Tibetan independence movement

564: 548:"Our Party takes the development of the weak and small and resistance to the strong and violent as our sole and most urgent task. This is even more true for those groups which are not of our kind . Now the peoples of Mongolia and Tibet are closely related to us, and we have great affection for one another: our common existence and common honor already have a history of over a thousand years... Mongolia and Tibet's life and death are China's life and death. China absolutely cannot cause Mongolia and Tibet to break away from China's territory, and Mongolia and Tibet cannot reject China to become independent. At this time, there is not a single nation on earth except China that will sincerely develop Mongolia and Tibet." 1012: 1106:. This approach is known as the "Middle Way". In November 2017, he stated that "the past was the past", and that he believed that China after opening up its economy, has changed 40 to 50 percent of what it was earlier. He claimed that Tibetans didn't want independence and instead wanted to stay and have more economic development from China. In October 2020, he stated that he did not support Tibetan independence and hoped to visit China as a Nobel Prize winner. He said, "I prefer the concept of a 'republic' in the People's Republic of China. In the concept of republic, ethnic minorities are like Tibetans, the Mongols, Manchus, and Xinjiang Uyghurs, we can live in harmony". 731:

personal representative in Washington, said he had no knowledge of the annual subsidy of $ 180,000 marked as for the Dalai Lama or how it was spent. The government in exile say they knew that the CIA trained and equipped Tibetan guerrillas who raided Tibet from a base camp in Nepal, and that the effect of those operations "only resulted in more suffering for the people of Tibet. Worse, these activities gave the Chinese government the opportunity to blame the efforts of those seeking to regain Tibetan independence on the activities of foreign powers—whereas, of course, it was an entirely Tibetan initiative." The budget figures for the CIA's Tibetan program were as follows:

1024: 266: 877:, which drafted a new Chinese constitution in 1946, and finally to another National Assembly for drafting a new Chinese constitution in 1948. Finally, some within the PRC considers all movements aimed at ending Chinese sovereignty in Tibet, starting with the expedition of 1904, to the CTA today, as one interconnected campaign abetted by malicious Western powers aimed at destroying Chinese integrity and sovereignty, thereby weakening China's position in the world. The PRC also points to what it calls the autocratic and 620: 929:, a supporter of the Tibetan cause who was able to view the data and calculations, the estimate is not reliable because the Tibetans were not able to process the data well enough to produce a credible total, with many persons double or triple counted. There were, however, many casualties, perhaps as many as 400,000. This figure is extrapolated from a calculation Warren W. Smith made from census reports of Tibet which show 200,000 "missing" from Tibet. Even anti-Communist resources such as 914: 45: 284: 184: 1447: 33: 234: 202: 563: 952:, visited Lhasa in 1980, he was unhappy when he found out the region was behind neighbouring provinces. Reforms were instituted, and since then the central government's policy in Tibet has granted most religious freedoms, but monks and nuns were sometimes imprisoned, and many Tibetans (mostly monks and nuns) fled Tibet yearly. 707:

and the ensuing Chinese military response, the Dalai Lama went into exile in India.The Dalai Lama's escape was assisted by the CIA. After 1959, the CIA trained Tibetan guerrillas and provided funds and weapons for the fight against China. However, assistance was reduced during the course of the 1960s

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is 7.3 million, of which 5 million is ethnic Tibetan, according to the 2000 census. According to the PRC the increase is viewed as the result of the abolishment of the theocracy and introduction of a modern, higher standard of living. Based on the census numbers, the PRC also rejects claims that the

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In the mid 19th century, arriving with an Amban, a community of Chinese troops from Sichuan who married Tibetan women settled down in the Lubu neighborhood of Lhasa, where their descendants established a community and assimilated into Tibetan culture. Hebalin was the location of where Chinese Muslim

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in 1241 brought Mongol military activity around the world temporarily to a halt. Mongol interests in Tibet resumed in 1244, when Prince Köden sent an invitation to the leader of the Sakya sect, to come to his capital and formally surrender Tibet to the Mongols. The Sakya leader arrived in Kokonor

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The budget figures for the CIA's Tibetan program are contained in a memo dated Jan. 9, 1964. It was evidently written to help justify continued funding for the clandestine intelligence operation. "Support of 2,100 Tibetan guerrillas based in Nepal: $ 500,000," the document says. "Subsidy to the

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The Central Tibetan Administration also says that millions of Chinese immigrants to the TAR are diluting the Tibetans both culturally and through intermarriage. Exile groups say that despite recent attempts to restore the appearance of original Tibetan culture to attract tourism, the traditional

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reported on 2 October 1998 that the Tibetan exile movement received $ 1.7 million a year in the 1960s from the CIA. The Dalai Lama said in his autobiography that his brothers were responsible and that they didn't tell him about it, knowing what his reaction would be. Lodi Gyari, the Dalai Lama's

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In his 1990 autobiography, "Freedom in Exile," the Dalai Lama explained that his two brothers made contact with the CIA during a trip to India in 1956. The CIA agreed to help, "not because they cared about Tibetan independence, but as part of their worldwide efforts to destabilize all Communist

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between 1912 and 1950, they say that China, under the Republic of China government, continued to maintain sovereignty over the region, and the leaders of Tibet themselves acknowledged Chinese sovereignty by sending delegates to the following: the Drafting Committee for a new constitution of the

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and killed the resident commissioners after the central government decided to reduce the number of soldiers to about 100. The Qing army entered and defeated the rebels and reinstalled the resident commissioner. The number of soldiers in Tibet was kept at about 2,000. The defensive duties were

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The Tibetan independence movement became cause-célèbre in the US and Europe as the words "Free Tibet" and the Tibetan flag gained worldwide fame in the press and public consciousness starting from 1987. The movement gained strength and popular support in the west from 1987 to 2008, until the

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expresses doubt at the 1.2 million figure, but does note that according to the Chinese census, the total population of ethnic Tibetans in the PRC was 2.8 million in 1953, but only 2.5 million in 1964. It puts forward a figure of 800,000 deaths and alleges that as many as 10% of Tibetans were

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The government of the PRC claims that the population of Tibet in 1737 was about 8 million. It claims that due to the 'backward' rule of the local theocracy, there was rapid decrease in the next two hundred years and the population in 1959 was only about one million. Today, the population of

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when the Board ordered Ali to blur the flag and Free Tibet slogan before the film hit the theatre, but the director refused to do it. However, Ali had to remove the sequence from the video to get the film's censor done. Deletion of the Tibetan flag from the video caused wide protests in

439:, which affirmed Chinese control of Tibet. The British agreed not to annex or interfere in Tibet in return for indemnity from the Chinese government, while China engaged "not to permit any other foreign state to interfere with the territory or internal administration of Tibet". 393:. According to Evelyn S. Rawski, both Green Standard Army and Bannermen made up the Qing garrison in Tibet. According to Sabine Dabringhaus, Green Standard Chinese soldiers numbering more than 1,300 were stationed by the Qing in Tibet to support the 3,000-strong Tibetan army. 606:

would have proved unpopular with the established landowners. The Seventeen Point Agreement was put into effect only in Tibet proper; ergo, eastern Kham and Amdo, being outside the administration of the government of Tibet, were treated like territory belonging to any other

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of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) today is 30 times that before 1950; it has 22,500 km of highways, all built since 1950; all secular education in the region was created after integration into the PRC; there are 25 scientific research institutes, all built by the PRC;

671:, in his autobiography, reveals that he and John Harrop travelled to Tibet together in 1955 posing as mountaineers. Captured by the Chinese authority, Wignall recalled that he was surprised to find two CIA agents were already under Chinese detention. 611:, with land reform implemented in full. As a result, a rebellion broke out in these regions in June 1956. The rebellion eventually spread to Lhasa, but was crushed by 1959. The 14th Dalai Lama and other government principals fled to exile in India. 801:(CTA) views current PRC rule in Tibet as illegitimate, motivated solely by the natural resources and strategic value of Tibet, and in violation of both Tibet's historical status as an independent country and the right of the Tibetan people to 678:

in 1956. Several small groups of Khampa fighters were trained by the CIA camp and then airdropped back into Tibet with supplies. In 1958, with the rebellion in Kham ongoing, two of these fighters, Athar and Lhotse, attempted to meet with the

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in February 1910. In the same month, the Chinese government issued a proclamation 'deposing' the Dalai Lama and instigating the search for a new incarnation. When he returned from exile, the Dalai Lama declared Tibetan independence (1912).

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in 1239, he sent his general Doorda Darqan on a reconnaissance mission into Tibet in 1240. During this expedition the Kadampa monasteries of Rwa-sgreng and Rgyal-lha-khang were burned, and 500 people killed. The death of the Mongol qaghan

6264: 1490: 1102:. In 1987, he has also started campaigning for a peaceful resolution to the issue of the status of Tibet, and has since then advocated that Tibet should not become independent, but that it should be given meaningful autonomy within the 683:

to determine whether he would cooperate with their activities. However, their request for an audience was refused by the Lord Chamberlain, Phala Thubten Wonden, who believed such a meeting would be impolitic. According to

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in 1720; and again between the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912 and its incorporation into the PRC in 1951. Moreover, even during the periods of nominal subjugation to the Yuan and Qing, Tibet was largely

1295:. The concerts continued for three more years, which helped to generate publicity for the Tibetan independence movement. It also reportedly led to the growth of Tibetan independence organisations such as 6229: 6224: 576: 6879: 1171:

and words were printed globally on t-shirts, cushions, mugs, bookmarks, badges, bracelets, bags and other merchandise, and almost all Westerners became aware of the cause of Tibetan independence.

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have shown support through a TV spot showing animated frontman, 2D, meditating with fellow supporters outside of the Chinese embassy, followed by a brief message encouraging people to join the

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Tibetans are being swamped by Han Chinese; instead the PRC says that the border for Greater Tibet drawn by the government of Tibet in Exile is so large that it incorporates regions such as

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has been an active supporter of Tibetan independence for several decades and makes regular donations to various Tibetan charities around the world. He has been recognized by Tibetan Lama

817:, and identity, thereby cementing it as an indivisible part of China. After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, both Mongolia and Tibet declared independence and recognized each other as such. 6039: 4408: 558: 103: 381:

troops and Manchu Bannermen were both part of the Qing force which fought in Tibet in the war against the Dzungars. It was said that the Sichuan commander Yue Zhongqi (a descendant of

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Tamm, Eric Enno. "The Horse That Leaps Through Clouds: A Tale of Espionage, the Silk Road and the Rise of Modern China." Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 2010, Chapter 17 & 18.

385:) entered Lhasa first when the 2,000 Green Standard soldiers and 1,000 Manchu soldiers of the "Sichuan route" seized Lhasa. According to Mark C. Elliott, after 1728 the Qing used 348:

to be in charge of religious and political matters in Tibet. The Dalai Lama was leader of the area around Lhasa; the Panchen Lama was leader of the area of Shigatse Prefecture.

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First published in French; English translation by J. E. Stapelton Driver. Reprint: Stanford University Press (with minor revisions from 1977 Faber & Faber edition), 1995.

1164:. The initial spark for the awareness of "Free Tibet" and the Tibetan flag was probably street demonstrations, perhaps specifically the 1986 Ottawa demonstration in Canada. 1109:

Some organisations either support the "Middle Way" or do not adopt a definitive stance on whether they support independence or greater autonomy. Such organisations include:

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and in courts and says that the lives of Tibetans have been improved immensely compared to the Dalai Lama's rule before 1950. Benefits that are commonly quoted include: the

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with his two nephews Drogön Chögyal Phagpa ('Phags-pa; 1235–80) and Chana Dorje (Phyag-na Rdo-rje; 1239–67) in 1246. This event marked the incorporation of Tibet into the

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Dalai Lama: $ 180,000." After listing several other costs, it concludes: "Total: $ 1,735,000." The files show that this budget request was approved soon afterward.

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The status of Tibet before 1950, especially in the period between 1912 and 1950, is largely in dispute between supporters and opponents of Tibetan independence.

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of the People's Republic of China invaded Tibet, after taking over the rest of China from the Republic of China during the five years of civil war. In 1951, the

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On the other hand, opponents assert that the PRC rules Tibet legitimately, by saying that Tibet has been part of Chinese history since the 7th century as the

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assisted by a local force which was reorganized by the resident commissioner, and the Tibetan government continued to manage day-to-day affairs as before.

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in 1994, to benefit Tibetan monks who were sampled on two songs. The Milarepa Fund organizers also jointed the Beastie Boys as they headlined the 1994

6460: 6044: 1056: 6161: 5902: 5845: 1325: 529: 3821: 1209:, who is a good friend of mine." The Dalai Lama confirmed that he did not share Stone's views, although he confirmed that he had "met the lady". 7006: 7001: 6842: 5953: 5799: 5028: 2509: 5168: 4654: 4624: 3726: 3055: 3047: 3032: 3007: 2996: 2981: 2966: 2944: 2922: 2908: 2900: 2885: 2870: 2862: 2840: 2829: 2818: 2785: 2766: 2142: 1597: 1415: 1852:"Tibet Justice Center - Legal Materials on Tibet - China - Seventeen-Point Plan for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet (1951) [p.182]" 867: 6524: 5148: 4649: 4574: 3366: 3330: 1432: 1398: 1011: 153: 6034: 5391: 1242:, the revered 11th-century Tibetan yogi, who used music to enlighten people. It was originally established to disburse royalties from the 902: 2835:

Smith, Warren W. (Jr.) (1996). Tibetan Nation: A History of Tibetan Nationalism and Sino-Tibetan Relations. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

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influence in the region. The expedition, which initially set out with the stated goal of resolving border disputes between Tibet and

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Shakya, Tsering (1999). The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947. New York: Columbia University Press.

2804: 1965: 1935: 1913: 1828: 2336: 925:, violence, or other unnatural causes since 1950 is approximately 1.2 million. However, this number is controversial. According to 6079: 3142: 1194: 724:, reveal how the CIA encouraged Tibetan revolt against China — and eventually came to control its fledgling resistance movement. 6119: 2878:

Buddha's Warriors: The Story of the CIA-Backed Freedom Fighters, the Chinese Communist Invasion, and the Ultimate Fall of Tibet.

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is an organisation which organises concerts to give publicity to the Tibetan independence movement. The fund was named after

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The government of the PRC also rejects claims that the lives of Tibetans have deteriorated, pointing to rights enjoyed by the

6514: 6480: 6289: 5892: 4604: 4559: 3816: 3637: 2711: 2078: 1565: 1540: 1480: 798: 134: 91: 1953: 2292: 2046: 7016: 6330: 4694: 4619: 4579: 4564: 4346: 4301: 3921: 2364:"The Dalai Lama emphasizes that he does not support Tibetan independence and hopes to visit China as a Nobel Prize winner" 1103: 893:, as well as the Dalai Lama's association with India, and as such claims the CTA has no moral legitimacy to govern Tibet. 583:, provided for rule by a joint administration under representatives of the central government and the Tibetan government. 83: 6186: 2539: 2469: 2074: 1124:, formed in 1987, stands for the right of Tibetans to determine their own future and for the future of their own country. 7011: 6930: 6534: 6376: 6015: 5738: 5633: 5561: 5546: 5443: 5407: 5375: 4860: 4805: 4775: 4684: 4679: 4659: 4644: 4569: 4549: 3647: 3559: 3335: 1765: 1545: 1371: 1046: 1042: 1023: 595: 427:

fleeing to the countryside. After the British captured Lhasa, a treaty was signed between the two nations, known as the

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not because they (the CIA) cared about Tibetan independence, but as part of their worldwide efforts to destabilize all

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song. People waving the Free Tibet flag in the backdrop was shown in the song video. This triggered a dispute between

1067:. It was formed in March 1995 and is now a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization for informing about Tibetan independence. 931: 674:

Clandestine military involvement by the U.S. began following the series of uprisings in the eastern Tibetan region of

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meant that the Chinese factions only controlled part of Tibet. The government of the 13th Dalai Lama controlled

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Tour. Inspired by this tour, they began to organise a concert to promote Tibetan independence, in the style of

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troops and their offspring lived, while Lubu was the place where Han Chinese troops and their offspring lived.

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of the arrival of Athar and Lhotse. Nor did he inform the Dalai Lama of American willingness to provide aid."

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are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of

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organized a Tibet Freedom Solidarity Rally in Allahabad on 9 April 2016, drawing more than 3000 participants.

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Buddhists, is no longer calling for independence. He has spoken in many international venues, including the

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is one of the most outspoken supporters of the movement and is chairman of the board of directors for the

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wore an undershirt with 'Free Tibet' printed on it, bringing attention to the movement months before the

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that are not traditionally Tibetan in the first place, hence exaggerating the number of non-Tibetans.

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The Horse That Leaps Through Clouds: A Tale of Espionage, the Silk Road and the Rise of Modern China

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The CIA's Secret War in Tibet, Kenneth Conboy, James Morrison, The University Press of Kansas, 2002.

1485: 913: 6718: 6551: 6249: 6191: 5960: 5701: 5654: 5551: 5499: 5354: 5328: 5302: 5281: 5109: 5088: 4920: 4800: 4594: 4533: 4498: 4403: 4306: 4261: 4226: 4190: 4185: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4094: 4040: 3988: 3978: 3911: 3880: 3833: 3738: 3654: 3627: 3590: 3517: 3484: 3464: 3434: 3320: 3220: 1314: 1300: 1161: 1113: 1099: 886: 642: 461:. The Qing central government claimed for sovereignty and direct rule over Tibet in 1910. The 13th 416: 386: 378: 374: 149: 2663: 1231:; in a November 2006 interview, he stated: "I was born very different, clairvoyant and a healer". 989:

has risen from 35.5 years in 1950 to 67 in 2000; the collection and publishing of the traditional

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McKay, Alex (1997). Tibet and the British Raj: The Frontier Cadre 1904–1947. London: Curzon.

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had close interactions with the Chinese dynasties through royal marriage. In addition to the

6949: 6849: 6800: 6783: 6666: 6600: 6440: 6269: 6171: 6149: 5820: 5271: 5251: 5059: 4895: 4704: 4584: 4099: 4079: 3695: 3690: 3622: 3602: 3496: 3424: 3392: 3272: 3188: 2170: 1530: 1420: 982: 969: 814: 704: 173: 130: 118: 1851: 1227:, the treasure revealer of Palyul Monastery. He also claims to have the special ability of 44: 6864: 6854: 6751: 6390: 6385: 6371: 6134: 5997: 5985: 5879: 5866: 5428: 5199: 4875: 4845: 4370: 3779: 3685: 3522: 3087: 3075: 2722: 1957: 1535: 1224: 986: 806: 785: 680: 624: 431:, which gained for the British great economic influence in the region while ensuring that 428: 424: 370: 333: 157: 4925: 1205:

may have been the result of "bad karma," because the Chinese "are not being nice to the

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By the early 18th century, the Qing dynasty had started to send resident commissioners (

6965: 6920: 6900: 6826: 6768: 5884: 5722: 5706: 5659: 5617: 5433: 4830: 4810: 4378: 3527: 3013: 1995: 1452: 1424: 1407: 1217: 1135: 1121: 926: 821: 717: 685: 668: 408: 401: 309: 272: 72: 2052: 1138:, established in 2000, umbrella organization for Tibet related organization worldwide. 283: 6995: 6874: 6342: 5541: 4473: 4468: 4423: 4418: 4398: 3721: 3397: 3025:

Journey Across Tibet: A Young Woman's 1900-Mile Trek Across the Rooftop of the World.

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The "Free Tibet" movement is supported by some celebrities, such as Richard Gere and

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in the world and had only been handed down orally before; allocation of 300 million

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ethnicity), who constantly strove to exert control over the rest of Amdo (Qinghai).

489:, roughly coincident with the borders of the Tibet Autonomous Region today. Eastern 183: 6832: 6788: 6778: 6730: 6725: 6708: 6356: 6027: 5484: 5002: 4890: 4740: 4503: 4488: 4458: 4428: 4388: 2566: 1657:"'Past is past': Dalai Lama says Tibet wants to stay with China, wants development" 1310: 1253: 1243: 1228: 1198: 1190: 1175: 839: 835: 831: 789: 580: 456: 345: 329: 322: 212: 17: 2269: 1948: 1925: 788:

independent between the fall of the Mongol Empire in 1368 and subjugation by the

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policies of the government of Tibet before 1959, as well as its renunciation of

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The Chinese have claimed that most of the population of Tibet at that time were

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army entered Tibet in aid of the locals and defeated the invading forces of the

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Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet

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Tibetan way of life is now irrevocably changed. It is also reported that when

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have estimated that 90,000 of the 300,000 "missing" Tibetans fled the region.

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since the 1980s to the maintenance and protection of Tibetan monasteries.

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conquest in the 13th century and that all subsequent Chinese governments (

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Bell, Charles (1924). Tibet: Past & Present. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

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policies, and assimilationist policies, regarding those as an example of

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Virtual Tibet: Searching for Shangri-La from the Himalayas to Hollywood.

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Pro-Tibetan protesters come into contact with pro-Chinese protesters in

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Organisations which support the Tibetan independence movement include:

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A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State.

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Duel in the Snows: The True Story of the Younghusband Mission to Lhasa

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According to supporters of Tibetan independence, Tibet was a distinct

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of 1907, without Lhasa's or Beijing's acknowledgement, recognized the

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29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)

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13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)

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The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947

1131: 1117: 962: 781: 689: 510: 412: 627:, the CIA supported the Tibetan independence movement in the 1960s " 2419:"Allahabad School Holds Solidarity Rally for Tibet on Uprising Day" 2206:. Amnesty International USA Group 133. 4 April 2004. Archived from 921:

Tibetan exiles generally say that the number that have died in the

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Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)

5808: 5423: 4935: 1367: 1344: 1221: 1091: 1050: 1022: 1010: 890: 746: 713: 700: 656: 655:

by the mid-1950s, a few years after Tibet had been annexed by the

652: 618: 537: 420: 358: 353: 292:

was the first gompa (Buddhist monastery) built in Tibet (775–779).

289: 122: 111: 43: 31: 5777: 325:

until the 1350s. At that point, Tibet regained its independence.

6430: 6425: 5925: 853:

In addition, as this position argues that no country gave Tibet

675: 591: 587: 502: 490: 486: 208: 144:

The Tibetan independence movement is no longer supported by the

61: 57: 5781: 5024: 3131: 3122: 2051:(in Chinese). the Embassy of the PRC in the ROK. Archived from 1629:"Tibet Wants to Stay With China, Seeks Development: Dalai Lama" 1185:

also occasionally mentions his support for the movement on his

846:, and People's Republic of China) have been exercising de jure 579:, a treaty signed by representatives of the Dalai Lama and the 40:

is often used as a symbol of the Tibetan independence movement.

6661: 2229:

https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/tibetan-refugees-india

577:

Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet

2318:"Ball State University Professor Leads Independence Movement" 567:

China's Autonomous Regions and its Designated Ethnic Minority

6984: 3102: 3097: 1820:

Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China

1201:

caused significant controversy when she suggested that the

594:. This claim has been challenged by other researchers (see 446:

of 1906 recognized Chinese suzerainty over the region. The

437:

Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet

3080: 2156:"Tibetan Population in China: Myths and Facts Re-Examined" 1998:(Washington, DC: Foreign Policy In Focus, 12 October 2005) 2270:"Govt. White Papers: Tibet's Modernization Achievements" 1823:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 167. 1149:

Celebrity support, Freedom Concerts and public awareness

2855:

The Power-Places of Central Tibet: The Pilgrim's Guide.

2778:

The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, terror, repression

2510:"Sharon Stone quake karma remarks spark anger in China" 1317:. In addition, during the holographic performances of " 275:

at its greatest extent between the 780s and the 790s CE

6280:

Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)

6265:

Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)

2937:

Sorrow Mountain: The Journey of a Tibetan Warrior Nun.

2891:

Goldstein, Melvyn C.; with the help of Gelek Rimpche.

868:

National Constituent Assembly of the Republic of China

2776:

Courtois, Stéphane; Mark Kramer; et al. (1999).

559:

Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China

104:

annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China

3117: 2241:"A breach of constitution under pretext of religion" 2016:"CIA Gave Aid to Tibetan Exiles in '60s, Files Show" 1960:, Lawrence : University Press of Kansas, 2002. 1866:"CIA Gave Aid to Tibetan Exiles in '60s, Files Show" 1651: 1649: 1393:

by Dawa Norbu, 1997 HarperCollins Publishers India,

1070:

International Tibetan Aid Organization – Located in

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How About a Free China?" 2563:"Steven Seagal comes out of the buddhist closet" 2487:"Tibet Marks 50th Anniversary of Lhasa Uprising" 985:has dropped from 43% in 1950 to 0.661% in 2000; 415:, quickly turned into an invasion of Tibet. The 389:troops to man the garrison in Lhasa rather than 2952:The Free Tibet Movement: A Selective Narrative. 2928:Norbu, Thubten Jigme; Turnbull, Colin (1968). 2780:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 2264: 2262: 1978:Dalai Lama Group Says It Got Money From C.I.A. 1471:Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty 1321:", 2D is wearing a shirt saying "FREE TIBET." 1263:Organized in June 1996, the first concert (in 651:Agents of Western governments had infiltrated 6197:Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China 5793: 5036: 3143: 1142:Shiv Ganga Vidya Mandir, Phaphamau, Allahabad 745:Support of 2,100 Tibetan guerrillas based in 8: 1985:, 2 October 1998. Retrieved on 29 March 2008 133:in the United States, India and Europe. The 5070:List of active separatist movements in Asia 2243:. Tibet.cn. 5 December 2008. Archived from 615:CIA and MI6 activities in Tibet (1950–1970) 497:, was under the control of Chinese warlord 6639: 6605: 6465: 6313: 6309: 5825: 5800: 5786: 5778: 5043: 5029: 5021: 5001:: Forms of nationalism based primarily on 4645:Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines) 4157: 4062: 3966: 3796: 3414: 3310: 3178: 3171: 3150: 3136: 3128: 3040:Yak Butter Blues: A Tibetan Trek of Faith. 2616:"Bjork Tibet Cry: Blacklisting May Follow" 1511:Human rights of ethnic minorities in China 1496:Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950 1353:depicted poster of 'Free Tibet' slogan in 909:Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950 864:fourth National Congress of the Kuomintang 860:National Assembly of the Republic of China 688:, "Phala never told the Dalai Lama or the 647:Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950 429:Convention Between Great Britain and Tibet 340:. Later, the Chinese emperor assigned the 3081:International Tibet Independence Movement 1613:Reasonable Demands Needed From Dalai Lama 1057:International Tibet Independence Movement 805:. It also points to PRC's autocratic and 106:, and the separation and independence of 2930:Tibet: Its History, Religion and People. 2895:Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers (1993), 2540:"Dalai Lama still Stone's 'good friend'" 2293:"Exiled Tibetans weigh freedom struggle" 1586:China's Tibet?: Autonomy or Assimilation 912: 562: 530:Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission 373:, Dartsendo, Lhari, Chamdo, and Litang, 102:advocating for the reversal of the 1950 6977: 2935:Pachen, Ani; Donnely, Adelaide (2000). 1576: 1078:, this organization was formed in 2004. 830:power that the Chinese has since then, 5954:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs 4605:Galician independence movement (Spain) 2735:"Evans gears up for a free Tibet tour" 2129:Internment Est:page 545, cites Kewly, 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 1622: 1620: 703:in 1959 during the celebration of the 6035:People's Republic of China (PRC) rule 4655:Patani United Liberation Organisation 4625:Inner Mongolian independence movement 7: 6162:1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet 4650:National Liberation Front of Corsica 4575:East Turkestan independence movement 2857:Routledge & Kegan Paul. London, 433:Tibet remained under Chinese control 154:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 2903:. University of California (1991), 2590:"Steven Seagal – "The Action Lama"" 2133:p. 255; Tibet Death Est: page 546, 1884:governments," the Dalai Lama wrote. 1461:List of active separatist movements 1359:Central Board of Film Certification 1128:International Tibet Support Network 712:decided to seek rapprochement with 6140:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910) 6095:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720) 2542:. independent.ie. 28 February 2014 2335:McDonald, Hamish (15 March 2005). 1947:Conboy, Kenneth; Morrison, James, 1410:, 1999 Columbia University Press, 369:At multiple places such as Lhasa, 27:Independence movement in East Asia 25: 6177:Protests and uprisings since 1950 6167:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet 2637:Browne, David (31 October 1997). 2499:(posted on The Buddhist Channel). 2337:"Tibet part of China: Dalai Lama" 2081:. 2 February 1996. Archived from 509:) was more complicated, with the 6285:70,000 Character Petition (1962) 6275:Seventeen Point Agreement (1951) 3098:International Campaign for Tibet 2797:Tibet, Tibet: a personal history 1445: 1195:International Campaign for Tibet 917:Atrocities in Tibet sign. Manali 767:Positions on the status of Tibet 282: 264: 232: 200: 182: 6260:Anglo-Russian Convention (1907) 4756:Basque Country (greater region) 4615:Guangdong Independence Movement 2394:"About Free Tibet | Free Tibet" 2291:Wax, Emily (23 November 2008). 1817:Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). 1404:The Dragon in the Land of Snows 1267:) opened with Icelandic singer 948:, the general secretary of the 903:History of Tibet (1950–present) 858:Republic of China in 1925, the 405:launched an expedition to Tibet 215:. The map was published in the 6515:Patron and priest relationship 6481:Central Tibetan Administration 6290:Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy 4560:Assyrian independence movement 3118:Central Tibetan Administration 2932:Reprint: Penguin Books (1987). 2712:Phase One: Celebrity Take Down 2423:Central Tibetan Administration 2079:Central Tibetan Administration 1566:List of ethnic groups in China 1541:Ethnic conflicts in Kazakhstan 1481:Patron and priest relationship 1427:, 2011 Yale University Press, 1328:cycling race Australian rider 1212:U.S. actor and martial artist 936:interned, with few survivors. 799:Central Tibetan Administration 211:in 1890, showing Tibet within 135:Central Tibetan Administration 95: 87: 1: 7027:China–United States relations 7007:Nationalist movements in Asia 7002:Tibetan independence movement 6880:Historical and cultural sites 6245:Convention of Calcutta (1890) 4695:Vojvodina Autonomist Movement 4690:Tibetan independence movement 4620:Hawaiian sovereignty movement 4580:Faroese independence movement 4565:Catalan independence movement 2761:. London: John Murray, 2004. 2716:Phase One: Celebrity Takedown 2516:. 27 May 2008. Archived from 1950:The CIA’s Secret War in Tibet 897:Positions on Tibet after 1950 722:The CIA's Secret War in Tibet 659:. Beginning in the 1950s the 117:It is principally led by the 69:Tibetan independence movement 6220:Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684) 4776:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 4685:Taiwan independence movement 4660:Ryukyu independence movement 4570:Champa independence movement 4550:Alsace independence movement 2954:Journal of Buddhist Ethics 7 1906:Spy on the Roof of the World 1546:Uyghuristan (disambiguation) 1047:Government of Tibet in Exile 596:serfdom in Tibet controversy 540:was an integral part of the 218:Meyers Konversations-Lexikon 6240:Treaty of Thapathali (1856) 6130:British expedition to Tibet 6120:Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856) 6090:Battle of the Salween River 4640:Mapuche separatist movement 2916:The Making of Modern Tibet. 2445:"Google Books Ngram Viewer" 1506:Affirmative action in China 1015:"Free Tibet" LED Banner at 932:the Black Book of Communism 661:Central Intelligence Agency 513:area controlled by warlord 493:, separated from it by the 473:The subsequent outbreak of 336:; thus began the period of 193:in 1875, showing Qing China 146:Central Intelligence Agency 7043: 6613:Postage and postal history 6065:Tibetan attack on Songzhou 4675:Silesian Autonomy Movement 4555:Assam separatist movements 3710:Northern & Middle Asia 1996:"Reassessing Tibet Policy" 1551:Ethnic minorities in China 1271:and featured acts such as 1152: 1104:People's Republic of China 1090:, the spiritual leader of 1019:, Beijing, 19 August 2008. 906: 900: 773:Tibetan sovereignty debate 770: 657:People's Republic of China 640: 556: 239:Map of Asia from the 1925 171: 156:. Later in the 1970s, the 6943: 6642: 6608: 6468: 6316: 6312: 6075:Mongol invasions of Tibet 5067: 4992: 4680:Székely autonomy movement 4160: 4065: 3969: 3108:Students for a Free Tibet 3093:Independent Tibet Network 3069:United for Tibet we stand 2957:Samuel, Geoffrey (1993). 2691:"Tibetan Freedom Concert" 2204:"Who Are the Drapchi 14?" 1930:, London: Pimlico, 1999. 1584:Smith, Warren W. (2008). 1521:Students for a Free Tibet 1326:2008 Liège–Bastogne–Liège 1297:Students for a Free Tibet 590:, bound to land owned by 319:under administrative rule 249:, depicting Tibet within 129:, and by celebrities and 76: 6473:Tibet Autonomous Region 6235:Treaty of Chushul (1842) 6187:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest 4610:Greenlandic independence 3038:Wilson, Brandon (2005). 3018:Robert Thurman on Tibet. 2972:Schell, Orville (2000). 2795:French, Patrick (2002). 2618:. Sky News. 7 March 2008 2474:. Office of Tibet. 1986. 2047: 1627:PTI (23 November 2017). 1590:Rowman & Littlefield 1561:Local ethnic nationalism 1516:Boycott Chinese products 1386:Listed chronologically; 1285:Rage Against the Machine 1220:as the reincarnation of 1053:, claims 30,000 members. 1007:Supporting organisations 604:redistribution of wealth 573:People's Liberation Army 536:ethnicity), stated that 448:Anglo-Russian Convention 444:Anglo-Chinese Convention 417:forces of the expedition 299:After the Mongol Prince 6580:TAR People's Government 6540:Serfs' Emancipation Day 6080:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war 2939:Kodansha America, Inc. 2914:Grunfield, Tom (1996). 2175:10.1080/146313600115054 2154:Hao, Yan (March 2000). 1203:2008 Sichuan earthquake 1155:Tibetan Freedom Concert 995:, which is the longest 950:Chinese Communist Party 720:and James Morrison, in 708:and finally ended when 162:The Middle Way Approach 7022:Indigenous land rights 6250:Treaty of Lhasa (1904) 6204:Special Frontier Force 4635:Māori protest movement 3113:Tibetan Youth Congress 3023:Wilby, Sorrel (1988). 2876:Dunham, Mikel (2004). 2853:Dowman, Keith (1988). 1556:Ethnic issues in China 1096:United States Congress 1039:Tibetan Youth Congress 1031: 1020: 918: 855:diplomatic recognition 638: 568: 550: 528:, the chairman of the 64: 41: 6623:Qinghai–Tibet railway 6618:Qinghai-Tibet Highway 6585:TAR People's Congress 6557:India–Tibet relations 6530:Independence movement 6182:1959 Tibetan uprising 6070:Battle of Dafei River 5918:Era of Fragmentation 5060:stateless nationalism 4665:Scottish independence 4630:Kashubian Association 4352:Indigenous Australian 3086:16 April 2009 at the 3020:DVD. ASIN B00005Y722. 2989:Tibetan Civilization. 2987:Stein, R. A. (1962). 2950:Powers, John (2000). 2739:Sydney Morning Herald 2021:The Los Angeles Times 1956:29 March 2012 at the 1871:The Los Angeles Times 1526:Sinicization of Tibet 1476:Tibet under Qing rule 1466:Tibet under Yuan rule 1391:Tibet: The Road Ahead 1289:Red Hot Chili Peppers 1277:The Smashing Pumpkins 1026: 1014: 916: 622: 566: 546: 483:Ü-Tsang (Dbus-gtsang) 419:invaded and captured 407:to counter perceived 168:Historical background 47: 35: 7017:Nationalism in China 6931:Traditional medicine 6145:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil 5966:Relations with Ming 5936:Relations with Song 5908:Relations with Tang 5846:European exploration 4871:Marathi Abhimaangeet 4670:Siberian regionalism 3103:Free Tibet Campaign 3027:Contemporary Books. 2643:Entertainment Weekly 2520:on 12 September 2009 1334:2008 Summer Olympics 938:Chinese demographers 716:in the early 1970s. 303:took control of the 246:Pieni Tietosanakirja 7012:Separatism in China 6575:Regional Government 6552:CIA Tibetan program 6535:Serfdom controversy 6419:Traditional regions 6270:Simla Accord (1914) 6192:2008 Tibetan unrest 6016:List of Qing ambans 5961:Phagmodrupa dynasty 5537:Balkar and Karachay 4962:American Indigenous 4595:Free Papua Movement 4005:Balkar and Karachay 3800:Southeastern Europe 3331:Indigenous Canadian 3074:9 June 2023 at the 2799:. New York: Knopf. 2721:14 May 2011 at the 2247:on 6 September 2009 2055:on 19 December 2012 1361:and movie director 1315:Free Tibet Campaign 1301:Free Tibet Campaign 1162:2008 Tibetan unrest 1114:Free Tibet Campaign 1100:European Parliament 643:CIA Tibetan program 501:. The situation in 387:Green Standard Army 379:Green Standard Army 375:Green Standard Army 361:. Tibetan factions 92:traditional Chinese 6889:(ceremonial scarf) 6860:Dzong architecture 6677:Imperial Preceptor 6547:Sovereignty debate 6493:Etymology of Tibet 6105:Lhasa riot of 1750 6100:Jinchuan campaigns 6085:Battle of Dartsedo 6003:Qing dynasty rule 5946:Yuan dynasty rule 5920:(9th–13th century) 5169:Southern Mongolian 5007:ethnic nationalism 4710:Welsh independence 4590:Free Aceh Movement 3822:in North Macedonia 3664:South-eastern Asia 3159:Ethnic nationalism 2639:"INCITE AND SOUND" 2596:on 9 February 2009 2561:Carreon, Charles. 2489:. The New American 1994:Grunfeld, A. Tom, 1983:The New York Times 1904:Wignall, Sydney. 1663:. 23 November 2017 1501:Secession in China 1045:, the seat of the 1032: 1021: 992:Epic of King Gesar 923:Great Leap Forward 919: 850:power over Tibet. 803:self-determination 727:The New York Times 639: 598:). Any attempt at 569: 479:civil war in China 338:Qing rule of Tibet 148:, which ended its 121:in countries like 100:political movement 84:simplified Chinese 65: 42: 18:Tibet independence 6974: 6973: 6939: 6938: 6631: 6630: 6595: 6594: 6498:Foreign relations 6455: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6299: 6298: 6155:Qinghai–Tibet War 6125:Sikkim expedition 6115:Dogra–Tibetan War 6110:Sino-Nepalese War 6045:political leaders 6023:Post-Qing to 1950 5976:Rinpungpa dynasty 5887:(7th–9th century) 5775: 5774: 5334:South Azerbaijani 5018: 5017: 4761:Catalan Countries 4365: 4364: 4330: 4329: 4285: 4284: 4149: 4148: 4054: 4053: 3788: 3787: 3406: 3405: 3302: 3301: 3056:978-0-9770536-7-4 3048:978-0-9770536-6-7 3042:Pilgrim's Tales. 3033:978-0-8092-4608-3 3008:978-1-55365-269-4 2997:978-0-8047-0806-7 2982:978-0-8050-4381-5 2967:978-1-56098-231-9 2945:978-1-56836-294-6 2923:978-1-56324-713-2 2909:978-0-520-07590-0 2901:978-81-215-0582-6 2886:978-1-58542-348-4 2871:978-0-14-019118-9 2863:978-0-7102-1370-9 2841:978-0-8133-3155-3 2830:978-0-231-11814-9 2819:978-0-7007-0627-3 2787:978-0-674-07608-2 2767:978-0-7195-5427-8 2689:George, Matthew. 2588:Rinpoche, Penor. 2398:www.freetibet.org 2374:on 2 October 2020 2143:978-0-674-07608-2 2048:西藏在辛亥革命后变成一个独立国家吗 1924:Shakya, Tsering, 1599:978-0-7425-3989-1 1416:978-0-231-11814-9 1249:Ill Communication 1181:British comedian 844:Republic of China 623:According to the 542:Republic of China 131:Tibetan Buddhists 16:(Redirected from 7034: 6987: 6982: 6959: 6952: 6890: 6667:Tibetan Buddhism 6640: 6606: 6476: 6466: 6314: 6310: 6172:Battle of Chamdo 6150:Sino-Tibetan War 6006: 5969: 5949: 5939: 5921: 5911: 5898:List of emperors 5888: 5870: 5851:Historical money 5826: 5802: 5795: 5788: 5779: 5752: 5707:Western Armenian 5392:North Kazakhstan 5094:South Turkestani 5045: 5038: 5031: 5022: 5011: 4896:Republika Srpska 4705:Walloon Movement 4585:Flemish Movement 4158: 4063: 3967: 3797: 3415: 3311: 3179: 3172: 3152: 3145: 3138: 3129: 2810: 2791: 2743: 2742: 2731: 2725: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2592:. 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As such, the 775: 769: 736:Subsidy to the 649: 641:Main articles: 625:14th Dalai Lama 617: 561: 555: 425:13th Dalai Lama 334:Dzungar Khanate 297: 296: 295: 294: 293: 287: 278: 277: 276: 269: 258: 257: 256: 255: 254: 237: 228: 227: 226: 205: 196: 195: 194: 187: 176: 170: 158:14th Dalai Lama 150:Tibetan program 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7040: 7038: 7030: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6994: 6993: 6989: 6988: 6976: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6968: 6961: 6960: 6953: 6945: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6917: 6916: 6911: 6904: 6892: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6846: 6845: 6840: 6838:wall paintings 6835: 6830: 6823: 6816: 6805: 6803: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6793: 6792: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6769:Tibetan people 6766: 6764:Social classes 6761: 6756: 6755: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6743: 6742: 6741: 6740: 6739: 6738: 6728: 6723: 6722: 6721: 6711: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6685: 6684: 6679: 6664: 6654: 6649: 6643: 6637: 6633: 6632: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6625: 6620: 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China.org.cn 2258: 2232: 2221: 2210:on 4 June 2004 2195: 2146: 2122: 2109: 2096: 2075:"Human rights" 2066: 2038: 2000: 1987: 1969: 1940: 1917: 1897: 1888: 1857: 1843: 1829: 1809: 1796: 1783: 1770: 1758: 1746: 1734: 1722: 1710: 1698: 1686: 1674: 1645: 1616: 1605: 1598: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1457: 1456: 1453:Society portal 1440: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1425:Sam van Schaik 1418: 1408:Tsering Shakya 1401: 1383: 1380: 1319:Clint Eastwood 1218:Penor Rinpoche 1153:Main article: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1139: 1136:United Kingdom 1125: 1122:United Kingdom 1086:, the current 1080: 1079: 1068: 1054: 1008: 1005: 927:Patrick French 907:Main article: 901:Main article: 898: 895: 822:Tibetan Empire 795:self-governing 771:Main article: 768: 765: 764: 763: 757: 751: 742: 718:Kenneth Conboy 686:Tsering Shakya 669:Sydney Wignall 616: 613: 557:Main article: 554: 551: 402:British 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Cf. pg. 177 1937: 1936:0-7126-6533-1 1933: 1929: 1928: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1914:1-55821-558-1 1911: 1907: 1901: 1898: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1873: 1872: 1867: 1861: 1858: 1853: 1847: 1844: 1832: 1830:0-295-97644-6 1826: 1822: 1821: 1813: 1810: 1806: 1800: 1797: 1793: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1675: 1662: 1658: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1634: 1630: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1609: 1606: 1601: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1580: 1577: 1571: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1454: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1265:San Francisco 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1236:Milarepa Fund 1232: 1230: 1226: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1214:Steven Seagal 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1183:Russell Brand 1179: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1169:flag of Tibet 1165: 1163: 1156: 1148: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1130:– Located in 1129: 1126: 1123: 1119: 1116:– Located in 1115: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1084:Tenzin Gyatso 1077: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1065:United States 1062: 1059:– Located in 1058: 1055: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1041:– Located at 1040: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1029:San Francisco 1025: 1018: 1013: 1006: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 993: 988: 984: 979: 975: 971: 966: 964: 959: 958:Greater Tibet 953: 951: 947: 941: 939: 934: 933: 928: 924: 915: 910: 904: 896: 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 874: 869: 866:in 1931, the 865: 862:in 1931, the 861: 856: 851: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 828: 823: 818: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 791: 787: 783: 778: 774: 766: 761: 758: 755: 752: 750:: US$ 500,000 749: 748: 743: 741:: US$ 180,000 740: 739: 734: 733: 732: 729: 728: 723: 719: 715: 711: 710:Richard Nixon 706: 702: 698: 697:mass uprising 693: 691: 687: 682: 677: 672: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 648: 644: 636: 635: 632: 626: 621: 614: 612: 610: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 584: 582: 578: 574: 571:In 1950, the 565: 560: 552: 549: 545: 543: 539: 535: 532:(and also of 531: 527: 522: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 495:Yangtze River 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 471: 468: 467:British India 464: 460: 458: 454: 449: 445: 440: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 403: 400:In 1904, the 398: 394: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 367: 364: 360: 356: 355: 349: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 328:In 1720, the 326: 324: 320: 316: 315:Mongol Empire 311: 306: 302: 291: 285: 274: 267: 252: 248: 247: 243:encyclopedia 242: 235: 224: 220: 219: 214: 210: 203: 192: 185: 175: 167: 165: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 142: 140: 136: 132: 128: 127:United States 124: 120: 115: 113: 109: 108:Greater Tibet 105: 101: 93: 85: 81: 74: 70: 63: 59: 55: 51: 50:Greater Tibet 46: 39: 38:flag of Tibet 34: 30: 19: 6980: 6906: 6899: 6885: 6833:sand mandala 6825: 6818: 6759:Sinicization 6731:Panchen Lama 6726:Lhamo La-tso 6709:Ganden Tripa 6529: 6503:Human rights 6377:Grand Canyon 6357:Namcha Barwa 6350: / 6028:Tibetan Army 5926:Guge kingdom 5767:South Yemeni 5611:Saudi Arabia 5485:Balawaristan 5183: 5174:Shanghainese 4998: 4997: 4926:Székely Land 4891:Pashtunistan 4741:Balawaristan 4689: 4514:South Slavic 4504:Scandinavian 4034:Volga Region 3648:in Sri Lanka 3569: 3506:Eastern Asia 3367:Puerto Rican 3182:North Africa 3166:Nationalisms 3039: 3024: 3017: 2988: 2976:Henry Holt. 2973: 2961:Smithsonian 2958: 2951: 2936: 2929: 2915: 2892: 2877: 2865:. New York, 2854: 2796: 2777: 2758: 2749:Bibliography 2738: 2729: 2706: 2694:. Retrieved 2684: 2672:. Retrieved 2667: 2658: 2646:. Retrieved 2642: 2632: 2620:. Retrieved 2610: 2598:. Retrieved 2594:the original 2583: 2571:. Retrieved 2567:the original 2556: 2544:. Retrieved 2534: 2522:. Retrieved 2518:the original 2504: 2491:. Retrieved 2480: 2470: 2464: 2452:. Retrieved 2448: 2439: 2427:. Retrieved 2422: 2413: 2401:. Retrieved 2397: 2388: 2376:. Retrieved 2372:the original 2367: 2357: 2345:. Retrieved 2340: 2330: 2321: 2312: 2300:. Retrieved 2296: 2286: 2274:. Retrieved 2249:. Retrieved 2245:the original 2235: 2224: 2212:. Retrieved 2208:the original 2198: 2186:. Retrieved 2166: 2162: 2149: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2117: 2112: 2107:, pp. 278–82 2104: 2099: 2087:. Retrieved 2083:the original 2069: 2057:. Retrieved 2053:the original 2041: 2032: 2025:. Retrieved 2019: 1990: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1949: 1943: 1926: 1920: 1905: 1900: 1891: 1882: 1875:. Retrieved 1869: 1860: 1846: 1834:. Retrieved 1819: 1812: 1804: 1799: 1791: 1786: 1778: 1773: 1761: 1749: 1737: 1725: 1718:Elliott 2001 1713: 1701: 1689: 1677: 1665:. Retrieved 1660: 1636:. Retrieved 1632: 1608: 1585: 1579: 1385: 1348: 1343:In 2011, an 1342: 1323: 1311:virtual band 1305: 1262: 1254:Lollapalooza 1247: 1244:Beastie Boys 1233: 1229:clairvoyance 1211: 1199:Sharon Stone 1191:Richard Gere 1180: 1176:Paris Hilton 1173: 1166: 1158: 1108: 1081: 1033: 990: 967: 954: 942: 930: 920: 852: 840:Qing Dynasty 836:Ming Dynasty 832:Yuan Dynasty 825: 819: 790:Qing Dynasty 779: 776: 759: 753: 744: 735: 725: 721: 695:Following a 694: 673: 650: 628: 585: 581:Panchen Lama 570: 547: 523: 485:and western 472: 451: 441: 399: 395: 368: 352: 350: 346:Panchen Lama 330:Qing dynasty 327: 323:Yuan dynasty 317:. Tibet was 298: 244: 216: 143: 137:is based in 116: 79: 68: 66: 29: 6843:wall murals 6747:Catholicism 6331:Environment 6005:(1720–1912) 5968:(1368–1644) 5948:(1270–1350) 5869:(Neolithic) 5867:Prehistory 5747: [ 5514:Philippines 5303:West Papuan 5077:Afghanistan 5052:Regionalism 4931:Tamil Eelam 4911:Saraikistan 4791:Hatay State 4746:Balochistan 4700:Wallmapuwen 4394:Bangladeshi 3866:Montenegrin 3770:Azerbaijani 3734:Pan-Turkism 3475:Palestinian 3418:Middle East 3326:Greenlandic 3230:East Africa 2668:Pop Matters 2302:12 December 2027:8 September 1877:8 September 1790:Goldstein, 1730:Rawski 1998 1708:, pp. 81–2. 1330:Cadel Evans 1324:During the 1303:worldwide. 1187:BBC Radio 2 1076:Netherlands 1017:Bird's Nest 883:South Tibet 871: [ 848:sovereignty 811:imperialism 762:: US$ 1.73m 756:: US$ 1.06m 754:Other costs 634:governments 600:land reform 475:World War I 423:, with the 310:Ögedei Khan 271:Map of the 139:Dharamshala 6996:Categories 6926:Tibetology 6895:Literature 6714:Dalai Lama 6567:Government 6525:Tibet Area 6520:Golden Urn 6486:Parliament 6011:Lifan Yuan 5938:(960–1279) 5875:Zhangzhung 5860:Chronology 5744:Montagnard 5723:Karakalpak 5716:Uzbekistan 5557:Circassian 5521:Bangsamoro 5385:Kazakhstan 5360:Turkmeneli 5103:Azerbaijan 5056:separatism 4977:Indigenous 4921:Sindhudesh 4901:Santa Cruz 4821:Hutu Power 4751:Bangsamoro 4342:Australian 4317:Lithuanian 4232:Andalusian 4010:Circassian 3974:Belarusian 3922:in Austria 3856:Macedonian 3812:in Albania 3701:Vietnamese 3535:Hongkonger 3528:chauvinist 3209:Pharaonism 2696:8 February 2674:8 February 2648:8 February 2622:8 February 2600:8 February 2573:8 February 2524:8 February 2471:News-Tibet 2251:8 February 2135:Black Book 2089:8 February 2059:8 February 1667:5 December 1638:5 December 1572:References 1372:Dharamsala 1363:Imtiaz Ali 1336:, held in 1293:De La Soul 1281:Cibo Matto 1207:Dalai Lama 1197:. Actress 1098:, and the 1088:Dalai Lama 1043:Dharamsala 946:Hu Yaobang 879:theocratic 738:Dalai Lama 681:Dalai Lama 553:Annexation 526:Ma Fuxiang 499:Liu Wenhui 463:Dalai Lama 459:over Tibet 453:suzerainty 342:Dalai Lama 213:Qing China 152:after the 77:བོད་རང་བཙན 6908:Chronicle 6870:Festivals 6682:Dpon-chen 6652:Languages 6647:Education 6396:Changtang 6338:Mountains 6305:Geography 6213:Documents 6058:conflicts 5910:(618–907) 5829:Overviews 5627:Sri Lanka 5291:Indonesia 5262:Khalistan 5226:Javakheti 5216:Abkhazian 5179:Taiwanese 5154:Hong Kong 5144:Cantonese 4881:Occitania 4866:Manchukuo 4856:Lezgistan 4851:Kurdistan 4796:Hazarajat 4781:Circassia 4543:Movements 4494:Pakistani 4469:Mongolian 4409:Congolese 4322:Norwegian 4312:Icelandic 4277:Valencian 4272:Navarrese 4257:Castilian 4237:Aragonese 4201:Sardinian 3984:Ukrainian 3954:Slovenian 3934:Hungarian 3849:in Cyprus 3829:Aromanian 3817:in Kosovo 3722:Mongolian 3638:Sinhalese 3608:Dravidian 3565:Taiwanese 3513:Cantonese 3490:in Cyprus 3460:Jordanian 3383:Argentine 3355:Caribbean 3346:Québécois 3294:Afrikaner 2546:13 August 2378:2 October 2343:. Fairfax 2169:(1): 24. 1768:, p. 283. 1744:, p. 123. 1732:, p. 251. 1720:, p. 412. 1682:Wang 2011 1355:Sadda Haq 1273:Radiohead 1082:However, 1072:Amsterdam 997:epic poem 974:education 631:communist 515:Ma Bufang 391:Bannermen 191:East Asia 141:, India. 98:) is the 6966:Category 6850:Calendar 6784:Diaspora 6657:Religion 6461:Politics 6362:Tanggula 6352:Changtse 6056:Wars and 5931:Tsongkha 5893:Timeline 5836:Timeline 5813:articles 5692:Assyrian 5669:Thailand 5650:Assyrian 5597:Siberian 5587:Ossetian 5572:Karelian 5495:Kashmiri 5478:Pakistan 5459:Rohingya 5401:Malaysia 5350:Assyrian 5319:Assyrian 5267:Manipuri 5257:Kashmiri 5247:Assamese 5231:Ossetian 5221:Adjarian 4841:Katarism 4766:Chameria 4719:Projects 4524:Turanian 4519:Tunisian 4489:Oceanian 4479:Nigerian 4429:Hispanic 4424:Germanic 4414:European 4347:Hawaiian 4297:Estonian 4267:Galician 4252:Canarian 4242:Asturian 4211:Venetian 4206:Sicilian 4196:Padanian 4170:Corsican 4131:Scottish 4025:Ossetian 3944:Silesian 3927:Völkisch 3902:Bavarian 3897:Austrian 3876:Romanian 3861:Moldovan 3839:Croatian 3807:Albanian 3775:Georgian 3765:Armenian 3744:Siberian 3671:Filipino 3586:Assamese 3555:Okinawan 3540:Japanese 3470:Lebanese 3448:Diaspora 3430:Assyrian 3398:Peruvian 3307:Americas 3257:Tigrayan 3204:Egyptian 3084:Archived 3072:Archived 3016:(2002). 2757:(2004). 2719:Archived 2454:19 April 2429:8 August 2403:17 March 2347:12 March 2276:25 April 2214:25 April 2188:25 April 2183:18471490 2120:, p. 600 2103:French, 1954:Archived 1807:, p. 175 1794:, p. 830 1781:, p. 162 1766:Yeh 2013 1756:, p. 60. 1754:Yeh 2009 1706:Dai 2009 1696:, p. 81. 1694:Dai 2009 1684:, p. 30. 1633:TheQuint 1439:See also 1350:Rockstar 1307:Gorillaz 1258:Live Aid 1240:Milarepa 1001:Renminbi 887:occupied 827:de facto 524:General 465:fled to 225:in 1892. 125:and the 6950:Outline 6914:writers 6855:Cuisine 6820:thangka 6801:Culture 6774:Changpa 6689:Nyingma 6636:Society 6601:Economy 6436:Ü-Tsang 6410:Valleys 6368:Rivers 6343:Kailash 5903:Lönchen 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