506:
530:
542:
291:
518:
554:
494:
317:
419:
Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for thymoma. If the tumor is apparently invasive and large, preoperative (neoadjuvant) chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy may be used to decrease the size and improve resectability, before surgery is attempted. When the tumor is an early stage (Masaoka I through
281:
Thymic cortical epithelial cells have abundant cytoplasm, vesicular nucleus with finely divided chromatin and small nucleoli and cytoplasmic filaments contact adjacent cells. Thymic medullary epithelial cells in contrast are spindle shaped with oval dense nucleus and scant cytoplasm thymoma if
436:).. Recurrences of thymoma are described in 10-30% of cases up to 10 years after surgical resection, and in the majority of cases also pleural recurrences can be removed. Recently, surgical removal of pleural recurrences can be followed by hyperthermic intrathoracic perfusion chemotherapy or
40:
472:
Patients who have undergone thymectomy for thymoma should be warned of possible severe side effects after yellow fever vaccination. This is probably caused by inadequate T-cell response to live attenuated yellow fever vaccine. Deaths have been reported.
696:
Bernard C, Frih H, Pasquet F, Kerever S, Jamilloux Y, Tronc F, Guibert B, Isaac S, Devouassoux M, Chalabreysse L, Broussolle C, Petiot P, Girard N, Sève P (January 2016). "Thymoma associated with autoimmune diseases: 85 cases and literature review".
468:
in approximately 7% of cases. A study found that slightly over 40% of observed patients with stage III and IV tumors survived for at least 10 years after diagnosis. The median age of these patients at the time of thymoma diagnosis was 57 years.
1017:
998:
481:
The incidence of thymomas is around 0.13-0.26 per 100,000 people per year. Males are affected slightly less frequently than females. The typical age at diagnosis is in the 40s and 50s, though the age may range from six years to 83 years.
351:
The diagnosis is made via histologic examination by a pathologist, after obtaining a tissue sample of the mass. Final tumor classification and staging is accomplished pathologically after formal surgical removal of the thymic tumor.
505:
529:
424:. In children, however, postoperative immunity may be abnormal and vaccinations for several infectious agents are recommended. Invasive thymomas may require additional treatment with radiotherapy and chemotherapy (
517:
541:
267:
cell population in the thymus, and several microscopic subtypes are now recognized. There are three principal histological types of thymoma, depending on the appearance of the cells by microscopy:
1793:
437:
1036:
1786:
336:. Increased vascular enhancement on CT scans can be indicative of malignancy, as can be pleural deposits. Limited biopsies are associated with a very small risk of
1157:
150:(MG); 10–15% of patients with MG have a thymoma and, conversely, 30–45% of patients with thymomas have MG. Additional associated autoimmune conditions include
123:
A third of all people with a thymoma have symptoms caused by compression of the surrounding organs by an expansive mass. These problems may take the form of
1779:
151:
111:; thymoma is found in 20% of patients with myasthenia gravis. Once diagnosed, thymomas may be removed surgically. In the rare case of a malignant tumor,
1874:
1946:
963:
871:
Ambrogi, Marcello (2016). "Pleural recurrence of thymoma: surgical resection followed by hyperthermic intrathoracic perfusion chemotherapy".
680:
2017:
732:
Dadmanesh F, Sekihara T, Rosai J (May 2001). "Histologic typing of thymoma according to the new World Health
Organization classification".
953:
553:
826:
809:
1632:
2082:
1201:
1150:
493:
448:
Prognosis is much worse for stage III or IV thymomas as compared with stage I and II tumors. Invasive thymomas uncommonly can also
898:
Wilkins KB, Sheikh E, Green R, Patel M, George S, Takano M, Diener-West M, Welsh J, Howard S, Askin F, Bulkley GB (October 1999).
2049:
1682:
850:
1686:
1519:
274:
Type B if they have an epithelioid shape (Type B has three subtypes: B1 (lymphocyte-rich), B2 (cortical) and B3 (epithelial).);
1962:
1307:
1624:
1143:
535:
Histopathological image of thymoma type B1. Anterior mediastinal mass surgically resected. Cytokeratin CAM5.2 immunostain.
523:
Histopathological image of thymoma type B1. Anterior mediastinal mass surgically resected. Hematoxylin & eosin stain.
1413:
237:
332:
is generally performed to estimate the size and extent of the tumor, and the lesion is sampled with a CT-guided needle
2044:
1936:
1671:
1588:
1221:
124:
1728:
1710:
1620:
1571:
1705:
1628:
1465:
1291:
1254:
547:
Histopathological image representing a noninvasive thymoma type B1, surgically resected. Hematoxylin & eosin.
391:
The
Masaoka Staging System is used widely and is based on the anatomic extent of disease at the time of surgery:
329:
163:
290:
1733:
1666:
1601:
1475:
1455:
1422:
1400:
1362:
1044:
355:
Selected laboratory tests can be used to look for associated problems or possible tumor spread. These include:
597:
WHO classification of tumors editorial Board. Thoracic Tumors. WHO Classification of Tumors. Lyon: IARC; 2021.
107:
that is considered a rare neoplasm. Thymomas are frequently associated with neuromuscular disorders such as
1211:
360:
247:
One-third to one-half of all persons with thymoma have no symptoms at all, and the mass is identified on a
1941:
1594:
1418:
1358:
1123:
368:
61:
511:
A locally invasive circumscribed thymoma (mixed lymphocytic and epithelial, mixed polygonal and spindle).
2077:
2002:
1756:
1480:
232:
195:
167:
155:
671:
Mitchell, Richard
Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Robbins, Stanley L.; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson (2007).
2039:
2029:
1584:
1443:
1380:
1216:
1196:
219:
187:
2022:
1901:
1720:
1372:
1206:
1021:
143:
2034:
2007:
1997:
1908:
1824:
1553:
1385:
1348:
1226:
653:
625:
420:
IIB), no further therapy is necessary. Removal of the thymus in adults does not appear to induce
207:
203:
183:
171:
1244:
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1802:
1697:
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959:
929:
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741:
714:
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645:
578:
421:
337:
211:
147:
108:
52:
2056:
2012:
1987:
1974:
1891:
1881:
1851:
1658:
1576:
1390:
1302:
919:
911:
880:
821:
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772:
706:
637:
425:
356:
191:
1951:
1931:
1676:
1339:
958:. Vol. 5 (5th ed.). Lyon (France): World Health Organization. pp. 320–325.
179:
175:
100:
1427:
1841:
1353:
1282:
924:
899:
785:
760:
380:
1030:
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324:
of the chest showing a small thymoma anterior to the heart (marked with the red line).
271:
Type A if the epithelial cells have an oval or fusiform shape (less lymphocyte count);
2071:
1913:
915:
341:
159:
657:
39:
1982:
1896:
1611:
1563:
1507:
1408:
1106:
560:
376:
348:
or large blood vessels. Sometimes thymoma metastasize for instance to the abdomen.
215:
142:
One-third of patients have their tumors discovered because they have an associated
112:
82:
1135:
1049:
952:
WHO Classification of
Tumours Editorial Board (2021). "5. Tumors of the thymus".
710:
1886:
1549:
1324:
1236:
1090:
827:
10.1002/1097-0142(19811201)48:11<2485::AID-CNCR2820481123>3.0.CO;2-R
564:
465:
429:
372:
305:
248:
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17:
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1109:
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641:
1992:
1923:
1460:
1329:
1319:
1175:
1011:
449:
364:
264:
136:
810:"Follow-up study of thymomas with special reference to their clinical stages"
776:
761:"A malignant retroperitoneal mass – a rare presentation of recurrent thymoma"
410:
IVB: Lymphogenous or hematogenous metastasis to distant (extrathoracic) sites
1512:
1448:
1188:
1184:
1101:
1066:
1007:
433:
316:
309:
128:
71:
933:
884:
794:
745:
718:
649:
398:
IIA: Microscopic invasion through the capsule into surrounding fatty tissue
835:
1869:
1118:
900:"Clinical and pathologic predictors of survival in patients with thymoma"
302:
298:
282:
recapitulates cortical cell features more, is thought to be less benign.
57:
990:
1956:
1470:
1277:
321:
294:
252:
1861:
1811:
1747:
1540:
1334:
1167:
1002:
759:
van Geffen WH, Sietsma J, Roelofs PM, Hiltermann TJ (December 2011).
453:
333:
104:
1268:
1071:
461:
345:
315:
289:
132:
96:
457:
1775:
1139:
277:
Type AB if the tumor contains a combination of both cell types.
146:. As mentioned earlier, the most common of those conditions is
47:
An encapsulated thymoma (mixed lymphocytic and epithelial type)
808:
Masaoka A, Monden Y, Nakahara K, Tanioka T (December 1981).
438:
intrathoracic hyperthermic perfused chemotherapy (ITH)
980:
1973:
1922:
1860:
1810:
1746:
1719:
1696:
1657:
1646:
1610:
1562:
1539:
1528:
1493:
1436:
1399:
1371:
1290:
1276:
1267:
1235:
1183:
1174:
1081:
984:
77:
67:
51:
32:
170:). Other reported disease associations are with
404:III: Macroscopic invasion into adjacent organs
1787:
1151:
312:later established the diagnosis of a thymoma.
8:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
1794:
1780:
1772:
1654:
1536:
1287:
1273:
1180:
1158:
1144:
1136:
981:
947:
945:
943:
628:(July 1999). "Thymoma: state of the art".
152:thymoma-associated multiorgan autoimmunity
38:
29:
923:
825:
784:
590:
489:
344:and an even-lower risk of damaging the
1875:Asplenia with cardiovascular anomalies
734:Chest Surgery Clinics of North America
401:IIB: Macroscopic invasion into capsule
1947:Intranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma
7:
407:IVA: Pleural or pericardial implants
255:performed for an unrelated problem.
1633:Papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma
1202:Combined small-cell lung carcinoma
25:
849:NCCN Thymoma, Guidelines (2016).
2050:Postmastectomy lymphangiosarcoma
2018:Lymphedema–distichiasis syndrome
916:10.1097/00000658-199910000-00012
552:
540:
528:
516:
504:
492:
1520:Syringocystadenoma papilliferum
910:(4): 562–72, discussion 572–4.
499:An encapsulated cystic thymoma.
328:When a thymoma is suspected, a
297:of the chest revealing a large
1963:Template:Respiratory pathology
1308:Familial adenomatous polyposis
230:, sensorimotor radiculopathy,
1:
1683:Paget's disease of the breast
1625:Pancreatic serous cystadenoma
308:(indicated by the red line).
1687:Extramammary Paget's disease
1414:Multiple endocrine neoplasia
711:10.1016/j.autrev.2015.09.005
630:Journal of Clinical Oncology
395:I: Completely encapsulated
371:(indicative of myasthenia),
263:Thymoma originates from the
238:systemic lupus erythematosus
2045:Postinflammatory lymphedema
1937:Generalized lymphadenopathy
1805:: organ and vessel diseases
1672:Pancreatic ductal carcinoma
1589:Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
1222:Transitional cell carcinoma
125:superior vena cava syndrome
2099:
1729:Medullary breast carcinoma
1711:Invasive lobular carcinoma
1621:Ovarian serous cystadenoma
1572:Signet ring cell carcinoma
642:10.1200/JCO.1999.17.7.2280
2083:Lymphatic organ neoplasia
1706:Lobular carcinoma in situ
1629:Serous cystadenocarcinoma
1466:Clear-cell adenocarcinoma
1255:Bartholin gland carcinoma
1166:Glandular and epithelial
851:"NCCN Thymoma Guidelines"
320:Another axial slice of a
164:combined immunodeficiency
131:(difficulty swallowing),
46:
37:
1734:Medullary thyroid cancer
1667:Mammary ductal carcinoma
1602:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
1456:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
1423:Adrenocortical carcinoma
1363:Hepatocellular carcinoma
777:10.1136/bcr.09.2011.4737
1212:Squamous-cell carcinoma
873:Eur J Cardiothorac Surg
673:Robbins basic pathology
361:protein electrophoresis
1595:Pseudomyxoma peritonei
1419:Adrenocortical adenoma
1359:Hepatocellular adenoma
624:Thomas CR, Wright CD,
369:acetylcholine receptor
325:
313:
62:cardiothoracic surgery
2003:Congenital lymphedema
1757:Acinic cell carcinoma
1481:Papillary hidradenoma
675:. Saunders/Elsevier.
319:
293:
233:stiff person syndrome
196:limbic encephalopathy
168:hypogammaglobulinemia
156:pure red cell aplasia
99:originating from the
85:(in malignant cases).
2040:Factitial lymphedema
2030:Secondary lymphedema
1585:Mucinous cystadenoma
1444:Neuroendocrine tumor
1381:Renal cell carcinoma
1217:Basal-cell carcinoma
1197:Small-cell carcinoma
885:10.1093/ejcts/ezv039
699:Autoimmunity Reviews
220:rheumatoid arthritis
1942:Castleman's disease
1721:Medullary carcinoma
1207:Verrucous carcinoma
144:autoimmune disorder
2035:Bullous lymphedema
2008:Lymphedema praecox
1998:Primary lymphedema
1909:Splenic infarction
1554:Cystadenocarcinoma
1386:Endometrioid tumor
1349:Cholangiocarcinoma
1237:Complex epithelial
1227:Inverted papilloma
1082:External resources
326:
314:
208:panhypopituitarism
204:nephrotic syndrome
184:ulcerative colitis
172:acute pericarditis
119:Signs and symptoms
81:surgical removal,
2065:
2064:
1975:Lymphatic vessels
1835:DiGeorge syndrome
1803:Lymphatic disease
1769:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1742:
1741:
1698:Lobular carcinoma
1642:
1641:
1489:
1488:
1263:
1262:
1133:
1132:
965:978-92-832-4506-3
904:Annals of Surgery
771:: bcr0920114737.
682:978-1-4160-2973-1
579:Mediastinal tumor
422:immune deficiency
338:pneumomediastinum
301:mass in the left
212:pernicious anemia
188:Cushing's disease
148:myasthenia gravis
109:myasthenia gravis
89:
88:
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2090:
2057:Waldmann disease
2023:Milroy's disease
2013:Lymphedema tarda
1988:Lymphangiectasia
1902:Banti's syndrome
1892:Wandering spleen
1882:Accessory spleen
1852:Thymic carcinoma
1796:
1789:
1782:
1773:
1689:
1659:Ductal carcinoma
1655:
1635:
1591:
1577:Krukenberg tumor
1537:
1391:Renal oncocytoma
1303:Linitis plastica
1292:Gastrointestinal
1288:
1274:
1181:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1137:
982:
970:
969:
955:Thoracic Tumours
949:
938:
937:
927:
895:
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888:
868:
862:
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855:
846:
840:
839:
829:
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799:
798:
788:
765:BMJ Case Reports
756:
750:
749:
729:
723:
722:
693:
687:
686:
668:
662:
661:
621:
598:
595:
556:
544:
532:
520:
508:
496:
426:cyclophosphamide
357:full blood count
192:hemolytic anemia
101:epithelial cells
42:
30:
21:
18:Thymus neoplasms
2098:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2061:
1969:
1952:Kikuchi disease
1932:Lymphadenopathy
1918:
1856:
1806:
1800:
1770:
1761:
1738:
1715:
1692:
1681:
1677:Comedocarcinoma
1650:
1648:
1638:
1619:
1606:
1583:
1558:
1532:
1530:
1524:
1495:
1485:
1432:
1395:
1367:
1340:Somatostatinoma
1283:adenocarcinomas
1281:
1259:
1245:Warthin's tumor
1231:
1170:
1164:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1077:
1076:
993:
979:
974:
973:
966:
951:
950:
941:
897:
896:
892:
870:
869:
865:
858:NCCN Guidelines
853:
848:
847:
843:
820:(11): 2485–92.
807:
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731:
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479:
452:, generally to
446:
417:
389:
288:
261:
180:alopecia areata
176:agranulocytosis
121:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2027:
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2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1995:
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1911:
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1904:
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1878:
1877:
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1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
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1842:Ectopic thymus
1839:
1838:
1837:
1827:
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1568:
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1526:
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1517:
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1499:
1497:
1496:skin appendage
1491:
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1487:
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1484:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1440:
1438:
1437:Other/multiple
1434:
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1416:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1356:
1354:Klatskin tumor
1351:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1311:
1310:
1305:
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989:
988:
986:
985:Classification
978:
977:External links
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381:renal function
287:
284:
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260:
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162:(thymoma with
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55:
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1914:Splenic tumor
1912:
1910:
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1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1651:and medullary
1645:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1492:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:
992:
987:
983:
976:
967:
961:
957:
956:
948:
946:
944:
940:
935:
931:
926:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
894:
891:
886:
882:
878:
874:
867:
864:
859:
852:
845:
842:
837:
833:
828:
823:
819:
815:
811:
804:
801:
796:
792:
787:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
755:
752:
747:
743:
740:(2): 407–20.
739:
735:
728:
725:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
692:
689:
684:
678:
674:
667:
664:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
636:(7): 2280–9.
635:
631:
627:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
600:
594:
591:
584:
580:
577:
576:
572:
566:
562:
555:
550:
543:
538:
531:
526:
519:
514:
507:
502:
495:
490:
485:
483:
476:
474:
470:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
443:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
414:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
393:
392:
386:
384:
382:
378:
377:liver enzymes
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
349:
347:
343:
342:mediastinitis
339:
335:
331:
323:
318:
311:
307:
304:
300:
296:
292:
285:
283:
276:
273:
270:
269:
268:
266:
258:
256:
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
235:
234:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
160:Good syndrome
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
118:
116:
115:may be used.
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
84:
80:
76:
73:
70:
66:
63:
59:
56:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2078:Rare cancers
1983:Lymphangitis
1897:Splenomegaly
1846:
1508:Hidrocystoma
1502:
1428:HĂĽrthle cell
1409:Prolactinoma
1314:
1299:
1249:
1117:
1100:
1089:
1065:
1054:
1043:
1035:
1016:
997:
954:
907:
903:
893:
879:(1): 321–6.
876:
872:
866:
857:
844:
817:
813:
803:
768:
764:
754:
737:
733:
727:
705:(1): 82–92.
702:
698:
691:
672:
666:
633:
629:
593:
561:FNA specimen
480:
477:Epidemiology
471:
447:
418:
390:
373:electrolytes
354:
350:
327:
280:
262:
246:
231:
216:polymyositis
141:
122:
113:chemotherapy
92:
90:
83:chemotherapy
1887:Polysplenia
1825:Hyperplasia
1550:Cystadenoma
1503:sweat gland
1494:Adnexal and
1325:Glucagonoma
1091:MedlinePlus
565:Field stain
450:metastasize
430:doxorubicin
330:CT/CAT scan
306:mediastinum
253:CT/CAT scan
249:chest X-ray
242:thyroiditis
228:scleroderma
224:sarcoidosis
200:myocarditis
68:Usual onset
2072:Categories
1993:Lymphedema
1924:Lymph node
1830:Hypoplasia
1533:and serous
1476:Cylindroma
1461:Oncocytoma
1373:Urogenital
1330:Gastrinoma
1320:Insulinoma
1176:Epithelium
1056:DiseasesDB
626:Loehrer PJ
585:References
365:antibodies
265:epithelial
137:chest pain
1531:mucinous,
1513:Syringoma
1449:Carcinoid
1401:Endocrine
1189:carcinoma
1185:Papilloma
1102:eMedicine
1072:128856005
1067:SNOMED CT
559:Thymoma.
444:Prognosis
434:cisplatin
415:Treatment
310:Histology
286:Diagnosis
259:Pathology
129:dysphagia
78:Treatment
72:Adulthood
53:Specialty
1870:Asplenia
1649:lobular,
1564:Mucinous
1315:pancreas
1278:Adenomas
1119:Orphanet
1113:ped/2246
1110:med/3448
1107:med/2752
934:10522726
795:22674945
746:11413764
719:26408958
658:12621667
650:10561285
573:See also
303:anterior
299:necrotic
58:Oncology
1957:Tonsils
1847:Thymoma
1820:Abscess
1647:Ductal,
1543:general
1529:Cystic,
1471:Apudoma
1250:Thymoma
1050:D013945
925:1420905
836:7296496
786:3229325
486:Gallery
387:Staging
367:to the
322:CT scan
295:CT scan
103:of the
93:thymoma
33:Thymoma
1862:Spleen
1812:Thymus
1748:Acinar
1612:Serous
1541:Cystic
1335:VIPoma
1300:tract:
1269:Glands
1168:cancer
1096:001086
1040:: 8580
962:
932:
922:
834:
814:Cancer
793:
783:
744:
717:
679:
656:
648:
454:pleura
334:biopsy
105:thymus
1124:99867
1061:13067
1037:ICD-O
1031:212.6
1027:164.0
1012:D15.0
854:(PDF)
654:S2CID
466:brain
462:liver
458:bones
346:heart
135:, or
133:cough
97:tumor
95:is a
1961:see
1750:cell
1045:MeSH
1022:9-CM
960:ISBN
930:PMID
832:PMID
791:PMID
769:2011
742:PMID
715:PMID
677:ISBN
646:PMID
432:and
379:and
240:and
166:and
158:and
1018:ICD
1008:C37
999:ICD
920:PMC
912:doi
908:230
881:doi
822:doi
781:PMC
773:doi
707:doi
638:doi
464:or
340:or
251:or
2074::
1685:/
1631:/
1627:/
1623:/
1587:/
1122::
1105::
1094::
1070::
1059::
1048::
1029:,
1025::
1010:,
1006::
1003:10
942:^
928:.
918:.
906:.
902:.
877:49
875:.
856:.
830:.
818:48
816:.
812:.
789:.
779:.
767:.
763:.
738:11
736:.
713:.
703:15
701:.
652:.
644:.
634:17
632:.
602:^
563:.
460:,
456:,
440:.
428:,
383:.
375:,
363:,
359:,
244:.
236:,
226:,
222:,
218:,
214:,
210:,
206:,
202:,
198:,
194:,
190:,
186:,
182:,
178:,
174:,
154:,
139:.
127:,
91:A
60:,
1795:e
1788:t
1781:v
1552:/
1421:/
1361:/
1280:/
1187:/
1159:e
1152:t
1145:v
1020:-
1001:-
991:D
968:.
936:.
914::
887:.
883::
860:.
838:.
824::
797:.
775::
748:.
721:.
709::
685:.
660:.
640::
567:.
20:)
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