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245:. During embryonic development, the thyroid gland is being formed, beginning at the base of the tongue and moving towards the neck canal, known as the thyroglossal duct. Once the thyroid reaches its final position in the neck, the duct normally disappears. In some individuals, portions of the duct remain behind, leaving small pockets, known as cysts. During a person's life, these cyst pockets can fill with fluids and mucus, enlarging when infected, presenting the thyroglossal cyst.
181:
29:
405:: excision of the center of the hyoid bone along with a thyroglossal duct cyst, removal of one-eighth inch diameter core of tongue muscle superior to the hyoid at a 45-degree angle up to the foramen cecum to include mucosa, removal of one-quarter inch of the center of the hyoid bone, closure of the cut ends of the hyoid bone, and placement of a drain.
422:
treatment complications of thyroglossal cyst, and reported a total minor complications rate of 6% for the
Sistrunk operation (classical or modified) and simple cystectomy treatment modalities. The Sistrunk procedure also showed better outcomes concerning the rate of overall recurrence, i.e. has the lowest rate of recurrence.
208:
A thyroglossal duct cyst may rupture unexpectedly, resulting in a draining sinus known as a thyroglossal fistula. Thyroglossal fistula can develop when the removal of the cyst has not been fully completed. This is usually noticed when bleeding in the neck occurs, causing swelling and fluid ejection
100:
The persistent duct or sinus can promote oral secretions, which may cause cysts to become infected. Up to half of thyroglossal cysts are not diagnosed until adult life. The tract can lie dormant for years or even decades, until some kind of stimulus leads to cystic dilation. Infection can sometimes
173:
An infected thyroglossal duct cyst can occur when it is left untreated for a certain amount of time or simply when a thyroglossal duct cyst hasn't been suspected. The degree of infection can be examined as major rim enhancement has occurred, located inferior to the hyoid bone. Soft tissue swelling
92:
Thyroglossal duct cysts most often present with a palpable asymptomatic midline neck mass usually below the level of the hyoid bone. The mass on the neck moves during swallowing or on protrusion of the tongue because of its attachment to the tongue via the tract of thyroid descent. Some patients
421:
The procedure is relatively safe. In a study of 35 pediatric patients, Maddalozzo et al. found no major complications, but did observe minor complications (6 patients presented with seroma and 4 patients with local wound infections). A more recent paper analyzed 24 research studies on different
380:
of the central portion of the hyoid bone along with a wide core of tissue from the midline area between the hyoid and foramen cecum. It involves excision not only of the cyst but also of the path's tract and branches, and removal of the central portion of the hyoid bone is indicated to ensure
360:
Although generally benign, the cyst must be removed if the patient exhibits difficulty in breathing or swallowing, or if the cyst is infected. Even if these symptoms are not present, the cyst may be removed to eliminate the chance of infection or development of a carcinoma,
281:
Diagnosis of a thyroglossal duct cyst requires a medical professional, and is usually done by a physical examination. It is important to identify whether or not the thyroglossal cyst contains any thyroid tissue, as it can define the degree of cyst that is being dealt with.
417:: In cases without mature ossification of the hyoid bone, the non-fused cartilage portion can be divided by monopolar Bovie electro-cauterization or scissors. There were no statistical differences between this modified Sistrunk and the conventional Sistrunk procedure.
174:
occurs, along with airway obstruction and trouble swallowing, due to the rapid enlargement of the cyst. With infections, there can be rare cases where an expression of fluid is projected into the pharynx causing other problems within the neck.
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or just above the hyoid bone. A thyroglossal cyst can develop anywhere along a thyroglossal duct, though cysts within the tongue or in the floor of the mouth are rare.A thyroglossal cyst will move upwards with protrusion of the
367:
Surgical management options include the
Sistrunk procedure, en bloc central neck dissection, suture-guided transhyoid pharyngotomy, and Koempel's supra-hyoid technique. Cystectomy is an inadequate approach.
1082:
Gioacchini, F. M.; Alicandri-Ciufelli, M.; Kaleci, S.; Magliulo, G.; Presutti, L.; Re, M. (2015-01-01). "Clinical presentation and treatment outcomes of thyroglossal duct cysts: a systematic review".
381:
complete removal of the tract. The original
Sistrunk papers (the "classic" procedure described in 1920, and the "modified" procedure described in 1928) are available on-line with a modern commentary.
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Ryu, Yoon-Jong; Kim, Dong Wook; Jeon, Hyoung Won; Chang, Hyun; Sung, Myung Whun; Hah, J. Hun (2015-06-01). "Modified
Sistrunk operation: New concept for management of thyroglossal duct cyst".
352:
Typically, the cyst will move upwards on protrusion of the tongue, given its attachment to the embryonic duct, as well as on swallowing, due to attachment of the tract to the foramen caecum.
70:. Thyroglossal cysts can be defined as an irregular neck mass or a lump which develops from cells and tissues left over after the formation of the thyroid gland during developmental stages.
261:
or cyst. Most fistulae are acquired following rupture or incision of the infected thyroglossal cyst. A thyroglossal cyst is lined by pseudostratified, ciliated columnar epithelium while a
777:
Ibrahim, Farid F.; Alnoury, Mohammed K.; Varma, Namrata; Daniel, Sam J. (2015-06-01). "Surgical management outcomes of recurrent thyroglossal duct cyst in children--A systematic review".
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81:, from the base of the tongue to the suprasternal notch. Other common causes of midline neck masses include lymphadenopathy, dermoid cysts, and various odontogenic anomalies.
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Clinical features can be found in the subhyoid portion of the tract and 75% present as midline swellings. The remainder can be found as far lateral as the lateral tip of the
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cause the transient appearance of a mass or enlargement of the cyst, at times with periodic recurrences. Spontaneous drainage may also occur. Differential diagnosis are
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364:
Thyroid scans and thyroid function studies are ordered preoperatively; this is important to demonstrate that normally functioning thyroid tissue is in its usual area.
192:
825:
Geller, Kenneth A.; Cohen, David; Koempel, Jeffrey A. (2014-02-01). "Thyroglossal duct cyst and sinuses: a 20-year Los
Angeles experience and lessons learned".
411:: dissection through the tongue base but not through the mucosa. The modified Sistrunk procedure is the procedure of choice in both primary and revision cases.
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at the junction of the anterior two-thirds and posterior one-third of the tongue. Any part of the tract can persist, causing a sinus,
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Radioactive iodine or technetium (a radioactive metallic element) is used in this procedure to show any abnormalities of the thyroid.
868:
Gioacchini, FM (January 2015). "Clinical presentation and treatment outcomes of thyroglossal duct cysts: a systematic review".
734:
McNicoll MP, Hawkins DB, England K, Penny R, Maceri DR (1988). "Papillary carcinoma arising in a thyroglossal duct cyst".
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67:
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124:) that is usually painless, smooth and cystic, though if infected, pain can occur. There may be difficulty breathing,
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Maddalozzo, J.; Venkatesan, T. K.; Gupta, P. (2001-01-01). "Complications associated with the
Sistrunk procedure".
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Rarely (in less than 1% of cases), cancer may be present in a thyroglossal duct cyst. These tumors are generally
84:
Thyroglossal cysts develop at birth. Many diagnostic procedures may be used to establish the degree of the cyst.
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Sabra, M. (2009). Clinical thyroidology for patients. American
Thyroid Association. 3(2), 12. Retrieved from
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Weerakkody, Y., & Gaillard F. (2015). Thyroglossal duct cyst. UBM Medica
Network. Retrieved from
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http://www.doctoronline.nhs.uk/masterwebsite1Asp/targetpages/testandprocedures/surgery/thyroglo.asp
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A person can live with a
Thyroglossal Duct Cyst without any problems, until a pathology develops.
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The most common location for a thyroglossal cyst is midline or slightly off midline, between the
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Thyroglossal cysts are the most common cause of midline neck masses and are generally located
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Sistrunk, W.E. (1928). "Technique of removal of cysts and sinuses of the thyroglossal duct".
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Thyroglossal cyst with papillary excrescences (magnified at right), where microscopy showed
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Thyroglossal Duct Cysts are the second most common neck abnormalities after lymphadenopathy
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Forest V.; Murali R.; Clark JR. (2011). "Thyroglossal duct cyst carcinoma: Case series".
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641:"Thyroid & parathyroid - Congenital / metabolic anomalies - Thyroglossal duct cyst"
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University of
Rochester Medical Center. (2015). Thyroglossal duct cyst. Retrieved from
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Thyroglossal duct carcinoma occurs in approximately 1 to 2% of Thyroglossal cyst cases.
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to (below) the hyoid bone. These neck masses can occur anywhere along the path of the
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Thyroglossal cyst usually presents as a midline neck lump (in the region of the
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Sistrunk procedure results in a 95% cure rate and 95–100% long-term survival.
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675:"Papillary thyrpid carcinoma formation in a thyroglossal cyst. A case report"
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The State of Queensland. (2011) Thyroglossal cysts/fistuka. Retrieved from
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132:(discomfort in the upper abdomen), especially if the cyst becomes large.
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Post removal of stitches from surgery on a Thyroglossal Cyst infection
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Post surgery infection on a Thyroglossal Cyst, reaction from stitches.
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1127:"Thyroglossal duct remnant carcinoma: beyond the Sistrunk procedure"
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can be seen as a flattened strawberry-like lump at the base of the
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Approximately 7% of the population has thyroglossal duct remnants
272:
216:
148:.Thyroglossal cysts are associated with an increased incidence of
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There are several versions of the Sistrunk procedure, including:
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Image capture of the degree of mass and its surrounding tissues.
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1283:"Investigation and treatment of thyroglossal cysts in children"
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Topic Completed: 14 March 2016. Minor changes: 27 January 2021.
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1125:
Carter, Yvette; Yeutter, Nicholas; Mazeh, Haggi (2014-09-01).
1207:
Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery
434:
90% of cases are presented in children before the age of 10
930:"The Surgical Treatment of Cysts of the Thyroglossal Tract"
233:, arising from the ectopic thyroid tissue within the cyst.
577:"Cervical cysts and fistulae of thyroglossal Tract Origin"
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722:
1084:
International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
870:
International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
285:
Diagnostic procedures for a thyroglossal cyst include:
987:
International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology
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International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology
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International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology
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1281:Brewis C, Mahadevan M, Bailey CM, Drake DP (2000).
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384:In general, the procedure consists of three steps:
40:
21:
437:70% of neck anomalies are from Thyroglossal cysts
1252:Journal of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery
565:SRB's Manual of Surgery 3rd edition 2009;405;406.
525:Deaver M. J.; Silman E. F.; Lotfipour S. (2009).
1471:
8:
1203:"Thyroglossal cyst: An unusual presentation"
657:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1201:Karmakar S.; Saha A.; Mukherjee D. (2012).
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277:Ultrasound image of thyroglossal duct cyst
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1616:Congenital disorders of endocrine system
1287:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
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253:The thyroglossal tract arises from the
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209:around the original wound of removal.
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928:Sistrunk, Walter Ellis (2016-11-23).
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673:Ali M.; Abussa A.; Hashmi H. (2007).
531:Western Journal of Emergency Medicine
7:
736:Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
304:Blood testing of thyroid function.
93:will have neck or throat pain, or
14:
1572:Congenital absence of parathyroid
527:"Infected thyroglossal duct cyst"
265:is lined by columnar epithelium.
1042:10.1097/00005537-200101000-00021
946:10.1097/00000658-192002000-00002
593:10.1097/00000658-195401000-00018
391:resection of cyst and hyoid bone
213:Thyroglossal duct cyst carcinoma
191:
179:
1611:Cutaneous congenital anomalies
376:The Sistrunk procedure is the
241:Thyroglossal Duct Cysts are a
1:
575:Stahl W.M.; Lyall D. (1954).
507:http://www.urmc.rochester.edu
1527:Persistent thyroglossal duct
1143:10.1016/j.suronc.2014.07.002
999:10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.03.001
839:10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.11.018
791:10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.03.019
639:Andrey Bychkov, M.D., Ph.D.
625:http://www.health.qld.gov.au
231:papillary thyroid carcinomas
128:(difficulty swallowing), or
68:persistent thyroglossal duct
475:Preauricular sinus and cyst
1632:
1504:Congenital hypopituitarism
1299:10.1177/014107680009300106
1096:10.1016/j.ijom.2014.07.007
882:10.1016/j.ijom.2014.07.007
748:10.1177/019459988809900109
679:Libyan Journal of Medicine
1547:Thyroid dyshormonogenesis
1537:Congenital hypothyroidism
1219:10.1007/s12070-011-0458-5
330:The removal of cells for
35:
26:
415:hyoid cartilage division
223:papillary thyroid cancer
460:Cutaneous columnar cyst
1190:http://radiopaedia.org
723:http://www.thyroid.org
327:Fine Needle Aspiration
278:
226:
150:ectopic thyroid tissue
137:isthmus of the thyroid
60:thyroglossal duct cyst
908:Surg. Gynecol. Obstet
276:
220:
1590:Absent adrenal gland
465:Branchial cleft cyst
394:drainage and closure
263:thyroglossal fistula
204:Thyroglossal Fistula
1488:endocrine disorders
1542:Thyroid dysgenesis
1430:External resources
378:surgical resection
372:Sistrunk Procedure
279:
227:
152:. Occasionally, a
88:Signs and symptoms
66:that forms from a
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1532:Thyroglossal cyst
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1131:Surgical Oncology
934:Annals of Surgery
645:PathologyOutlines
581:Annals of Surgery
341:Clinical features
338:
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334:, using a needle
79:thyroglossal duct
56:thyroglossal cyst
52:
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36:Thyroglossal cyst
22:Thyroglossal cyst
16:Medical condition
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164:Complications
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111:dermoid cysts
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1293:(1): 18–21.
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742:(1): 50–54.
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429:Epidemiology
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319:Thyroid Scan
284:
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243:birth defect
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64:fibrous cyst
59:
55:
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1564:Parathyroid
1486:Congenital
294:Definition
107:lymph nodes
105:, enlarged
1605:Categories
1404:DiseasesDB
914:: 109–112.
537:(3): 205.
486:References
347:hyoid bone
310:Ultrasound
300:Blood Test
249:Embryology
141:hyoid bone
122:hyoid bone
1496:Pituitary
1439:eMedicine
1415:SNOMED CT
1151:1879-3320
1104:1399-0020
1050:0023-852X
1007:1872-8464
954:0003-4932
847:1872-8464
799:1872-8464
403:"classic"
356:Treatment
269:Diagnosis
169:Infection
130:dyspepsia
126:dysphagia
95:dysphagia
42:Specialty
1420:39462005
1317:10700841
1264:21453651
1237:24427642
1169:25056924
1112:25132570
1066:24852015
1058:11192879
1015:25829321
972:17864229
890:25132570
855:24332664
807:25890397
764:27041672
709:21503216
653:cite web
611:13114863
553:19718389
454:See also
409:modified
388:incision
139:and the
1582:Adrenal
1514:Thyroid
1444:ent/283
1398:D013955
1308:1288046
1228:3718931
1160:4149934
963:1410396
756:3140182
700:3078210
602:1609283
544:2729228
259:fistula
1387:188455
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480:Ranula
332:biopsy
237:Causes
158:tongue
146:tongue
115:goiter
75:caudal
1409:13070
1376:759.2
1361:Q89.2
1062:S2CID
760:S2CID
62:is a
1393:MeSH
1382:OMIM
1371:9-CM
1313:PMID
1260:PMID
1233:PMID
1165:PMID
1147:ISSN
1108:PMID
1100:ISSN
1054:PMID
1046:ISSN
1011:PMID
1003:ISSN
968:PMID
950:ISSN
886:PMID
851:PMID
843:ISSN
803:PMID
795:ISSN
752:PMID
705:PMID
659:link
607:PMID
549:PMID
291:Type
113:and
1367:ICD
1352:ICD
1303:PMC
1295:doi
1223:PMC
1215:doi
1155:PMC
1139:doi
1092:doi
1038:doi
1034:111
995:doi
958:PMC
942:doi
878:doi
835:doi
787:doi
744:doi
695:PMC
687:doi
597:PMC
589:doi
585:139
539:PMC
58:or
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