39:
96:, is less commonly discussed. The primary distinction between soft and hard ticks is the amount of time they stay attached to their host. Soft ticks remain attached on the order of a couple hours and may take multiple blood meals from the same host. Hard ticks on the other hand tend to stay attached for several days to weeks, feeding continuously. The ticks that transmit
119:
that causes Lyme
Disease. The adult deer tick attaches to its namesake, but the deer does not carry the bacterium. Humans are not the preferred natural host, but the adult ticks, containing the bacterium known to cause Lyme disease, can attach to humans and allow for transmission of the bacterium.
178:
and viruses. Symptoms range from mild local irritation at the site of attachment all the way to death. Local reactions can usually be seen within 24–48 hours of attachment and can be associated with swelling, itchiness, and pain. Ticks can attach to most surfaces of the body and may even find
1112:
Hills, Susan L; Broussard, Kelly R; Broyhill, James C; Shastry, Lalita G; Cossaboom, Caitlin M; White, Jennifer L; Machesky, Kimberly D; Kosoy, Olga; Girone, Kyle; Klena, John D; Backenson, Bryon P; Gould, Carolyn V; Lind, Leah; Hieronimus, Arielle; Gaines, David N (2022-03-21).
1453:
71:
release, and infestation. Infestation can cause symptoms ranging from mild to severe and may even cause death. Hosts can include any number of vertebrates, though humans and livestock are more likely to be the interest of researchers.
279:
in or visiting areas known to be home to lots of ticks. Clothes that cover exposed skin can help limit tick attachment but should not be a substitute for thorough skin and hair checks following a hike in known tick-infested regions.
223:
is as high as 13.9 to 18.7 million US dollars. There are multiple ways to approach the issue of how to prevent tick infestation. For many years, the main way in which humans thought to control tick infestation was by the use of
2010:
2272:
1508:
1391:
Faulde MK, Robbins RG (February 2008). "Tick infestation risk and
Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. infection-induced increase in host-finding efficacy of female Ixodes ricinus under natural conditions".
2003:
275:
after potential tick encounters. Jobs or hobbies that involve outdoor activities are shown to increase the risk of infestation, and as such, avoidance can be as simple as not
103:
Ticks often have a preferred host, but may still attach to a different host when called for. Their preferred host may change depending on the tick's stage of development (eg
1996:
1501:
134:
Ticks use various tactics to reach their target host. Sometimes they employ a crawl-like movement to move towards their host. Other times they may perch along blades of
389:
to very severe disease. Lyme disease, for example, is known to have potentially severe complications involving the heart, immune system, and neurological systems.
2251:
1494:
1723:
271:
Some of the best preventive measures for humans to avoid infestation, outside of using pesticidal bug sprays, include avoidance, appropriate clothes, and
219:
Preventing tick infestation is an important global effort. It is estimated that the worldwide cost associated with controlling tick levels and tick borne
938:"Detailed Infestation Spectrums About Biological Stages of Hard Ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
32:
115:, known to transmit Lyme disease to humans in the US. The larval stage of development takes place in a small mouse. This mouse also carries the
183:. More widespread reactions can occur, potentially leading to hives across the body, severe discomfort, and in some cases anaphylaxis (extreme
1777:
812:
Kassiri, Hamid; Nasirian, Hassan (2021-02-28). "New insights about human tick infestation features: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
598:
Kassiri, Hamid; Nasirian, Hassan (2021-02-28). "New insights about human tick infestation features: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
483:
Kassiri, Hamid; Nasirian, Hassan (2021-02-28). "New insights about human tick infestation features: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
996:
Aguilar-DĂaz, Hugo; Quiroz-Castañeda, Rosa Estela; Salazar-Morales, Karina; CossĂo-BayĂşgar, Raquel; Miranda-Miranda, Estefan (2021-11-19).
1693:
256:
may be an effective, less environmentally impactful, and less expensive way to prevent tick infestation. A vaccine for humans to prevent
299:), and preserve the tick in alcohol. If symptoms develop, saving the tick will be important for identification. Home remedies (such as
1568:
2282:
1564:
1703:
1572:
1628:
2277:
1607:
370:
1638:
1587:
252:, Ticks can gain resistance to acaricides, rendering them effective at preventing infestation. Studies suggest that
138:
or other vegetation, ready to move aboard animals as they brush by. After attachment, ticks gain access to a hosts
112:
2023:
191:). In some cases, parts of the tick head can remain lodged at the site of attachment, resulting in more chronic
2124:
1972:
1597:
1592:
1469:
245:
1988:
2128:
1733:
1708:
386:
257:
264:
in 2021 for use in the US. Though, this is not stated to prevent infestation itself, but rather a specific
2145:
1868:
1713:
1162:
2225:
2063:
1861:
1839:
1718:
334:
2219:
2054:
1954:
1940:
1832:
1825:
1728:
1698:
821:
607:
492:
459:
325:
64:
38:
1947:
1743:
1688:
1533:
882:"Diagnosis and treatment of tick infestation and tick-borne diseases with cutaneous manifestations"
664:"Diagnosis and treatment of tick infestation and tick-borne diseases with cutaneous manifestations"
544:"Diagnosis and treatment of tick infestation and tick-borne diseases with cutaneous manifestations"
429:
1189:
Madison-Antenucci, Susan; Kramer, Laura D.; Gebhardt, Linda L.; Kauffman, Elizabeth (2020-03-18).
150:
conditions, animals would form clots and prevent excess bleeding after damage from something like
2205:
2120:
1517:
1416:
1247:
1094:
973:
911:
853:
712:
693:
639:
573:
524:
1918:
1897:
1772:
1555:
1408:
1373:
1355:
1311:
1303:
1267:
1228:
1210:
1144:
1136:
1086:
1078:
1037:
1019:
965:
957:
903:
845:
837:
789:
771:
732:
685:
631:
623:
565:
516:
508:
413:
184:
27:
1904:
1890:
1400:
1363:
1345:
1259:
1218:
1202:
1126:
1068:
1027:
1009:
949:
893:
829:
779:
763:
724:
675:
615:
555:
500:
417:
378:
315:
While ticks are most notable in the public view as the insects responsible for transmitting
2231:
2165:
1670:
409:
93:
998:"Tick Immunobiology and Extracellular Traps: An Integrative Vision to Control of Vectors"
825:
611:
496:
1911:
1767:
1602:
1486:
1368:
1333:
1223:
1190:
1032:
997:
937:
784:
751:
453:
425:
272:
124:
2266:
2211:
1683:
1648:
1542:
1098:
977:
898:
881:
857:
680:
663:
643:
560:
543:
528:
405:
382:
128:
1420:
1263:
915:
728:
697:
577:
2196:
1930:
1678:
1633:
1582:
1560:
1550:
441:
360:
350:
316:
97:
416:(elevated body temperature involving bleeding from various parts of the body) and
211:, a loss of motor function that can be debilitating and may even result in death.
1474:
1334:"Ticks and Tick-Borne Infections: Complex Ecology, Agents, and Host Interactions"
404:
such as ticks are an emerging field of study. Commonly mentioned viruses include
2074:
1851:
1620:
253:
204:
147:
953:
833:
619:
504:
203:
can set in due to the tissue damage from tick attachment. In rare cases, ticks
2187:
2069:
2059:
2049:
1751:
1404:
1014:
401:
365:
330:
296:
249:
225:
200:
151:
143:
56:
1359:
1307:
1214:
1140:
1082:
1073:
1056:
1023:
961:
841:
775:
627:
512:
2171:
2099:
2086:
2019:
1815:
1656:
1291:
767:
421:
393:
355:
345:
320:
229:
208:
188:
116:
85:
60:
1412:
1377:
1315:
1271:
1232:
1148:
1090:
1041:
969:
907:
849:
793:
736:
689:
635:
569:
520:
232:. This has been especially important in the context of ticks that infested
1350:
1131:
1114:
373:), and many others. These bacterial infections]often cause well-described
283:
If someone comes in contact with a tick, they should remove it from their
2141:
1206:
445:
437:
300:
241:
192:
175:
159:
108:
89:
1445:
2134:
2094:
433:
397:
339:
304:
265:
220:
171:
2032:
1880:
1457:
374:
276:
233:
155:
1057:"Current status and future prospects of multi-antigen tick vaccine"
131:
of travel and commerce may be broadening their scope of residence.
67:, they are also known to cause direct harm to hosts through bites,
2041:
752:"Vector-borne diseases and climate change: a European perspective"
292:
237:
139:
135:
104:
68:
52:
307:) have been used in the past, but are not currently recommended.
2156:
1462:
1055:
Parthasarathi, B. C.; Kumar, Binod; Ghosh, Srikant (July 2021).
428:—deficiency results in worse bleeding). Ticks can also transmit
288:
284:
196:
174:
states unrelated to their ability to transmit pathogens such as
81:
48:
1992:
1490:
2111:
385:. Symptoms are variable during these infections, ranging from
261:
180:
142:
supply via use of sharp projections from their mouth known as
107:
vs adult) and the host may or may not carry the transmittable
936:
Nasirian, Hassan; Zahirnia, Amirhossein (September 2021).
195:
and greater levels of swelling and tissue damage. Serious
154:. Ticks account for this by secreting compounds in their
63:', and while they are often thought of in the context of
123:
Ticks are found around the world, with suggestions that
1246:
Bush, Larry M.; Vazquez-Pertejo, Maria T. (May 2018).
1115:"Tick-borne encephalitis among US travellers, 2010–20"
711:
Bush, Larry M.; Vazquez-Pertejo, Maria T. (May 2018).
2273:
Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites of the skin
1435:
2195:
2186:
2155:
2110:
2085:
2040:
2031:
1964:
1928:
1878:
1849:
1813:
1806:
1790:
1760:
1742:
1669:
1647:
1619:
1541:
1532:
1525:
1439:
111:. An example of these concepts can be found in the
26:
21:
319:, they carry and transmit a wide variety of other
240:, expensive, and decreasingly effective. Much as
396:pathogens transmitted by ticks are also common.
1290:Pace, Emma J.; O'Reilly, Matthew (2020-05-01).
51:are insects known for attaching to and sucking
1292:"Tickborne Diseases: Diagnosis and Management"
750:Semenza, Jan C; Suk, Jonathan E (2018-01-01).
2252:Template:Tick-borne diseases and infestations
2004:
1502:
236:. But, these acaricides are often considered
8:
814:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
600:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
485:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
412:, and Bourbon viruses. Symptoms may include
1724:Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome
343:(very important in the context of cattle),
323:as well. The bacterium that causes Lyme is
2192:
2037:
2011:
1997:
1989:
1810:
1538:
1529:
1509:
1495:
1487:
1436:
463:may become more efficient at infestation.
37:
18:
1367:
1349:
1222:
1130:
1072:
1031:
1013:
897:
783:
679:
559:
55:from land-dwelling animals (specifically
381:of Lyme disease, or the spotted rash of
158:that prevent normal healing and promote
472:
424:in the body—an important component of
179:residence within cavities such as the
1778:Southern tick-associated rash illness
1327:
1325:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
991:
989:
987:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
807:
805:
803:
657:
655:
653:
593:
591:
589:
587:
59:). Ticks fall under the category of '
7:
931:
929:
927:
925:
478:
476:
14:
1248:"Tick borne illness—Lyme disease"
713:"Tick borne illness—Lyme disease"
333:. A number of other bacteria are
80:There are two main categories of
2026:-borne diseases and infestations
1061:Journal of Vector Borne Diseases
899:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01244.x
681:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01244.x
561:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01244.x
1694:Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever
1264:10.1016/j.disamonth.2018.01.007
729:10.1016/j.disamonth.2018.01.007
1704:Kemerovo tickborne viral fever
1191:"Emerging Tick-Borne Diseases"
440:, and are often found to have
1:
1332:Wikel, Stephen (2018-06-20).
1195:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1608:Rocky Mountain spotted fever
451:There is some evidence that
371:Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
187:that can affect airways and
1639:Relapsing fever borreliosis
1588:Spotted fever rickettsiosis
2299:
1119:Journal of Travel Medicine
954:10.1007/s11686-021-00362-y
834:10.1007/s11356-021-13102-6
620:10.1007/s11356-021-13102-6
505:10.1007/s11356-021-13102-6
2250:For ticks and mites, see
2246:
1629:Baggio–Yoshinari syndrome
1405:10.1007/s10493-008-9131-4
1296:American Family Physician
1015:10.3390/pathogens10111511
756:FEMS Microbiology Letters
88:) and hard ticks (family
2125:Cordylobia anthropophaga
1973:Rhipicephalus sanguineus
1598:American tick bite fever
1593:Pacific Coast tick fever
1074:10.4103/0972-9062.321739
268:related to infestation.
92:). A third tick family,
2129:Cochliomyia hominivorax
1734:Tick-borne encephalitis
1709:Kyasanur Forest disease
444:with multiple types of
258:tick-borne encephalitis
2283:Arthropod infestations
2146:mosquito-borne disease
1869:Dermacentor variabilis
1714:Omsk hemorrhagic fever
228:against ticks, called
2226:Armillifer armillatus
2064:head lice infestation
1862:Dermacentor andersoni
1840:Amblyomma triguttatum
1719:Powassan encephalitis
1351:10.3390/vetsci5020060
880:Dana, Ali N. (2009).
768:10.1093/femsle/fnx244
662:Dana, Ali N. (2009).
542:Dana, Ali N. (2009).
84:: soft ticks (family
2220:Porocephalus crotali
2055:pediculosis corporis
1955:Ornithodoros moubata
1941:Ornithodoros gurneyi
1833:Amblyomma cajennense
1826:Amblyomma americanum
1744:Protozoan infections
1729:Tete orthobunyavirus
1699:Heartland bandavirus
1569:Human monocytotropic
1534:Bacterial infections
1207:10.1128/CMR.00083-18
886:Dermatologic Therapy
668:Dermatologic Therapy
548:Dermatologic Therapy
460:Borrelia burgdorferi
326:Borrelia burgdorferi
260:was approved by the
65:disease transmission
2278:Tick-borne diseases
1948:Ornithodoros hermsi
1689:Colorado tick fever
1518:Tick-borne diseases
1338:Veterinary Sciences
1132:10.1093/jtm/taab167
942:Acta Parasitologica
826:2021ESPR...2817000K
820:(14): 17000–17028.
612:2021ESPR...2817000K
606:(14): 17000–17028.
497:2021ESPR...2817000K
491:(14): 17000–17028.
430:parasitic infection
311:Tick-borne diseases
199:infections such as
33:Infectious diseases
2206:Linguatula serrata
2121:Dermatobia hominis
1565:Human granulocytic
337:by ticks, such as
2260:
2259:
2242:
2241:
2182:
2181:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1919:Ixodes scapularis
1898:Ixodes holocyclus
1807:Species and bites
1786:
1785:
1773:Alpha-gal allergy
1665:
1664:
1556:Boutonneuse fever
1484:
1483:
1393:Exp. Appl. Acarol
414:hemorrhagic fever
287:, wash the area (
185:allergic reaction
46:
45:
16:Medical condition
2290:
2193:
2038:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1990:
1905:Ixodes pacificus
1891:Ixodes cornuatus
1811:
1798:Tick infestation
1671:Viral infections
1539:
1530:
1520:and infestations
1511:
1504:
1497:
1488:
1437:
1425:
1424:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1371:
1353:
1329:
1320:
1319:
1287:
1276:
1275:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1226:
1201:(2): e00083–18.
1186:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1134:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1076:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1035:
1017:
993:
982:
981:
933:
920:
919:
901:
877:
862:
861:
809:
798:
797:
787:
747:
741:
740:
708:
702:
701:
683:
659:
648:
647:
595:
582:
581:
563:
539:
533:
532:
480:
432:, separate from
418:thrombocytopenia
246:become resistant
170:Ticks can cause
100:are hard ticks.
42:
41:
22:Tick infestation
19:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2238:
2232:porocephaliasis
2178:
2166:Tunga penetrans
2151:
2106:
2081:
2027:
2017:
1987:
1978:
1960:
1924:
1874:
1845:
1802:
1782:
1756:
1738:
1661:
1643:
1615:
1521:
1515:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1448:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1289:
1288:
1279:
1252:Disease-a-Month
1245:
1244:
1240:
1188:
1187:
1176:
1167:
1165:
1163:"cipm.ncsu.edu"
1161:
1160:
1156:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1054:
1053:
1049:
995:
994:
985:
935:
934:
923:
879:
878:
865:
811:
810:
801:
749:
748:
744:
717:Disease-a-Month
710:
709:
705:
661:
660:
651:
597:
596:
585:
541:
540:
536:
482:
481:
474:
469:
420:(low levels of
410:Heartland virus
400:transmitted by
313:
217:
168:
146:. Under normal
94:Nuttalliellidae
78:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2296:
2294:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2216:
2201:
2199:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2161:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2116:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2091:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2067:
2046:
2044:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1936:
1934:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1912:Ixodes ricinus
1908:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1884:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1865:
1857:
1855:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1821:
1819:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1768:Tick paralysis
1764:
1762:
1761:Other diseases
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1603:rickettsialpox
1600:
1595:
1585:
1580:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1466:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:Classification
1433:
1432:External links
1430:
1427:
1426:
1383:
1321:
1302:(9): 530–540.
1277:
1258:(5): 195–212.
1238:
1174:
1154:
1125:(2): taab167.
1104:
1067:(3): 183–192.
1047:
983:
948:(3): 770–796.
921:
892:(4): 293–326.
863:
799:
742:
723:(5): 195–212.
703:
674:(4): 293–326.
649:
583:
554:(4): 293–326.
534:
471:
470:
468:
465:
457:infected with
454:Ixodes ricinus
426:blood clotting
377:, such as the
312:
309:
216:
213:
207:can result in
167:
164:
125:climate change
77:
74:
44:
43:
30:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2295:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2212:linguatulosis
2208:
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1684:Bourbon virus
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1649:Thiotrichales
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1399:(2): 137–45.
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419:
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411:
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406:phleboviruses
403:
399:
395:
390:
388:
384:
383:Rickettsiosis
380:
379:bullseye rash
376:
372:
368:
367:
362:
358:
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352:
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177:
173:
166:Disease state
165:
163:
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157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
130:
129:globalization
126:
121:
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70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
40:
34:
31:
29:
25:
20:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2210:
2204:
2197:Pentastomida
2170:
2164:
2133:
2119:
2098:
2073:
2053:
2024:ectoparasite
1971:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1931:Ornithodoros
1929:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1879:
1867:
1860:
1850:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1814:
1797:
1791:Infestations
1679:Bhanja virus
1634:Lyme disease
1583:Scrub typhus
1574:
1561:Ehrlichiosis
1551:Anaplasmosis
1468:
1452:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1341:
1337:
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1255:
1251:
1241:
1198:
1194:
1166:. Retrieved
1157:
1122:
1118:
1107:
1064:
1060:
1050:
1008:(11): 1511.
1005:
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671:
667:
603:
599:
551:
547:
537:
488:
484:
458:
452:
450:
442:co-infection
391:
387:self-limited
364:
361:anaplasmosis
354:
351:ehrlichiosis
344:
338:
324:
317:Lyme disease
314:
282:
270:
218:
169:
133:
122:
102:
98:Lyme disease
79:
47:
2075:phthiriasis
1852:Dermacentor
1621:Spirochaete
335:transmitted
273:skin checks
254:vaccination
205:infestation
57:vertebrates
2267:Categories
2070:Crab louse
2060:Head louse
2050:Body louse
2020:Arthropods
1752:Babesiosis
1575:E. ewingii
1168:2009-08-09
467:References
402:arthropods
366:Rickettsia
331:spirochete
297:antiseptic
250:antibiotic
230:acaricides
226:pesticides
215:Prevention
201:cellulitis
152:chelicerae
148:physiology
144:chelicerae
2188:Crustacea
2172:tungiasis
2100:cimicosis
2087:Hemiptera
1816:Amblyomma
1657:Tularemia
1577:infection
1461:: B88.8 (
1360:2306-7381
1344:(2): 60.
1308:1532-0650
1215:0893-8512
1141:1195-1982
1099:246866699
1083:0972-9062
1024:2076-0817
1002:Pathogens
978:232298114
962:1230-2821
858:232067128
842:0944-1344
776:1574-6968
644:232067128
628:0944-1344
529:232067128
513:0944-1344
422:platelets
394:bacterial
356:Anaplasma
346:Ehrlichia
321:pathogens
295:, and an
209:paralysis
189:breathing
117:bacterium
113:deer tick
86:Argasidae
61:arthropod
28:Specialty
2142:Mosquito
1526:Diseases
1465:B88.820)
1421:12440994
1413:18273686
1378:29925800
1316:32352736
1272:29402399
1233:31896541
1149:34741518
1091:35170454
1042:34832666
970:33743132
916:25312255
908:19580576
850:33641105
794:29149298
737:29402399
698:25312255
690:19580576
636:33641105
578:25312255
570:19580576
521:33641105
446:pathogen
438:bacteria
369:(causes
359:(causes
349:(causes
301:vaseline
242:bacteria
193:symptoms
176:bacteria
160:bleeding
109:pathogen
90:Ixodidae
76:Overview
2135:myiasis
2095:Bed bug
2033:Insecta
1475:D013984
1369:6024845
1224:6941843
1033:8621429
822:Bibcode
785:5812531
608:Bibcode
493:Bibcode
434:viruses
398:Viruses
340:Babesia
305:matches
266:disease
221:disease
172:disease
1881:Ixodes
1573:Human
1419:
1411:
1376:
1366:
1358:
1314:
1306:
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1231:
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519:
511:
375:rashes
277:hiking
234:cattle
156:saliva
105:larval
35:
2042:Louse
1965:Other
1417:S2CID
1095:S2CID
974:S2CID
912:S2CID
854:S2CID
762:(2).
694:S2CID
640:S2CID
574:S2CID
525:S2CID
293:water
238:toxic
140:blood
136:grass
69:toxin
53:blood
49:Ticks
2157:Flea
2058:) /
2022:and
1470:MeSH
1463:ILDS
1409:PMID
1374:PMID
1356:ISSN
1312:PMID
1304:ISSN
1268:PMID
1229:PMID
1211:ISSN
1145:PMID
1137:ISSN
1087:PMID
1079:ISSN
1038:PMID
1020:ISSN
966:PMID
958:ISSN
904:PMID
846:PMID
838:ISSN
790:PMID
772:ISSN
733:PMID
686:PMID
632:PMID
624:ISSN
566:PMID
517:PMID
509:ISSN
392:Non-
329:, a
289:soap
285:skin
244:can
197:skin
127:and
82:tick
2112:Fly
1454:ICD
1401:doi
1364:PMC
1346:doi
1300:101
1260:doi
1219:PMC
1203:doi
1127:doi
1069:doi
1028:PMC
1010:doi
950:doi
894:doi
830:doi
780:PMC
764:doi
760:365
725:doi
676:doi
616:doi
556:doi
501:doi
436:or
363:),
353:),
303:or
262:CDC
248:to
181:ear
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