116:. His opportunity for advancement came when Æthelnoth, abbot of Glastonbury, was deposed at the Council of London in 1077 or 1078. Æthelnoth was, according to later Glastonbury tradition, notable for his squandering of the monastery's property, but it remained the richest of English abbeys. Thurstan was chosen to succeed him. In 1080 he distinguished himself at the Council of Gloucester by successfully defending his abbey's jurisdiction over the abbeys of
189:
and some crept under it, and cried to God zealously, asking for His mercy when they could get no mercy from men. What can we say, except that they shot fiercely, and the others broke down the doors there, and went in and killed some of the monks and wounded many there in the church, so that the blood came from the altar on to the steps, and from the steps on to the floor. Three were killed there and eighteen wounded.
188:
The
Frenchmen broke into the choir and threw missiles towards the altar where the monks were, and some of the knights went to the upper storey and shot arrows down towards the shrine, so that many arrows stuck in the cross that stood above the altar: and the wretched monks were lying round the altar,
34:
to his death, some time between 1096 and 1100. He is chiefly notable for his aggressive introduction of new ecclesiastical practices, unwelcome to his Anglo-Saxon monks, and for its terrible consequences. In 1083 tension culminated in a massacre in which
Thurstan's men-at-arms killed either two or
193:
John of
Worcester gives different figures, reporting fourteen monks wounded and two dead, but adds that some of the men-at-arms were injured, the monks having used stools and candlesticks in self-defence. This incident was considered so shocking that the king himself stepped in. He instituted a
67:
in 1070 marked a new era in
English monasticism. A clean sweep of English monasteries began in which Anglo-Saxon abbots were gradually replaced by monks from the Norman abbeys. These new abbots were generally well-educated, able administrators who were as a whole effective in revitalizing the
140:
The monks of
Glastonbury Abbey in the 11th century were of a somewhat conservative tendency, while Thurstan had more of the temperament of a conquering baron than of a churchman. The consequent disagreements between them were apparently not few, but one had tragic consequences. The
206:, for ÂŁ500, the right to live in England. He apparently did not return to Glastonbury, where he was still officially abbot, but charter evidence shows him to have been with the royal court at various dates up to 1096. During these years, Glastonbury Abbey acquired the bones of
163:, and began to force the monks to abandon it and then learn to sing the chant of a certain William of Fecamp. This they undertook reluctantly, especially since in regard to this, as to other ecclesiastical customs, they had grown up in the practice of the Roman church.
167:
The precise nature of this musical disagreement has been understood by historians in various ways, notable theories being that instead of chanting in the manner the monks were accustomed to
Thurstan tried to make them use the style introduced to
194:
judicial enquiry which condemned
Thurstan while also assigning some blame to the monks. Thurstan was sent back to Normandy, though not actually deposed from his abbacy, and some of the surviving monks were transferred to other abbeys.
210:. Thurstan is recorded to have died on 1 March, though in what year is unknown. Certainly he must have been dead by 1100, when his successor Herluin was consecrated as abbot of Glastonbury.
68:
English monastic order, but they were sometimes intolerant of their
English houses' religious traditions and arrogant in their determination to expunge them. The
176:. In the end, tension between Thurstan and his monks reached such a pitch that he sent his men-at-arms to enforce his will. The monks took refuge in the
151:
tells us that he tried to end "many ancient and favoured customs" and replace them with "certain practices according to the custom of his own country".
84:
threw out the bones of previous abbots; and
Lanfranc himself ended the commemoration of many Anglo-Saxon saints at Canterbury and enforced obedience at
710:
109:
968:
202:
Thurstan is nevertheless known to have been in
Wiltshire in 1086, and after the death of William the Conqueror he bought from his successor,
476:. The Victoria History of the Counties of England. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer for the Institute of Historical Research. p. 11.
711:"Making the Most of a Bad Situation? Glastonbury Abbey, Meare, and the Medieval Exploitation of Wetland Resources in the Somerset Levels"
132:
church in the Norman style, which, however, did not last, his successor Herluin pulling it down to make room for a more splendid church.
988:
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686:
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481:
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by whipping one monk and imprisoning others in chains. The most ill-judged appointment proved to be that of Thurstan of Caen to
978:
801:
The Monastic Order in England: A History of Its Development from the Times of St Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council 940–1216
20:
983:
942:
912:
998:
973:
638:
The History of the Norman Conquest of England, Its Causes and Its Results. Volume IV: The Reign of William the Conqueror
993:
73:
832:
368:
64:
374:
Councils & Synods with Other Documents Relating to the English Church I: A.D. 871–1204. Part II: 1066–1204
39:
in disgrace, but is in later years found at the English royal court where he continued as Glastonbury's abbot
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85:
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69:
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24:
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767:"Thurstan of Caen and Plainchant at Glastonbury: Musicological Reflections on the Norman Conquest"
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128:, by reciting from memory the documents which vindicated his case. He also began to build a
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81:
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56:
471:
236:. The Oxford History of England, 3 (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 167.
169:
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blames Thurstan's "lack of wisdom in that he misgoverned his monks in many things".
101:
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broke up the tombs of the "uncultured idiots" who had formerly held his office; the
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42:
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641:(Revised American ed.). New York: Clarendon Press for Macmillan. p. 265
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310:
231:
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28:
100:
Nothing is known of Thurstan's birth or antecedents. Under the patronage of
180:
of the church and tried to prevent Thurstan's men from following them. The
173:
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60:
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three monks and wounded either fourteen or eighteen. He was returned to
737:
473:
A History of the County of Somerset. Vol. 9: Glastonbury and Street
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345:
343:
341:
339:
113:
451:. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. p. 63
159:
Among other deeds resulting from his stupidity, he spurned the
262:
260:
838:
The Heads of Religious Houses. England and Wales. 940–1216
172:
by William of Dijon, or alternatively the style in use at
575:
573:
289:
287:
804:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
537:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 112.
414:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 125–126.
312:
William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact Upon England
351:
112:, and became a monk of the Abbey of Saint-Étienne,
681:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 388.
315:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 129.
184:describes in unusual detail what happened next:
186:
157:
377:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 624–625.
72:tried to erase all memory of his predecessor
8:
233:From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087–1216
40:
534:The Liturgy in Medieval England: A History
907:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
841:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
108:'s half-brother, he was sent to study at
619:
579:
515:
503:
411:Lanfranc: Scholar, Monk, and Archbishop
293:
266:
219:
76:, calling him an "English rustic"; the
659:
607:
278:
591:
564:
7:
448:The Somerset Diocese: Bath and Wells
835:; London, Vera C. M., eds. (1972).
774:Proceedings of the British Academy
59:of England and the appointment of
14:
352:Knowles, Brooke & London 1972
1:
969:11th-century Christian monks
931:Swanton, M. J., ed. (1996).
21:Abbey of Saint-Étienne, Caen
124:against the rival claim of
19:was a Norman monk from the
1015:
730:10.1179/007660904225022816
989:Anglo-Norman Benedictines
934:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
709:Rippon, Stephen (2004).
281:, pp. 259–260, 262.
65:Archbishop of Canterbury
470:Dunning, R. W. (2006).
979:11th-century massacres
937:. London: J. M. Dent.
191:
165:
41:
984:Abbots of Glastonbury
182:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
149:William of Malmesbury
144:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
126:Giso, Bishop of Wells
106:William the Conqueror
102:Odo, Bishop of Bayeux
999:Massacres in England
874:. London: Windmill.
718:Medieval Archaeology
673:Hollister, C. Warren
25:abbot of Glastonbury
974:11th-century abbots
904:Anglo-Saxon England
871:The Norman Conquest
610:, pp. 261–262.
269:, pp. 672–673.
82:abbot of Malmesbury
994:Benedictine abbots
633:Freeman, Edward A.
228:Poole, Austin Lane
155:is more specific:
78:abbot of St Albans
598:, esp. pp. 82–84.
529:Pfaff, Richard W.
406:Cowdrey, H. E. J.
307:Douglas, David C.
153:John of Worcester
90:Glastonbury Abbey
70:abbot of Abingdon
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662:, p. 319.
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948:. Retrieved
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866:Morris, Marc
852:. Retrieved
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815:. Retrieved
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782:. Retrieved
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763:Hiley, David
741:. Retrieved
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620:Swanton 1996
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580:Knowles 1963
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267:Stenton 1971
247:. Retrieved
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198:Later career
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170:FĂ©camp Abbey
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136:The massacre
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96:Early career
74:St Æthelwold
54:
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660:Morris 2013
608:Morris 2013
279:Morris 2013
208:St Benignus
43:in absentia
32: 1077
963:Categories
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914:0198217161
756:References
724:(1): 102.
592:Hiley 1986
565:Hiley 1986
51:Background
868:(2013) .
309:(1999) .
214:Citations
174:Bec Abbey
130:cruciform
118:Muchelney
950:17 March
920:12 March
901:(1971).
887:17 March
854:14 March
817:16 March
798:(1963).
784:16 March
765:(1986).
743:17 March
694:17 March
675:(2001).
645:17 March
635:(1873).
550:17 March
531:(2009).
489:17 March
455:17 March
445:(1885).
427:17 March
408:(2003).
390:17 March
328:17 March
249:17 March
230:(1955).
122:Athelney
61:Lanfranc
37:Normandy
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678:Henry I
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