-racism
1435:Milkshaking
1095:Yugoslavia
922:Luxembourg
712:Armée Juive
619:Secret Army
359:Black Lions
142:Drei Pfeile
2327:Categories
2285:18 January
1859:3884746561
1824:References
1647:, and the
1415:Black bloc
1332:Bella ciao
1214:Revolution
827:White Rose
409:Iron Front
394:Black Band
317:Heidelberg
266:Nazi Party
243:monarchism
207:Nazi Party
173:monarchism
161:Iron Front
106:monarchism
58:Iron Front
2260:rotbewegt
1500:Anarchism
1212:Carnation
1202:Portugal
1053:Slovakia
905:partisans
631:Bulgaria
355:Ethiopia
258:Reichstag
247:communism
177:communism
114:communism
2311:16 April
2072:18 April
2025:18 April
1792:See also
1462:See also
1445:Squadism
1259:62 Group
1254:43 Group
1167:Germany
1043:Romania
1034:Zydowski
1027:Żydowska
766:Germany
685:Denmark
663:Czechia
599:Belgium
564:Austria
547:Albania
451:Italiana
384:Germany
352:Interwar
327:a series
325:Part of
313:swastika
278:Thälmann
239:reaction
126:Thälmann
89:swastika
45:Versions
1229:Sweden
1155:Postwar
998:Gwardia
959:Poland
949:Norway
893:Jewish
834:Greece
695:France
471:Spain (
251:fascism
144:) is a
69:Adopted
2306:Bustle
2234:
2199:
2151:
1982:
1941:
1933:]
1906:
1856:
1668:) and
1284:Antifa
1219:Spain
1182:Italy
1172:Antifa
1070:Spain
1020:Warsaw
1000:Ludowa
988:Ludowa
903:Jewish
871:Japan
856:Italy
722:Combat
705:Maquis
653:Burma
479:
429:Italy
274:Hitler
165:Nazism
138:German
122:Hitler
110:Nazism
2226:[
2191:[
1974:[
1935:(PDF)
1929:[
1902:–95.
1848:[
1015:Olimp
986:Armia
270:Papen
118:Papen
2313:2019
2287:2019
2232:ISBN
2197:ISBN
2149:ISBN
2130:2020
2104:2020
2074:2021
2027:2021
1980:ISBN
1939:ISBN
1904:ISBN
1854:ISBN
1758:Bund
1645:rose
1643:and
1187:ANPI
976:Bloc
849:ELAS
793:AKFD
461:TIGR
249:and
201:The
132:The
112:and
86:Nazi
72:1932
1678:).
1651:'s
1639:'s
1608:SPĂ–
245:),
77:Use
2329::
2304:.
2035:^
1998:^
1958:^
1900:94
1894:.
1872:^
1862:.
1832:^
1615:.
1165:)
970:)
475:)
329:on
276:,
272:,
179:.
140::
124:,
120:,
108:,
2315:.
2289:.
2244:.
2209:.
2157:.
2132:.
2106:.
2076:.
2029:.
1992:.
1912:.
1778:(
1760:.
1672:(
1662:(
1605:(
1554:e
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1389:"
1386:"
1382:"
1374:"
1370:"
1362:"
1358:"
1355:"
1351:"
1348:"
1344:"
1341:"
1337:"
1334:"
1330:"
1327:"
1323:"
1320:"
1316:"
1161:(
966:(
296:(
222:"
136:(
128:"
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
