459:, and is considered a direct representative of the Delta Commander. The MFCO is guided in making destruct decisions by as many as three different types of computer display graphics, generated by the flight analysis section of range safety. One of the primary displays for most vehicles is a vacuum impact point display in which drag, vehicle turns, wind, and explosion parameters are built into the corresponding graphics. Another includes a vertical plane display with the vehicle's trajectory projected onto two planes. For the Space Shuttle, the primary display a MFCO used is a continuous real time footprint, a moving closed simple curve indicating where most of the debris would fall if the MFCO were to destroy the Shuttle at that moment. This real time footprint was developed in response to the
254:
height and speed indicators. Supporting the RSO for this information were a supporting team of RSOs reporting from profile and horizontal parallel wires used at liftoff (before radar technology was available) and telemetry indicators. Throughout the flight, RSOs pay close attention to the instantaneous impact point (IIP) of the launch vehicle, which is constantly updated along with its position; when a rocket is predicted to cross one of the destruct lines in flight because of any reason, a destruct command is issued to prevent the vehicle from endangering people and assets outside of the safety zone. This involves sending coded messages (typically sequences of audio tones, kept secret before launch) to special redundant
238:
2531::"Today, only SpaceX’s single-stick Falcon 9 rocket could fly the polar corridor, and the company has no stated plans to use it, even as it is midway through an eight-launch campaign from Vandenberg for Iridium Communications. But every big rocket is expected to be equipped with automated destruct systems within a decade. United Launch Alliance’s Vulcan, Blue Origin’s New Glenn — both still in development — and SpaceX’s Falcon Heavy might be cleared to fly south within a few years."
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violations and implement measures to bring the mission to a safe end. Since 1998, these systems have been developed to bring down launch costs and enable faster and more responsive launch operations. Additionally, inadvertent separation destruct systems have been deployed to destroy parts of rockets autonomously when they are unintentionally removed or loosened from the remainder of the vehicle.
451:, the Mission Flight Control Officer (MFCO) is responsible for ensuring public safety from the vehicle during its flight up to orbital insertion, or, in the event that the launch is of a ballistic type, until all pieces have fallen safely to Earth. Despite a common misconception, the MFCO is not part of the Safety Office, but is instead part of the Operations group of the Range Squadron of the
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994:. The 'polar corridor' would involve turning south shortly after liftoff, passing just east of Miami, with a first stage splashdown north of Cuba. Such a launch corridor is not feasible with a ground-commanded system due to radio interference from the rocket's own exhaust plume facing the ground station. In August 2020, SpaceX demonstrated this capability with the launch of
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impact the ground intact. Since Russia's launch sites are in remote areas far from significant populations, it has never been seen as necessary to include a flight termination system. During the Soviet era, expended rocket stages or debris from failed launches were thoroughly cleaned up, but since the collapse of the USSR, this practice has lapsed.
1005:. SpaceX expected the vehicle to be given the destruct command at the point the vehicle lost thrust vector control at T+1:30, but this was done much later. Upon activation, the explosive ordnance detonated as expected, but destruction was delayed; the vehicle was only destroyed at T+3:59, 40 seconds after the AFTS was estimated to be triggered.
712:, and at the time the RSO realised that it flew closer to land than intended, it was decided not to terminate the flight out of concerns that the resulting debris would hit the town adjacent to the launch site. The two satellites were deployed into an off-target orbit and were able to correct their orbits with substantial losses of propellant.
2323:
Monteith did not detail the precise trajectory, but said it involved "a little jog shortly off the pad" to turn south once offshore, "and then we'd skirt Miami." The rocket's first stage would drop safely before reaching Cuba, he said. The second stage would be so high up by the time it flew over the
610:
Unlike the US program, the
Russian space program does not destroy rockets mid-air when they malfunction. If a launch vehicle loses control, either ground controllers may issue a manual shutdown command or the onboard computer can perform it automatically. In this case, the rocket is simply allowed to
253:
To assist the range safety officer (RSO) in monitoring the launch and making eventual decisions, there are many indicators showing the condition of the space vehicle in flight. These included booster chamber pressures, vertical plane charts (later supplanted by computer-generated destruct lines), and
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The SpaceX autonomous flight termination system has since been used on many SpaceX launches and was well tested by 2017. Both the
Eastern Range and Western Range facilities of the United States are now using the system, which has replaced the older "ground-based mission flight control personnel and
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rocket. Rocket Lab indicated that four previous flights had both ground and AFT systems. The
December 2019 launch was the first Electron launch with a fully autonomous flight termination system. All later flights have AFTS on board. In the event of the rocket going off course the AFTS would command
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In most cases, it is preferred that a malfunctioning launch vehicle is fully neutralized at altitude. A rocket is destroyed during flight to prevent it from leaving the launch corridor or continue an otherwise errant flight. The resulting destruction is required to scatter rocket parts over a small
360:
saw around 450 failed launches of missiles and rockets (of around 3400 total) between 1950 and 1998, with an unknown amount of flights ending by intervention of onboard or ground-based safety mechanisms. As of June 2024, the most recent activation of the flight termination system on a US rocket was
319:
Range safety has been practiced since the early launch attempts conducted from Cape
Canaveral in 1950. Space vehicles for sub-orbital and orbital flights from the Eastern and Western Test Ranges were destroyed if they endangered populated areas by crossing pre-determined destruct lines encompassing
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receivers in the various stages or components of the launch vehicle. Previously, the RSO transmitted an 'arm' command just before flight termination, which rendered the FTS usable and shut down the engines of liquid-fueled rockets. Now, the FTS is usually armed just before launch. A separate 'fire'
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A flight termination system (FTS) is a set of interconnected activators and actuators mounted on a launch vehicle which can shut down or destroy components of the vehicle to render it incapable of flight. As it is the only thing that is able to ensure the safety of ground facilities, personnel and
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was transmitted. This would allow the astronauts the maximum amount of time for their self-ejection. Just prior to activation of the destruct charges, the engine(s) on the booster stage are also shut down. For example, on the 1960s
Mercury/Gemini/Apollo launches, the RSO system was designed to not
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cannot have their engines shut down, but splitting them open terminates thrust even though the propellant will continue to burn, as the explosive charges break the rocket and its fuel into pieces. In some cases, only the nosecone or top section of the solid propellant case might be removed from a
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Even for U.S. crewed space missions, the RSO has authority to order the remote destruction of the launch vehicle if it shows signs of being out of control during launch, and if it crosses pre-set abort limits designed to protect populated areas from harm. In the case of crewed flight, the vehicle
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An autonomous flight termination system (AFTS) or autonomous flight safety system (AFSS) is a system in which flight termination can be commanded on a rocket without the involvement of ground personnel. Instead, AFTS destructors have their own computers that are programmed to detect mission rule
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regulates space activities through its Safety and
Mission Assurance department. The regulation JERG-1-007E stipulates many of the safety requirements to be maintained on the range on launch day, violations of launch safety, and the procedures to follow after launch aborts and failures and during
186:
Contingency procedures are performed if a vehicle malfunctions or veers off course mid-flight. Usually, a range safety officer (RSO) commands the flight or mission to end by sending a signal to the flight termination system (FTS) aboard the rocket. This takes measures to eliminate any means with
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In some cases involving liquid-fueled rockets, shutting down the engines is sufficient to ensure flight safety. In those cases, full destruction of the vehicle is not necessary as it will be destroyed during reentry or on impact in an empty spot in the ocean. The FTS instead commands either the
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for rockets to launch, called the launch corridor. The borders of the launch corridor are called the destruct lines. The exact coordinates of the launch corridor are dependent on weather and wind directions, and the properties of the launch vehicle and its payload. Launches can be postponed or
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area, ensuring the majority of the parts stay within the launch corridor and are able to cause as little damage or injuries as possible. Additionally, it has to combust and disperse its propellant far above the ground in a manner that is as controlled as possible. This is done by detonating
619:
It is unknown if China implements safety and contingency assessments surrounding rocket launches and if a flight termination system is installed in each of the country's launch vehicles. The country is known for leaving rocket parts to fall back to Earth in an uncontrolled trajectory. In
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2338::"There is one condition: southbound rockets must be equipped with automated flight termination systems, in which onboard computers command rockets to self-destruct if they should veer off course. Otherwise, exhaust plumes could disturb the destruct signals sent by traditional systems"
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has AFSS installed on the avionics bay. The AFSS onboard Ariane 5 is called KASSAV (Kit
Autonome de Sécurité pour la SAuvergarde en Vol). A later version of the system, KASSAV 2, will have the authority to automatically terminate the flight in the event of the rocket going off course.
685:, French Guiana. ESA rockets employ flight safety systems similar to the US' despite the relative remoteness of the launch center. Range safety at Europe's Spaceport is the responsibility of the Flight Safety Team, with the launch site and surrounding areas being safeguarded by the
271:. The signal levels seen by the range safety receivers are checked before launch and monitored throughout flight to ensure adequate margins. When the launch vehicle is no longer a threat, the range safety system is typically safed (shut down) to prevent inadvertent activation. The
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telemetry receivers from vehicle-borne transmitters. At the
Eastern Test Range, S and C-Band antennas were located in the Bahamas and as far as the island of Antigua, after which the space vehicle finished its propulsion stages or is in orbit. Two switches were used,
1673:"It's a question that will be asked. Industry officials say a judgment was made that the rocket was performing well (except for trajectory) and that the danger to local population of debris from flight termination outweighed the dangers of continuing flight"
474:
in
California) is controlled using a somewhat similar set of graphics and display system. However, the Western Range MFCOs fall under the Safety Team during launches, and they are the focal point for all safety related activities during a launch.
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orbital launch vehicle. On the successful third launch attempt of the rocket, it was reported that officials activated the flight termination system on the first stage after separation, presumably to destroy evidence in an effort to prevent
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to drastically reduce their staffing and increase the number of launches that they can support in a year. 48 launches annually can now be supported, and the cost of range services for a single launch has been reduced by 50 percent.
893:) to sever the fuel lines, rendering the vehicle unable to use its engines and ensuring it stays on a safe trajectory. The vehicle then may be destroyed by its tanks colliding and cracking. This method was first proposed for the
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To prevent other components from interfering with its decisions, the FTS has to operate entirely independently from the rocket; as such, it needs separate maintenance and comes with its own power source. In the case of
2612:
266:
Reliability is a high priority in range safety systems, with extensive emphasis on redundancy and pre-launch testing. Range safety transmitters operate continuously at very high power levels to ensure a substantial
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which the vehicle could endanger anyone or anything on the ground, most often through the use of explosives. Flight termination could also be triggered autonomously by a separate computer unit on the rocket itself.
171:, and enforcing strict guidelines for rocket construction and ground-based operations. Various measures are implemented to protect nearby people, buildings and infrastructure from the dangers of a rocket launch.
316:, the goal is for the general public to be as safe during range operations as they are in their normal day-to-day activities. All US launch vehicles are required to be equipped with a flight termination system.
174:
Governments maintain many regulations on launch vehicles and associated ground systems, prescribing the procedures that need to be followed by any entity aiming to launch into space. Areas in which one or more
1075:(NAFTU) for use on commercial and government launch vehicles. Provisional certification of the unit was granted in 2022 for Rocket Lab's first U.S. Electron mission (from Wallops Flight Facility) in Jan 2023.
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at Cape
Canaveral Space Force Station, and the job of the RSO ends when the missile or vehicle moves out of range and is no longer a threat to any sea or land area (after completing first stage ascent).
865:, the intertank section or the common bulkhead of the rocket's tanks is ruptured to ensure the toxic propellants mix and combust as much as possible when flight is terminated. On rockets fueled by
147:
and subsequent self-destruction of the left and right solid-rocket boosters via RSS radio command; the first and only time ever activated in a NASA-controlled human space-launch.
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708:. Ground control was shown a nominal course of the rocket until 9 minutes into the flight, when the second stage ignited and contact was lost. The rocket nearly flew over
641:
1742:
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have developed AFSS. Both systems use a GPS-aided, computer controlled system to terminate an off-nominal flight, supplementing or replacing the more traditional
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NASA, on the other hand, will have to add this capability to their SLS rocket, and Mr. Rosati said NASA is tracking that debut for the Artemis 3 mission in 2023.
1508:
1779:
Haber, Jerry; Bonnal, Christophe; Leveau, Carine; Vila, Jérôme; Toussaint, Marc (2013-01-01), Allahdadi, Firooz A.; Rongier, Isabelle; Wilde, Paul D. (eds.),
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spectators during a rocket launch, it is required to be effectively 100 percent reliable. Flight termination systems are also frequently installed on
1002:
861:, the propellant tanks are cut open to spill out their contents. The rocket's engines are usually also destroyed or disabled. On rockets containing
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solid rocket, with the risk that the remainder of the rocket explodes violently and cause injuries or damage upon impact with the ground or water.
967:
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satellite was given the destruct command by the range 91 seconds after launch due to an electrical failure that shut one of the engines down.
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970:. In August 2014, after an errant sensor reading caused the booster to veer off course, the AFTS triggered and the vehicle disintegrated.
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A safe-and-arm device, which disables the system during parts of the mission or flight when its function is undesired or no longer needed,
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in 1986 when stray solid rocket boosters unexpectedly broke off from the destroyed core vehicle and began traveling uprange, toward land.
2569:
305:
300:, range safety is usually the responsibility of a Range Safety Officer (RSO), affiliated with either the civilian space program led by
1622:
721:
661:
501:
448:
357:
2193:"Examining autonomous flight safety systems from a cognitive systems engineering perspective: Challenges, themes, and outlying risks"
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597:
509:
460:
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123:
2443:
2369:
1573:
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NASA started developing AFSS in 2000, in partnership with the US Department of Defense, with its development being included in the
1239:
839:
869:, the tanks are perforated from the side to prevent excessive mixing and combustion of propellants, as an FTS is not allowed to
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equipment with on-board positioning, navigation and timing sources and decision logic." Moreover, the systems have allowed the
625:
1501:""Rocket test ends in fiery explosion after Chinese private-sector space company loses control of new 'Sky Dragon 3' rocket""
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and those utilizing side boosters, each stage and each booster on the launch vehicle is equipped with its own FTS.
83:
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898:
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Flight termination usually destroys the payload with the rocket; crewed launch vehicles, with the exception of the
645:
1452:"Remnants of an uncontrolled Chinese rocket reentered the atmosphere over the Indian Ocean, US Space Command says"
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408:
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50:
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activate until three seconds after engine cutoff to give the Launch Escape System time to pull the capsule away.
456:
309:
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858:
237:
90:
2393:
1651:"A Bizarre Failure Scenario Emerges for Ariane 5 Mission Anomaly with SES 14 & Al Yah 3 – Spaceflight101"
2108:
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1032:
The Japanese government has approved AFTS for use on the country's launch vehicles since the mid-2010s. The
944:
773:
762:
246:
1951:
1047:
956:
2298:
2255:"ATK's Autonomous Flight Safety Assembly Makes First Flight - ARLINGTON, Va., Nov. 19, 2013 /PRNewswire/"
2049:
1980:
1780:
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rockets during a test; it crashed in the mountains 1.5 kilometers (0.9 miles) away from the test site in
72:
2275:
1021:
862:
686:
674:
497:
452:
2126:
1531:
1322:
2192:
1275:"14 CFR Appendix D to Part 417 - Flight Termination Systems, Components, Installation, and Monitoring"
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467:
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1150:
What keeps everyone safe when rockets fail? Why did the failed Falcon 9 rocket land in the ocean?
1092:
890:
1425:
516:, the RSO ordered the uncontrolled, free-flying SRBs destroyed before they could pose a threat.
139:
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2212:
2035:
YouTube Example of flight termination shown from timestamps 0:16 to 0:24 (excluding aftermath)
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1713:
1379:
YouTube Termination of SRBs is shown and discussed from timestamps 19:37 to 19:55 in the video
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876:
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Batteries, which provide the system's electronic components with several weeks worth of power,
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Despite the fact that the RSO continues work after Kennedy Space Center hands over control to
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the safe flight launch corridor. After initial lift-off, flight information is captured with
2505:
2204:
1788:
1705:
1650:
1033:
297:
1626:
1375:"Space Shuttle Challenger Accident Investigation, Photo and TV Analysis Team Report (1987)"
689:. The earliest Ariane 5 rockets were controlled by flight computers with the capability to
2649:
2587:
1556:
831:
520:
97:
2608:
presentation on flight safety system on display at the Air Force Space and Missile Museum
1926:
798:
A flight termination system typically consists of two sets of the following components:
2154:
1792:
1243:
1050:
991:
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started developing and implementing methods to prevent uncontrolled reentries of their
362:
225:
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to avoid certain locations on launch day are given. This facilitates the creation of a
180:
168:
28:
1672:
2638:
2601:
2350:"SpaceX launches first polar orbit mission from Florida in decades – Spaceflight Now"
2224:
1846:
1727:
943:
ATK's Autonomous Flight Safety System made its debut on November 19, 2013, at NASA's
835:
690:
629:
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after veering off course, killing at least six persons. In 2024, the private company
440:
325:
260:
216:
Before each launch, the area surrounding the launch pad is evacuated, and notices to
183:
for air and sea traffic prior to launch, and close off certain areas to the public.
1709:
283:
rockets did this with a command to the range safety system to remove its own power.
200:
1477:"NASA criticizes China's handling of rocket re-entry as debris lands near Maldives"
987:
975:
621:
242:
2172:"Auto-destruct system seen as a key to ramping up launch tempos – Spaceflight Now"
17:
2418:
2506:"Japan's first commercial launch explodes shortly into flight on second attempt"
1822:"Easy Access Rules for Unmanned Aircraft Systems - Revision from September 2022"
1350:"Report of the PRESIDENTIAL COMMISSION on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident"
1054:
1040:
805:
A receiver-decoder, which translates the commands given by the RSO into actions,
757:
724:
are tracked by C-band and S-band radars. As of February 2019, ISRO does not use
549:
378:
268:
39:
2597:
2208:
1697:
1349:
2607:
2191:
Keller, Jacob R.; IJtsma, Dr. Martijn; Newton, Dr． Elizabeth K． (2023-03-01).
2067:
1905:
1397:"A Tale of Two Failures… the difference between a "Bad Day" and a "Nightmare""
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1204:
1148:
1124:
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had approved a trajectory that could allow polar launches to take place from
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valves of the propellant and oxidizer lines to close, or explosives (such as
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1043:
995:
814:
649:
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scrubbed because of a boat, ship or aircraft entering the launch corridor.
176:
2238:
1696:
Dinesh babu, K M; Vaidyanathan, G; Ravikumar, JVN; Sunil, P (2019-02-17).
1301:
Launch Mishaps - Early Rocket Failures at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station
1057:
1025:
963:
850:
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to save the lives of the crew in case their carrier rocket malfunctions.
701:
280:
2462:"[Lanceurs] KASSAV 2, sur la piste d'une sauvegarde automatisée"
1743:"North Korean rocket stage exploded after satellite launch, video shows"
1226:
Saturn V Launch Vehicle Flight Evaluation Report AS-502 Apollo 6 Mission
909:
1981:"How To Destroy Wayward Rockets - Flight Termination Systems Explained"
164:
2588:"45th Space Wing/Patrick Air Force Base Launch Site Safety Assessment"
2370:"Engine Issue Felled SpaceX First Super Heavy | Aviation Week Network"
2315:"Air Force: Cape rockets could fly new southern corridor toward poles"
2620:
933:
709:
682:
637:
485:
329:
321:
221:
209:
152:
2127:"AFTS and GPS Tracking | Autonomous Flight Termination System | SIL"
1532:"China plans to use parachutes to control its rocket debris problem"
1875:"No, seriously, NASA's Space Launch System is ready to take flight"
345:
switch shut down propulsion for liquid propelled vehicles, and the
2397:
1927:"As Shuttle Lifts Off, NASA Will Man Destruct Switch—Just in Case"
1698:"NavIC and GPS State Vector as Tracking Sources for Flight Safety"
908:
756:
272:
217:
199:
138:
136:
Activities to ensure safety of surroundings during rocket launches
986:
limits on launches from the US Eastern Range. By early 2018, the
2616:
1404:
821:
A flight can be terminated two ways, which are described below.
313:
301:
2450:. European Space Agency. European Space Agency. 16 August 2020.
1952:"SpaceX Crew Dragon abort system a major boost for crew safety"
1001:
The AFTS on SpaceX's Starship exhibited considerable issues on
732:
to directly transmit a launch vehicle's location to the range.
2624:
2543:"Eastern Range updates 'Drive to 48' launches per year status"
2419:"Rocket Lab Debuts Fully Autonomous Flight Termination System"
749:
if the booster were to be recovered by South Korea or allies.
543:
372:
255:
33:
2488:"「宇宙産業技術情報基盤整備研究開発事業（民生品を活用した宇宙機器の軌道上実証）」プロジェクト評価用資料（終了時評価）"
2090:"Astra rocket suffers anomaly during orbital launch attempt"
2003:"Flight Termination System Testing Drives Falcon 9 Schedule"
740:
Range safety measures are performed during launches of the
2029:
Space Exploration Technologies Corp. (14 September 2017).
802:
An antenna system, which receives commands from the range,
2571:
NASA_safety_system_enables_Rocket_Lab_launch_from_Wallops
1702:
2019 International Conference on Range Technology (ICORT)
642:
China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC)
2240:
Read "Streamlining Space Launch Range Safety" at NAP.edu
947:. The system was jointly developed by ATK facilities in
1373:
Cape Canaveral Space Force Museum (20 February 2021).
1228:. NASA George C. Marshall Space Center. June 25, 1968.
2324:
island that no special permissions would be required.
817:
and explosives, which perform the flight termination.
2613:
US Range Safety Standards for US government launches
1598:"Deep in the Jungle With the French Foreign Legion"
962:The system developed by SpaceX was demonstrated in
913:
An autonomous flight safety system developed by ATK
838:, in specific areas of the rocket, which initiates
179:are operated, or ranges, issue out closely guarded
64:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2486:Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.
2276:"SpaceX makes late call to delay ASIASAT-6 launch"
1787:, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 85–186,
1064:plans to introduce an AFT system by the flight of
897:launch vehicle, which would have been used in the
842:and renders the vehicle aerodynamically unstable.
1450:Maxouris, Sharif; Paget, Christina (2022-07-30).
966:, a Falcon 9 booster used in 2013/14 to test its
2300:SpaceX forces Air Force to revise launch mindset
1555:JAXA Safety and Mission Assurance (2019-04-19).
648:rocket boosters, most prominently by the use of
2109:"Watch SpaceX rocket blow up during abort test"
761:Inspection of the flight termination system on
624:, a launch vehicle crashed into a village near
982:The addition of AFTS has also loosened up the
968:reusable rocket technology development program
2294:
2292:
2155:"Autonomous Flight Termination System (AFTS)"
1557:"Safety Regulation for Launch Site Operation"
163:is ensured by monitoring the flight paths of
29:Shooting range § Common safety practices
8:
1126:Delta 178 GOES-G Launch Failure, May 3, 1986
704:launcher carrying two commercial satellites
2031:"How Not to Land an Orbital Rocket Booster"
1206:Counter Catastrophe: The Range Safety Story
873:propellants and cause a violent explosion.
578:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
407:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2302:Mike Fabey, Space News, September 20, 2017
1060:are expected to have them as well. NASA's
1781:"Chapter 4 - Safety in Launch Operations"
1741:Smith, Josh; Shin, Hyonhee (2023-11-23).
1106:Ballistic Missile Range Safety Technology
722:Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
662:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)
598:Learn how and when to remove this message
427:Learn how and when to remove this message
304:or the military space program led by the
124:Learn how and when to remove this message
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1012:announced that they added AFTS on their
923:Commercial Orbital Transportation System
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259:command detonates explosives, typically
236:
2069:DELTA II ROCKET EXPLODES AFTER LIFTOFF!
1116:
1073:NASA Autonomous Flight Termination Unit
706:veered off course shortly after liftoff
500:did not have destruct devices, but the
2050:"Reaver Causes Destruction of FireFly"
2024:
2022:
1996:
1994:
1974:
1972:
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1407:Office of Safety and Mission Assurance
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632:unintentionally launched one of their
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479:Range safety in US crewed spaceflight
7:
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1298:American Space Museum (2020-06-14).
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1199:
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1071:In 2020 NASA started developing the
691:terminate a flight by own initiative
576:adding citations to reliable sources
405:adding citations to reliable sources
62:adding citations to reliable sources
2197:Journal of Space Safety Engineering
1505:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1039:Future launch vehicles such as the
849:Linear shaped charges mounted on a
640:, China. From the early 2020s, the
308:, through its subordinate unit the
2541:Gebhardt, Chris (15 August 2019).
2107:VideoFromSpace (19 January 2020).
2048:Manley, Scott (3 September 2021).
1793:10.1016/b978-0-08-096921-3.00004-0
1785:Safety Design for Space Operations
527:, they are not considered to be a
449:Cape Canaveral Space Force Station
358:Cape Canaveral Space Force Station
241:An antenna tracking the launch of
25:
2444:"Ariane 5's third launch of 2020"
2278:. NASASpaceFlight.com. 2014-08-26
2088:VideoFromSpace (29 August 2021).
1574:"Ariane 5's third launch of 2020"
1511:from the original on July 1, 2024
1279:LII / Legal Information Institute
461:Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
1979:Manley, Scott (April 30, 2023).
1623:"ARIANE 5 Failure - Full Report"
1395:Lloyd, James (5 December 2005).
1085:
1036:solid-fuel rocket uses an AFTS.
548:
377:
38:
2600:includes an explanation of the
1710:10.1109/ICORT46471.2019.9069659
1323:"Starship's Second Flight Test"
626:Xichang Satellite Launch Center
533:Range Operations Control Center
49:needs additional citations for
1475:Wattles, Jackie (2021-05-09).
1:
2627:uses different standards for
2504:Smith, Martin (2024-03-08).
2396:. 2023-09-13. Archived from
2257:. Prnewswire.com. 2013-11-19
2001:Berger, Brian (2010-04-12).
1625:. 2014-04-26. Archived from
1530:Jones, Andrew (2023-03-29).
1240:"NASA Range Safety Overview"
353:surrounding the fuel tanks.
196:Closure of surrounding areas
1873:Berger, Eric (2022-08-15).
720:The launch vehicles of the
484:would be allowed to fly to
472:Vandenberg Space Force Base
143:Loss of NASA space-shuttle
2666:
2313:Dean, James (2017-12-31).
2209:10.1016/j.jsse.2022.11.005
1178:"When good rockets go bad"
1101:Index of aviation articles
899:Manned Orbiting Laboratory
665:emergencies on the range.
369:Eastern and Western Ranges
26:
2623:), pdf, September 2014.
1907:Flight Termination System
1176:Rice, Tony (2015-07-06).
1017:the engines to shutdown.
753:Flight termination system
693:, including the infamous
310:United States Space Force
263:, to disable the rocket.
905:Autonomous flight safety
774:unmanned aerial vehicles
27:For firearm safety, see
2468:(in French). 2021-04-19
2153:Valencia, Lisa (2019).
1847:"Destructive F-16 test"
945:Wallops Flight Facility
531:. The RSO works at the
247:Wallops Flight Facility
2604:'s Range Safety System
2131:Space Information Labs
1048:United Launch Alliance
957:Promontory Point, Utah
914:
863:hypergolic propellants
854:
768:
439:For launches from the
250:
213:
148:
1671:De Selding, Peter B.
1246:on September 30, 2006
1022:European Space Agency
912:
867:cryogenic propellants
859:liquid-fueled rockets
848:
760:
687:French Foreign Legion
669:European Space Agency
502:solid rocket boosters
498:Space Shuttle orbiter
453:Space Launch Delta 45
306:Department of Defense
261:linear shaped charges
240:
233:Monitoring the launch
203:
142:
1310:– via YouTube.
1020:In August 2020, the
949:Ronkonkoma, New York
793:launch escape system
572:improve this section
525:Johnson Space Center
508:both did. After the
466:Range safety at the
445:Kennedy Space Center
401:improve this section
208:rocket carrying the
58:improve this article
2629:private spaceflight
2547:NASASpaceFlight.com
2510:NASASpaceFlight.com
1426:"Termination shock"
1062:Space Launch System
953:Plymouth, Minnesota
940:monitoring system.
747:reverse engineering
679:primary launch site
540:Soviet Union/Russia
2394:"SpaceX - Updates"
1352:. History.NASA.gov
1093:Spaceflight portal
1008:In December 2019,
915:
884:Thrust termination
877:Solid-fuel rockets
855:
840:structural failure
825:Controlled breakup
791:, have employed a
782:multistage rockets
769:
514:broke up in flight
251:
214:
149:
18:Thrust termination
2425:. 9 December 2019
1931:Popular Mechanics
1802:978-0-08-096921-3
1719:978-1-7281-1353-1
1653:. 26 January 2018
1602:Popular Mechanics
1430:Aerospace America
938:human-in-the-loop
834:, usually linear
608:
607:
600:
529:flight controller
443:, which includes
437:
436:
429:
134:
133:
126:
108:
16:(Redirected from
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2409:
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2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2374:aviationweek.com
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2348:Clark, Stephen.
2345:
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2058:
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2017:
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2014:
2013:
1998:
1989:
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1976:
1967:
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1776:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1704:. pp. 1–4.
1693:
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1516:
1507:. July 1, 2024.
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1285:
1271:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1242:. Archived from
1236:
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1003:its first flight
603:
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298:US space program
191:Range operations
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66:
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21:
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2593:. June 8, 2002.
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1956:www.cbsnews.com
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1118:
1114:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1034:SpaceOne KAIROS
1024:announced that
907:
886:
832:high explosives
827:
755:
738:
718:
671:
658:
617:
604:
593:
587:
584:
569:
553:
542:
521:Mission Control
481:
433:
422:
416:
413:
398:
382:
371:
294:
289:
235:
226:designated area
198:
193:
181:exclusion zones
169:launch vehicles
137:
130:
119:
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67:
65:
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43:
32:
23:
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15:
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5:
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2633:
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2610:
2605:
2595:
2582:
2581:External links
2579:
2577:
2576:
2562:
2533:
2521:
2496:
2493:(in Japanese).
2478:
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2410:
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1103:
1097:
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1080:
1077:
1051:Vulcan Centaur
992:Cape Canaveral
906:
903:
885:
882:
836:shaped charges
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823:
819:
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763:Space Shuttle
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510:Space Shuttle
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363:Starship IFT-2
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73:"Range safety"
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9:
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3:
2:
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2603:
2602:Space Shuttle
2599:
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2424:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2400:on 2023-09-13
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2319:Florida Today
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2019:
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1958:. 27 May 2020
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1644:
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1629:on 2014-04-26
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789:Space Shuttle
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588:November 2023
581:
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566:
562:
557:This section
555:
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506:external tank
503:
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468:Western Range
464:
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450:
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441:Eastern Range
431:
428:
420:
417:November 2023
410:
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396:
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386:This section
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292:United States
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275:stage of the
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161:flight safety
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78:
75: –
74:
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69:Find sources:
63:
59:
53:
52:
47:This article
45:
41:
36:
35:
30:
19:
2598:This article
2570:
2565:
2557:
2550:. Retrieved
2546:
2536:
2524:
2513:. Retrieved
2509:
2499:
2481:
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