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widely criticised the Three Pashas for having caused the
Ottoman Empire's entrance into World War I, and the subsequent collapse of the state. As early as 1912, Atatürk (then just Mustafa Kemal) had severed his ties to the Three Pashas' Committee of Union and Progress, dissatisfied with the direction
437:. One of the three, Ahmed Djemal, was opposed to an alliance with Germany, and French and Russian diplomacy attempted to keep the Ottoman Empire out of the war; but Germany was agitating for a commitment. Finally, on 29 October, the point of no return was reached when Admiral
529:
rulers, the Three Pashas have been considered the masterminds behind the
Armenian genocide. After the war the three were put on trial (in their absence) and sentenced to death, although the sentences were not carried out. Talaat and Cemal were assassinated in exile in
506:
2284:
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asserts that this state of rule by the Three Pashas is only accurate for the year 1913–1914, and that Talat Pasha would increasingly become a more central figure within the Union and
Progress party state, especially once he also became Grand Vizier in 1917.
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and Taner Akçam claims that two factions dominated the
Ottoman Empire during the Great War, a military camp led by Enver and the party/civilian camp led by Talaat. Alternatively, it would also be accurate to call the Unionist regime a
421:
rulers of the
Ottoman Empire until its dissolution following World War I. They were members of the Committee of Union and Progress, a progressive organisation that they eventually came to control and transform into a primarily
1083:"Ermeni mallarını kimler aldı?". Radikal. "Enver Paşa, Talat Paşa, Bahaittin Şakir gibi bir dizi insanın ailelerine maaş bağlanıyor... Bu maaşlar, Ermenilerden kalan mülkler, paralar ve fonlardan bağlanıyor."
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that they had taken the party, as well as developing a rivalry with Enver Pasha. Although Enver later attempted to join the
Turkish War of Independence, the
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Resistance and
Revenge: "Fun Times" The Armenian Assassination of the Turkish Leaders Responsible for the 1915 Massacres and Deportations.
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479:. It was claimed that Ahmed Cemal agreed in early October 1914 to authorize Souchon to launch a pre-emptive strike.
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Tanvir Wasti, Syed (2020). "A review of the Turco-Italian war of 1911–1912 and related letters of Enver Pasha".
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914:"Ottoman Empire enters the First World War – The Ottoman Empire | NZHistory, New Zealand history online"
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743:""Commanded by my Mother's Corpse": Talaat Pasha, or the Revenge Assassination of a Condemned Man"
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212:. The Turkish public has widely criticised the Three Pashas for drawing the Ottoman Empire into
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1103:"Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1918"
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Western scholars hold that after the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état, these three men became the
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1005:] of the Committee of Union and Progress in the Turkish National Movement, 1905–1926
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Caucasian
Battlefields: A History Of The Wars On The Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828–1921.
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New
Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers and Zoryan Institute, April 1990. 332 pp.
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under Atatürk blocked his return to Turkey and his efforts to join the war effort.
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A Shameful Act: The
Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility
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and many of Turkey's streets have been controversially renamed in their honour.
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Muslim-Christian Relations and Inter-Christian Rivalries in the Middle East.
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De facto rulers of the Ottoman Empire during the First World War (1914–18)
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The First Genocide of the 20th Century: The Perpetrators and the Victims.
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After their deaths, Talaat and Enver's remains have been reburied at the
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power. Other than the Three Pashas and Halil Bey, personalities such as
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803:"Hero, founder, or criminal? Talaat is still alive and well in Turkey"
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and its subsequent defeat. All three met violent deaths after the war—
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517:(right), October 1917. Enver was one of the main perpetrators of the
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on 4 November 1918 after the Three Pashas fled the country following
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Ismail Enver had only once taken control of any military activity (
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and the Ottoman Empire's entry into World War I on the side of the
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Syed Tanvir Wasti (July 1996). "Halil Menteşe: The Quadrumvir".
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The Three Pashas, all members of the Central Committee of the
20:
971:
The Kemalists: Islamic Revival and the Fate of Secular Turkey
1111:
Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide
717:
Turkey in World Politics: An Emerging Multiregional Power
364:
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and 1922 by Armenian revolutionaries; Enver died in a
1432:
Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
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ambush in Tajikistan in 1922 while trying to lead an
1098:
Albany: State Univ. of New York Press, 1983. 240 pp.
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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953. 614 pp.
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without formal positions in the Ottoman government.
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New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1930. 310 pp.
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Studies in Atatürk's Turkey: The American Dimension
429:The Three Pashas were the principal players in the
1507:1998 attacks on Christians in southeastern Gujarat
1472:Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era
1427:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany
1305:Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam
702:
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554:, much of the population of the newly established
648:"Toward Permanent Peace and Stability in Artsakh"
1542:2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka
1071:Flushing, NY: Voskedar Publishing, 1983. 479 pp.
308:, as many prominent Unionists held some form of
286:consisted of Talaat, Enver, and Cemal, some say
1260:Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre
1113:, Princeton University Press (published 2018),
455:, and a squadron of Ottoman warships into the
290:was a fourth member of this clique. Historian
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498:are Ahmed Cemal's most significant failures.
8:
2270:1918 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire
1512:1998 attacks on Christians in Dangs district
974:. Prometheus Books, Publishers. p. 77.
196:, were largely responsible for the Empire's
938:George Sellers Harris; Bilge Criss (2009).
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1547:2021 anti-Christian violence in Karnataka
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720:. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 168.
71:Learn how and when to remove this message
392:The front page of the Ottoman newspaper
34:This article includes a list of general
1001:The Unionist Factor: The Rôle [
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646:Yacoubian, George S. Jr (2020–2021).
204:and also largely responsible for the
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1527:2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal
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546:Reputation in the Republic of Turkey
502:Involvement in the Armenian genocide
332:, and the party's secretary general
185:and the subsequent assassination of
1109:Kieser, Hans-Lukas (26 June 2018),
835:(3). Taylor & Francis: 92–105.
2131:Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
1328:1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari
550:After World War I and the ensuing
40:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1537:2008 Kandhamal nun gang rape case
801:Minute, Turkish (28 April 2021).
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2146:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War
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228:, whilst Enver died leading the
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2275:Committee of Union and Progress
1323:Constantinople massacre of 1821
1060:Allen, W.E.D. and R. Muratoff.
968:Muammer Kaylan (8 April 2005).
245:Monument of Liberty in Istanbul
194:Committee of Union and Progress
2290:Politics of the Ottoman Empire
1517:1998 Ramgiri-Udaygiri violence
1265:Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305)
1:
2280:Ottoman Empire in World War I
2201:Eastern Catholics in the USSR
1385:Great Famine of Mount Lebanon
1353:Tự Đức's Catholic persecution
759:10.1080/14623528.2018.1459160
683:10.1080/00263206.2019.1627336
461:pursuit of Goeben and Breslau
747:Journal of Genocide Research
177:, who effectively ruled the
552:Turkish War of Independence
200:in 1914 on the side of the
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2161:Saints of the Cristero War
2121:Saint Martyrs of Jasenovac
1552:2010 Manila hostage crisis
1081:Düzel, Neşe (2005-05-23).
565:Angora (Ankara) government
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2101:Massacre of the Innocents
1482:Maluku sectarian conflict
1161:Persecution of Christians
841:10.1080/00263209608701120
741:Garibian, Sévane (2018).
587:Second Constitutional Era
540:anti-Russian insurrection
2051:Violence against Mormons
1227:Diocletianic Persecution
1166:Anti-Christian sentiment
1089:Turkey in the World War.
894:Derogy, 332; Kayali, 195
577:1913 Ottoman coup d'état
402:. Showing left to right
183:1913 Ottoman coup d'état
173:and governor-general of
155:Minister of the Interior
1532:2008 Kandhamal violence
785:13 January 2019 at the
431:Ottoman–German Alliance
55:more precise citations.
2156:North American Martyrs
1502:Maspero demonstrations
1457:Mountain War (Lebanon)
1245:Homs revolts (854–855)
885:Emin, 310; Kayali, 195
829:Middle Eastern Studies
671:Middle Eastern Studies
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198:entry into World War I
169:, the Minister of the
139:Young Turk triumvirate
1771:Tomás Garrido Canabal
1766:Plutarco Elías Calles
1684:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
1522:1999 Ranalai violence
1497:Boko Haram insurgency
1338:1860 Lebanon conflict
1008:. BRILL. p. 59.
944:. BRILL. p. 85.
592:Young Turk Revolution
560:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
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467:the Russian ports of
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153:(prime minister) and
1831:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
1761:Mwanga II of Buganda
1487:Nag Hammadi massacre
1288:Revolt in the Vendée
1067:Bedrossyan, Mark D.
558:as well its founder
492:First Suez Offensive
208:of some one million
187:Mahmud Shevket Pasha
137:, also known as the
2206:21 Martyrs of Libya
2186:522 Spanish Martyrs
2181:498 Spanish Martyrs
2176:233 Spanish Martyrs
1217:Persecution in Lyon
484:Battle of Sarıkamış
336:also dominated the
147:Mehmed Talaat Pasha
2196:Martyrs of Daimiel
2171:Vietnamese Martyrs
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1710:Toyotomi Hideyoshi
1579:Early Christianity
1422:Red Terror (Spain)
1358:Hamidian massacres
1255:Bashmurian revolts
1250:Martyrs of Córdoba
1222:Decian persecution
1212:Great Fire of Rome
1186:Early Christianity
1044:Metropolitan Books
998:(1 January 1984).
714:(1 January 2001).
652:Human Rights Brief
556:Republic of Turkey
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363:. You can help by
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159:Ismail Enver Pasha
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1390:Armenian genocide
1298:Kakure Kirishitan
1283:French Revolution
1120:978-0-691-15762-7
1074:Derogy, Jacques.
981:978-1-61592-897-2
951:978-90-04-17434-4
918:nzhistory.govt.nz
727:978-1-55587-954-9
582:Armenian genocide
519:Armenian genocide
511:Kaiser Wilhelm II
426:political party.
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1022:
1021:
1014:
987:
980:
957:
950:
930:
905:
896:
887:
878:
876:, p. 151.
866:
854:
819:
807:Turkish Minute
793:
772:
753:(2): 220–235.
733:
726:
708:Barry M. Rubin
696:
677:(1): 131–141.
661:
638:
636:, p. xii.
626:
602:
601:
599:
596:
595:
594:
589:
584:
579:
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490:in ruins. The
435:Central Powers
385:
382:
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252:
251:Historiography
249:
236:, present-day
202:Central Powers
179:Ottoman Empire
122:
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1194:New Testament
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712:Kemal Kirişci
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359:This section
357:
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343:
341:
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331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
298:
293:
289:
285:
277:
273:
269:
266:visiting the
265:
261:
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136:
135:
119:
107:
95:
75:
72:
64:
54:
50:
44:
43:
37:
32:
23:
22:
16:
1983:Soviet Union
1973:Saudi Arabia
1898:Nazi Germany
1801:Adolf Hitler
1786:Three Pashas
1785:
1756:Ranavalona I
1703:Early modern
1595:Roman Empire
1467:Eastern Bloc
1412:Cristero War
1275:Early modern
1204:Roman Empire
1110:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1042:. New York:
1038:
1034:Akçam, Taner
1004:
1000:
990:
970:
940:
933:
921:. Retrieved
917:
908:
899:
890:
881:
869:
857:
832:
828:
822:
810:. Retrieved
806:
796:
790:(in Turkish)
775:
750:
746:
736:
716:
674:
670:
664:
655:
651:
641:
629:
606:
549:
526:
524:
513:(left) with
481:
451:
444:
428:
418:
416:
408:Talaat Pasha
393:
369:
365:adding to it
360:
334:Midhat Şükrü
326:Mehmed Reşid
313:
309:
281:
264:Djemal Pasha
242:
191:
151:Grand Vizier
142:
138:
131:
129:
123:Djemal Pasha
99:Talaat Pasha
67:
58:
39:
15:
2151:New Martyrs
2075:Protestants
2031:Anabaptists
1958:North Korea
1853:Afghanistan
1816:Kim Il-sung
1781:Enver Hoxha
1776:Bai Chongxi
1725:Tipu Sultan
1689:Hulagu Khan
1672:Middle Ages
1333:1850 Aleppo
1237:Middle Ages
862:Kieser 2018
634:Kieser 2018
515:Enver Pasha
496:Arab Revolt
424:Pan-Turkist
412:Enver Pasha
404:Cemal Pasha
400:World War I
330:Ziya Gökalp
304:or even an
284:triumvirate
274:during the
260:Enver Pasha
214:World War I
111:Enver Pasha
53:introducing
2295:Triarchies
2259:Categories
1938:Madagascar
1863:Azerbaijan
1826:Xi Jinping
1806:Mao Zedong
1643:Diocletian
1572:persecutor
1363:Diyarbekir
923:25 October
903:Allen, 614
874:Akçam 2007
623:Üç Paşalar
615:اوچ پاشلار
598:References
488:Third Army
473:Sevastopol
372:March 2024
282:While the
238:Tajikistan
220:and Cemal
181:after the
36:references
2063:Armenians
2036:Catholics
1908:Indonesia
1730:Minh Mạng
1663:Athanaric
1658:Shapur II
1586:Agrippa I
691:198716187
477:Theodosia
457:Black Sea
450:SMS
443:SMS
318:Dr. Nazım
306:oligarchy
288:Halil Bey
272:Jerusalem
210:Armenians
61:June 2011
2224:Category
1998:Thailand
1968:Pakistan
1943:Malaysia
1873:Cambodia
1653:Galerius
1648:Maximian
1627:Valerian
1607:Domitian
1178:incident
1036:(2007).
783:Archived
767:81928705
571:See also
536:Red Army
527:de facto
494:and the
419:de facto
314:de facto
234:Dushanbe
226:Dashnaks
206:genocide
2234:Commons
2085:Martyrs
2046:Mormons
2008:Vietnam
1978:Somalia
1953:Nigeria
1933:Lebanon
1858:Algeria
1846:country
1811:Pol Pot
1105:195 pp.
1027:Sources
849:4283809
619:Turkish
452:Breslau
344:Actions
310:de jure
49:improve
2244:Portal
2003:Turkey
1948:Mexico
1888:France
1749:Modern
1735:Tự Đức
1720:Kangxi
1622:Decius
1315:Modern
1117:
1050:
1012:
978:
948:
847:
812:4 June
765:
724:
689:
658:: 147.
475:, and
469:Odessa
465:raided
463:) and
445:Goeben
384:Legacy
302:clique
218:Talaat
161:, the
149:, the
134:Pashas
132:Three
38:, but
2068:Copts
2013:Yemen
1993:Sudan
1988:Spain
1923:Japan
1903:India
1883:Egypt
1878:China
1868:Burma
1694:Timur
845:JSTOR
763:S2CID
687:S2CID
459:(see
441:took
395:İkdam
232:near
175:Syria
2091:list
1928:Laos
1918:Iraq
1913:Iran
1602:Nero
1115:ISBN
1048:ISBN
1010:ISBN
976:ISBN
946:ISBN
925:2017
814:2023
722:ISBN
532:1921
262:and
171:Navy
130:The
1003:sic
837:doi
755:doi
679:doi
525:As
367:.
312:or
270:in
224:by
141:or
2261::
2022:By
1844:By
1570:By
1176:By
1046:.
960:^
916:.
843:.
833:32
831:.
805:.
761:.
751:20
749:.
745:.
710:;
699:^
685:.
675:56
673:.
656:24
654:.
650:.
621::
617:,
613::
542:.
471:,
448:,
410:;
406:;
328:,
324:,
320:,
240:.
189:.
157:;
2093:)
2089:(
1150:e
1143:t
1136:v
1056:.
1018:.
984:.
954:.
927:.
864:.
851:.
839::
816:.
769:.
757::
730:.
693:.
681::
521:.
374:)
370:(
278:.
74:)
68:(
63:)
59:(
45:.
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