Tibetan independence movement

564: 548:"Our Party takes the development of the weak and small and resistance to the strong and violent as our sole and most urgent task. This is even more true for those groups which are not of our kind . Now the peoples of Mongolia and Tibet are closely related to us, and we have great affection for one another: our common existence and common honor already have a history of over a thousand years... Mongolia and Tibet's life and death are China's life and death. China absolutely cannot cause Mongolia and Tibet to break away from China's territory, and Mongolia and Tibet cannot reject China to become independent. At this time, there is not a single nation on earth except China that will sincerely develop Mongolia and Tibet." 1014: 1108:. This approach is known as the "Middle Way". In November 2017, he stated that "the past was the past", and that he believed that China after opening up its economy, has changed 40 to 50 percent of what it was earlier. He claimed that Tibetans didn't want independence and instead wanted to stay and have more economic development from China. In October 2020, he stated that he did not support Tibetan independence and hoped to visit China as a Nobel Prize winner. He said, "I prefer the concept of a 'republic' in the People's Republic of China. In the concept of republic, ethnic minorities are like Tibetans, the Mongols, Manchus, and Xinjiang Uyghurs, we can live in harmony". 733:

personal representative in Washington, said he had no knowledge of the annual subsidy of $ 180,000 marked as for the Dalai Lama or how it was spent. The government in exile say they knew that the CIA trained and equipped Tibetan guerrillas who raided Tibet from a base camp in Nepal, and that the effect of those operations "only resulted in more suffering for the people of Tibet. Worse, these activities gave the Chinese government the opportunity to blame the efforts of those seeking to regain Tibetan independence on the activities of foreign powers—whereas, of course, it was an entirely Tibetan initiative." The budget figures for the CIA's Tibetan program were as follows:

1026: 266: 879:, which drafted a new Chinese constitution in 1946, and finally to another National Assembly for drafting a new Chinese constitution in 1948. Finally, some within the PRC considers all movements aimed at ending Chinese sovereignty in Tibet, starting with the expedition of 1904, to the CTA today, as one interconnected campaign abetted by malicious Western powers aimed at destroying Chinese integrity and sovereignty, thereby weakening China's position in the world. The PRC also points to what it calls the autocratic and 620: 931:, a supporter of the Tibetan cause who was able to view the data and calculations, the estimate is not reliable because the Tibetans were not able to process the data well enough to produce a credible total, with many persons double or triple counted. There were, however, many casualties, perhaps as many as 400,000. This figure is extrapolated from a calculation Warren W. Smith made from census reports of Tibet which show 200,000 "missing" from Tibet. Even anti-Communist resources such as 916: 45: 284: 184: 1449: 33: 234: 202: 563: 954:, visited Lhasa in 1980, he was unhappy when he found out the region was behind neighbouring provinces. Reforms were instituted, and since then the central government's policy in Tibet has granted most religious freedoms, but monks and nuns were sometimes imprisoned, and many Tibetans (mostly monks and nuns) fled Tibet yearly. 707:

and the ensuing Chinese military response, the Dalai Lama went into exile in India.The Dalai Lama's escape was assisted by the CIA. After 1959, the CIA trained Tibetan guerrillas and provided funds and weapons for the fight against China. However, assistance was reduced during the course of the 1960s

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is 7.3 million, of which 5 million is ethnic Tibetan, according to the 2000 census. According to the PRC the increase is viewed as the result of the abolishment of the theocracy and introduction of a modern, higher standard of living. Based on the census numbers, the PRC also rejects claims that the

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In the mid 19th century, arriving with an Amban, a community of Chinese troops from Sichuan who married Tibetan women settled down in the Lubu neighborhood of Lhasa, where their descendants established a community and assimilated into Tibetan culture. Hebalin was the location of where Chinese Muslim

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between 1912 and 1951 (except Outer Mongolia), they say that China, under the Republic of China government, continued to maintain sovereignty over the region, and the leaders of Tibet themselves acknowledged Chinese sovereignty by sending delegates to the following: the Drafting Committee for a new

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in 1241 brought Mongol military activity around the world temporarily to a halt. Mongol interests in Tibet resumed in 1244, when Prince Köden sent an invitation to the leader of the Sakya sect, to come to his capital and formally surrender Tibet to the Mongols. The Sakya leader arrived in Kokonor

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The budget figures for the CIA's Tibetan program are contained in a memo dated Jan. 9, 1964. It was evidently written to help justify continued funding for the clandestine intelligence operation. "Support of 2,100 Tibetan guerrillas based in Nepal: $ 500,000," the document says. "Subsidy to the

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The Central Tibetan Administration also says that millions of Chinese immigrants to the TAR are diluting the Tibetans both culturally and through intermarriage. Exile groups say that despite recent attempts to restore the appearance of original Tibetan culture to attract tourism, the traditional

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reported on 2 October 1998 that the Tibetan exile movement received $ 1.7 million a year in the 1960s from the CIA. The Dalai Lama said in his autobiography that his brothers were responsible and that they didn't tell him about it, knowing what his reaction would be. Lodi Gyari, the Dalai Lama's

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In his 1990 autobiography, "Freedom in Exile," the Dalai Lama explained that his two brothers made contact with the CIA during a trip to India in 1956. The CIA agreed to help, "not because they cared about Tibetan independence, but as part of their worldwide efforts to destabilize all Communist

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and killed the resident commissioners after the central government decided to reduce the number of soldiers to about 100. The Qing army entered and defeated the rebels and reinstalled the resident commissioner. The number of soldiers in Tibet was kept at about 2,000. The defensive duties were

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The Tibetan independence movement became cause-célèbre in the US and Europe as the words "Free Tibet" and the Tibetan flag gained worldwide fame in the press and public consciousness starting from 1987. The movement gained strength and popular support in the west from 1987 to 2008, until the

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expresses doubt at the 1.2 million figure, but does note that according to the Chinese census, the total population of ethnic Tibetans in the PRC was 2.8 million in 1953, but only 2.5 million in 1964. It puts forward a figure of 800,000 deaths and alleges that as many as 10% of Tibetans were

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The government of the PRC claims that the population of Tibet in 1737 was about 8 million. It claims that due to the 'backward' rule of the local theocracy, there was rapid decrease in the next two hundred years and the population in 1959 was only about one million. Today, the population of

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when the Board ordered Ali to blur the flag and Free Tibet slogan before the film hit the theatre, but the director refused to do it. However, Ali had to remove the sequence from the video to get the film's censor done. Deletion of the Tibetan flag from the video caused wide protests in

439:, which affirmed Chinese control of Tibet. The British agreed not to annex or interfere in Tibet in return for indemnity from the Chinese government, while China engaged "not to permit any other foreign state to interfere with the territory or internal administration of Tibet". 393:. According to Evelyn S. Rawski, both Green Standard Army and Bannermen made up the Qing garrison in Tibet. According to Sabine Dabringhaus, Green Standard Chinese soldiers numbering more than 1,300 were stationed by the Qing in Tibet to support the 3,000-strong Tibetan army. 606:

would have proved unpopular with the established landowners. The Seventeen Point Agreement was put into effect only in Tibet proper; ergo, eastern Kham and Amdo, being outside the administration of the government of Tibet, were treated like territory belonging to any other

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of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) today is 30 times that before 1950; it has 22,500 km of highways, all built since 1950; all secular education in the region was created after integration into the PRC; there are 25 scientific research institutes, all built by the PRC;

671:, in his autobiography, reveals that he and John Harrop travelled to Tibet together in 1955 posing as mountaineers. Captured by the Chinese authority, Wignall recalled that he was surprised to find two CIA agents were already under Chinese detention. 611:, with land reform implemented in full. As a result, a rebellion broke out in these regions in June 1956. The rebellion eventually spread to Lhasa, but was crushed by 1959. The 14th Dalai Lama and other government principals fled to exile in India. 803:(CTA) views current PRC rule in Tibet as illegitimate, motivated solely by the natural resources and strategic value of Tibet, and in violation of both Tibet's historical status as an independent country and the right of the Tibetan people to 678:

in 1956. Several small groups of Khampa fighters were trained by the CIA camp and then airdropped back into Tibet with supplies. In 1958, with the rebellion in Kham ongoing, two of these fighters, Athar and Lhotse, attempted to meet with the

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in February 1910. In the same month, the Chinese government issued a proclamation 'deposing' the Dalai Lama and instigating the search for a new incarnation. When he returned from exile, the Dalai Lama declared Tibetan independence (1912).

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in 1239, he sent his general Doorda Darqan on a reconnaissance mission into Tibet in 1240. During this expedition the Kadampa monasteries of Rwa-sgreng and Rgyal-lha-khang were burned, and 500 people killed. The death of the Mongol qaghan

6266: 1492: 1104:. In 1987, he has also started campaigning for a peaceful resolution to the issue of the status of Tibet, and has since then advocated that Tibet should not become independent, but that it should be given meaningful autonomy within the 683:

to determine whether he would cooperate with their activities. However, their request for an audience was refused by the Lord Chamberlain, Phala Thubten Wonden, who believed such a meeting would be impolitic. According to

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in 1720; and again between the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912 and its incorporation into the PRC in 1951. Moreover, even during the periods of nominal subjugation to the Yuan and Qing, Tibet was largely

1297:. The concerts continued for three more years, which helped to generate publicity for the Tibetan independence movement. It also reportedly led to the growth of Tibetan independence organisations such as 6231: 6226: 576: 6881: 1173:

and words were printed globally on t-shirts, cushions, mugs, bookmarks, badges, bracelets, bags and other merchandise, and almost all Westerners became aware of the cause of Tibetan independence.

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have shown support through a TV spot showing animated frontman, 2D, meditating with fellow supporters outside of the Chinese embassy, followed by a brief message encouraging people to join the

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Tibetans are being swamped by Han Chinese; instead the PRC says that the border for Greater Tibet drawn by the government of Tibet in Exile is so large that it incorporates regions such as

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has been an active supporter of Tibetan independence for several decades and makes regular donations to various Tibetan charities around the world. He has been recognized by Tibetan Lama

819:, and identity, thereby cementing it as an indivisible part of China. After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, both Mongolia and Tibet declared independence and recognized each other as such. 6041: 4410: 558: 103: 381:

troops and Manchu Bannermen were both part of the Qing force which fought in Tibet in the war against the Dzungars. It was said that the Sichuan commander Yue Zhongqi (a descendant of

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Tamm, Eric Enno. "The Horse That Leaps Through Clouds: A Tale of Espionage, the Silk Road and the Rise of Modern China." Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 2010, Chapter 17 & 18.

385:) entered Lhasa first when the 2,000 Green Standard soldiers and 1,000 Manchu soldiers of the "Sichuan route" seized Lhasa. According to Mark C. Elliott, after 1728 the Qing used 348:

to be in charge of religious and political matters in Tibet. The Dalai Lama was leader of the area around Lhasa; the Panchen Lama was leader of the area of Shigatse Prefecture.

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First published in French; English translation by J. E. Stapelton Driver. Reprint: Stanford University Press (with minor revisions from 1977 Faber & Faber edition), 1995.

1166:. The initial spark for the awareness of "Free Tibet" and the Tibetan flag was probably street demonstrations, perhaps specifically the 1986 Ottawa demonstration in Canada. 1111:

Some organisations either support the "Middle Way" or do not adopt a definitive stance on whether they support independence or greater autonomy. Such organisations include:

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and in courts and says that the lives of Tibetans have been improved immensely compared to the Dalai Lama's rule before 1950. Benefits that are commonly quoted include: the

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with his two nephews Drogön Chögyal Phagpa ('Phags-pa; 1235–80) and Chana Dorje (Phyag-na Rdo-rje; 1239–67) in 1246. This event marked the incorporation of Tibet into the

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Dalai Lama: $ 180,000." After listing several other costs, it concludes: "Total: $ 1,735,000." The files show that this budget request was approved soon afterward.

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The status of Tibet before 1951, especially in the period between 1912 and 1951, is largely in dispute between supporters and opponents of Tibetan independence.

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of the People's Republic of China invaded Tibet, after taking over the rest of China from the Republic of China during the five years of civil war. In 1951, the

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On the other hand, opponents assert that the PRC rules Tibet legitimately, by saying that Tibet has been part of Chinese history since the 7th century as the

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assisted by a local force which was reorganized by the resident commissioner, and the Tibetan government continued to manage day-to-day affairs as before.

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in 1994, to benefit Tibetan monks who were sampled on two songs. The Milarepa Fund organizers also jointed the Beastie Boys as they headlined the 1994

6462: 6046: 1058: 6163: 5904: 5847: 1327: 529: 583:, established that the region would be ruled by a joint administration under representatives of the central government and the Tibetan government. 3823: 1211:, who is a good friend of mine." The Dalai Lama confirmed that he did not share Stone's views, although he confirmed that he had "met the lady". 7008: 7003: 6844: 5955: 5801: 5030: 2511: 5170: 4656: 4626: 3728: 3057: 3049: 3034: 3009: 2998: 2983: 2968: 2946: 2924: 2910: 2902: 2887: 2872: 2864: 2842: 2831: 2820: 2787: 2768: 2144: 1599: 1417: 1854:"Tibet Justice Center - Legal Materials on Tibet - China - Seventeen-Point Plan for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet (1951) [p.182]" 869: 6526: 5150: 4651: 4576: 3368: 3332: 1434: 1400: 1013: 153: 6036: 5393: 1244:, the revered 11th-century Tibetan yogi, who used music to enlighten people. It was originally established to disburse royalties from the 904: 2837:

Smith, Warren W. (Jr.) (1996). Tibetan Nation: A History of Tibetan Nationalism and Sino-Tibetan Relations. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

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influence in the region. The expedition, which initially set out with the stated goal of resolving border disputes between Tibet and

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Shakya, Tsering (1999). The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947. New York: Columbia University Press.

2806: 1967: 1937: 1915: 1830: 2338: 927:, violence, or other unnatural causes since 1950 is approximately 1.2 million. However, this number is controversial. According to 6081: 724:, reveal how the CIA encouraged Tibetan revolt against China — and eventually came to control its fledgling resistance movement. 3144: 1196: 6121: 2880:

Buddha's Warriors: The Story of the CIA-Backed Freedom Fighters, the Chinese Communist Invasion, and the Ultimate Fall of Tibet.

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is an organisation which organises concerts to give publicity to the Tibetan independence movement. The fund was named after

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The government of the PRC also rejects claims that the lives of Tibetans have deteriorated, pointing to rights enjoyed by the

6516: 6482: 6291: 5894: 4606: 4561: 3818: 3639: 2713: 2080: 1567: 1542: 1482: 800: 134: 91: 1955: 2294: 2048: 7018: 6332: 4696: 4621: 4581: 4566: 4348: 4303: 3923: 2366:"The Dalai Lama emphasizes that he does not support Tibetan independence and hopes to visit China as a Nobel Prize winner" 1105: 895:, as well as the Dalai Lama's association with India, and as such claims the CTA has no moral legitimacy to govern Tibet. 83: 6188: 2541: 2471: 2076: 1126:, formed in 1987, stands for the right of Tibetans to determine their own future and for the future of their own country. 7013: 6932: 6536: 6378: 6017: 5740: 5635: 5563: 5548: 5445: 5409: 5377: 4862: 4807: 4777: 4686: 4681: 4661: 4646: 4571: 4551: 3649: 3561: 3337: 1767: 1547: 1373: 1048: 1044: 1025: 595: 427:

fleeing to the countryside. After the British captured Lhasa, a treaty was signed between the two nations, known as the

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not because they (the CIA) cared about Tibetan independence, but as part of their worldwide efforts to destabilize all

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song. People waving the Free Tibet flag in the backdrop was shown in the song video. This triggered a dispute between

1069:. It was formed in March 1995 and is now a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization for informing about Tibetan independence. 933: 674:

Clandestine military involvement by the U.S. began following the series of uprisings in the eastern Tibetan region of

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meant that the Chinese factions only controlled part of Tibet. The government of the 13th Dalai Lama controlled

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Tour. Inspired by this tour, they began to organise a concert to promote Tibetan independence, in the style of

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troops and their offspring lived, while Lubu was the place where Han Chinese troops and their offspring lived.

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of the arrival of Athar and Lhotse. Nor did he inform the Dalai Lama of American willingness to provide aid."

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are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of

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organized a Tibet Freedom Solidarity Rally in Allahabad on 9 April 2016, drawing more than 3000 participants.

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Buddhists, is no longer calling for independence. He has spoken in many international venues, including the

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is one of the most outspoken supporters of the movement and is chairman of the board of directors for the

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wore an undershirt with 'Free Tibet' printed on it, bringing attention to the movement months before the

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that are not traditionally Tibetan in the first place, hence exaggerating the number of non-Tibetans.

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The Horse That Leaps Through Clouds: A Tale of Espionage, the Silk Road and the Rise of Modern China

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The CIA's Secret War in Tibet, Kenneth Conboy, James Morrison, The University Press of Kansas, 2002.

1487: 915: 6720: 6553: 6251: 6193: 5962: 5703: 5656: 5553: 5501: 5356: 5330: 5304: 5283: 5111: 5090: 4922: 4802: 4596: 4535: 4500: 4405: 4308: 4263: 4228: 4192: 4187: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4096: 4042: 3990: 3980: 3913: 3882: 3835: 3740: 3656: 3629: 3592: 3519: 3486: 3466: 3436: 3322: 3222: 2519: 1316: 1302: 1163: 1115: 1101: 888: 642: 461:. The Qing central government claimed for sovereignty and direct rule over Tibet in 1910. The 13th 416: 386: 378: 374: 149: 2665: 1233:; in a November 2006 interview, he stated: "I was born very different, clairvoyant and a healer". 991:

has risen from 35.5 years in 1950 to 67 in 2000; the collection and publishing of the traditional

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McKay, Alex (1997). Tibet and the British Raj: The Frontier Cadre 1904–1947. London: Curzon.

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had close interactions with the Chinese dynasties through royal marriage. In addition to the

6951: 6851: 6802: 6785: 6668: 6602: 6442: 6271: 6173: 6151: 5822: 5273: 5253: 5061: 4897: 4706: 4586: 4101: 4081: 3697: 3692: 3624: 3604: 3498: 3426: 3394: 3274: 3190: 2172: 1532: 1422: 984: 971: 816: 704: 173: 130: 118: 1853: 1229:, the treasure revealer of Palyul Monastery. He also claims to have the special ability of 44: 6866: 6856: 6753: 6392: 6387: 6373: 6136: 5999: 5987: 5881: 5868: 5430: 5201: 4877: 4847: 4372: 3781: 3687: 3524: 3089: 3077: 2724: 1959: 1537: 1226: 988: 808: 787: 680: 624: 431:, which gained for the British great economic influence in the region while ensuring that 428: 424: 370: 333: 157: 4927: 1207:

may have been the result of "bad karma," because the Chinese "are not being nice to the

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By the early 18th century, the Qing dynasty had started to send resident commissioners (

6967: 6922: 6902: 6828: 6770: 5886: 5724: 5708: 5661: 5619: 5435: 4832: 4812: 4380: 3529: 3015: 1997: 1454: 1426: 1409: 1219: 1137: 1123: 928: 823: 717: 685: 668: 408: 401: 309: 272: 72: 2054: 1140:, established in 2000, umbrella organization for Tibet related organization worldwide. 283: 6997: 6876: 6344: 5543: 4475: 4470: 4425: 4420: 4400: 3723: 3399: 3027:

Journey Across Tibet: A Young Woman's 1900-Mile Trek Across the Rooftop of the World.

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The "Free Tibet" movement is supported by some celebrities, such as Richard Gere and

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in the world and had only been handed down orally before; allocation of 300 million

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ethnicity), who constantly strove to exert control over the rest of Amdo (Qinghai).

489:, roughly coincident with the borders of the Tibet Autonomous Region today. Eastern 183: 6834: 6790: 6780: 6732: 6727: 6710: 6358: 6029: 5486: 5004: 4892: 4742: 4505: 4490: 4460: 4430: 4390: 2568: 1659:"'Past is past': Dalai Lama says Tibet wants to stay with China, wants development" 1312: 1255: 1245: 1230: 1200: 1192: 1177: 841: 837: 833: 791: 580: 456: 345: 329: 322: 212: 17: 2271: 1950: 1927: 790:

independent between the fall of the Mongol Empire in 1368 and subjugation by the

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policies of the government of Tibet before 1959, as well as its renunciation of

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The Chinese have claimed that most of the population of Tibet at that time were

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army entered Tibet in aid of the locals and defeated the invading forces of the

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Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet

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Tibetan way of life is now irrevocably changed. It is also reported that when

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have estimated that 90,000 of the 300,000 "missing" Tibetans fled the region.

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since the 1980s to the maintenance and protection of Tibetan monasteries.

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conquest in the 13th century and that all subsequent Chinese governments (

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Bell, Charles (1924). Tibet: Past & Present. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

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policies, and assimilationist policies, regarding those as an example of

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Virtual Tibet: Searching for Shangri-La from the Himalayas to Hollywood.

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Pro-Tibetan protesters come into contact with pro-Chinese protesters in

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Organisations which support the Tibetan independence movement include:

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A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State.

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Duel in the Snows: The True Story of the Younghusband Mission to Lhasa

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According to supporters of Tibetan independence, Tibet was a distinct

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of 1907, without Lhasa's or Beijing's acknowledgement, recognized the

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29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)

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13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)

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The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947

1133: 1119: 964: 783: 689: 510: 412: 627:, the CIA supported the Tibetan independence movement in the 1960s " 2421:"Allahabad School Holds Solidarity Rally for Tibet on Uprising Day" 2208:. Amnesty International USA Group 133. 4 April 2004. Archived from 923:

Tibetan exiles generally say that the number that have died in the

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Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)

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by the mid-1950s, a few years after Tibet had been annexed by the

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was the first gompa (Buddhist monastery) built in Tibet (775–779).

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until the 1350s. At that point, Tibet regained its independence.

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In addition, as this position argues that no country gave Tibet

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The Tibetan independence movement is no longer supported by the

61: 57: 5783: 5026: 3133: 3124: 2053:(in Chinese). the Embassy of the PRC in the ROK. Archived from 1631:"Tibet Wants to Stay With China, Seeks Development: Dalai Lama" 1187:

also occasionally mentions his support for the movement on his

848:, and People's Republic of China) have been exercising de jure 579:, a treaty signed by representatives of the Dalai Lama and the 40:

is often used as a symbol of the Tibetan independence movement.

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https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/tibetan-refugees-india

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Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet

2320:"Ball State University Professor Leads Independence Movement" 567:

China's Autonomous Regions and its Designated Ethnic Minority

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Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China

1203:

caused significant controversy when she suggested that the

594:. This claim has been challenged by other researchers (see 446:

of 1906 recognized Chinese suzerainty over the region. The

437:

Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet

3082: 2158:"Tibetan Population in China: Myths and Facts Re-Examined" 2000:(Washington, DC: Foreign Policy In Focus, 12 October 2005) 2272:"Govt. White Papers: Tibet's Modernization Achievements" 1825:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 167. 1151:

Celebrity support, Freedom Concerts and public awareness

2857:

The Power-Places of Central Tibet: The Pilgrim's Guide.

2780:

The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, terror, repression

2512:"Sharon Stone quake karma remarks spark anger in China" 1319:. In addition, during the holographic performances of " 275:

at its greatest extent between the 780s and the 790s CE

6282:

Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)

6267:

Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)

2939:

Sorrow Mountain: The Journey of a Tibetan Warrior Nun.

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Goldstein, Melvyn C.; with the help of Gelek Rimpche.

870:

National Constituent Assembly of the Republic of China

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Courtois, Stéphane; Mark Kramer; et al. (1999).

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Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China

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annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China

3119: 2243:"A breach of constitution under pretext of religion" 2018:"CIA Gave Aid to Tibetan Exiles in '60s, Files Show" 1962:, Lawrence : University Press of Kansas, 2002. 1868:"CIA Gave Aid to Tibetan Exiles in '60s, Files Show" 1653: 1651: 1395:

by Dawa Norbu, 1997 HarperCollins Publishers India,

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International Tibetan Aid Organization – Located in

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How About a Free China?" 2565:"Steven Seagal comes out of the buddhist closet" 2489:"Tibet Marks 50th Anniversary of Lhasa Uprising" 987:has dropped from 43% in 1950 to 0.661% in 2000; 415:, quickly turned into an invasion of Tibet. The 389:troops to man the garrison in Lhasa rather than 2954:The Free Tibet Movement: A Selective Narrative. 2930:Norbu, Thubten Jigme; Turnbull, Colin (1968). 2782:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 2266: 2264: 1980:Dalai Lama Group Says It Got Money From C.I.A. 1473:Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty 1323:", 2D is wearing a shirt saying "FREE TIBET." 1265:Organized in June 1996, the first concert (in 651:Agents of Western governments had infiltrated 6199:Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China 5795: 5038: 3145: 1144:Shiv Ganga Vidya Mandir, Phaphamau, Allahabad 747:Support of 2,100 Tibetan guerrillas based in 8: 1987:, 2 October 1998. Retrieved on 29 March 2008 133:in the United States, India and Europe. The 5072:List of active separatist movements in Asia 2245:. Tibet.cn. 5 December 2008. Archived from 615:CIA and MI6 activities in Tibet (1950–1970) 497:, was under the control of Chinese warlord 6641: 6607: 6467: 6315: 6311: 5827: 5802: 5788: 5780: 5045: 5031: 5023: 5003:: Forms of nationalism based primarily on 4647:Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines) 4159: 4064: 3968: 3798: 3416: 3312: 3180: 3173: 3152: 3138: 3130: 3042:Yak Butter Blues: A Tibetan Trek of Faith. 2618:"Bjork Tibet Cry: Blacklisting May Follow" 1513:Human rights of ethnic minorities in China 1498:Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950 1355:depicted poster of 'Free Tibet' slogan in 911:Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950 866:fourth National Congress of the Kuomintang 862:National Assembly of the Republic of China 688:, "Phala never told the Dalai Lama or the 647:Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950 429:Convention Between Great Britain and Tibet 340:. Later, the Chinese emperor assigned the 3083:International Tibet Independence Movement 1615:Reasonable Demands Needed From Dalai Lama 1059:International Tibet Independence Movement 807:. It also points to PRC's autocratic and 106:, and the separation and independence of 2932:Tibet: Its History, Religion and People. 2897:Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers (1993), 2542:"Dalai Lama still Stone's 'good friend'" 2295:"Exiled Tibetans weigh freedom struggle" 1588:China's Tibet?: Autonomy or Assimilation 914: 562: 530:Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission 373:, Dartsendo, Lhari, Chamdo, and Litang, 102:advocating for the reversal of the 1950 6979: 2937:Pachen, Ani; Donnely, Adelaide (2000). 1578: 1080:, this organization was formed in 2004. 832:power that the Chinese has since then, 5956:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs 4607:Galician independence movement (Spain) 2737:"Evans gears up for a free Tibet tour" 2131:Internment Est:page 545, cites Kewly, 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 1624: 1622: 703:in 1959 during the celebration of the 6037:People's Republic of China (PRC) rule 4657:Patani United Liberation Organisation 4627:Inner Mongolian independence movement 7: 6164:1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet 4652:National Liberation Front of Corsica 4577:East Turkestan independence movement 2859:Routledge & Kegan Paul. London, 433:Tibet remained under Chinese control 154:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 2905:. University of California (1991), 2592:"Steven Seagal – "The Action Lama"" 2135:p. 255; Tibet Death Est: page 546, 1886:governments," the Dalai Lama wrote. 1463:List of active separatist movements 1361:Central Board of Film Certification 1130:International Tibet Support Network 712:decided to seek rapprochement with 6142:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910) 6097:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720) 2544:. independent.ie. 28 February 2014 2337:McDonald, Hamish (15 March 2005). 1949:Conboy, Kenneth; Morrison, James, 1412:, 1999 Columbia University Press, 369:At multiple places such as Lhasa, 27:Independence movement in East Asia 25: 6179:Protests and uprisings since 1950 6169:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet 2639:Browne, David (31 October 1997). 2501:(posted on The Buddhist Channel). 2339:"Tibet part of China: Dalai Lama" 2083:. 2 February 1996. Archived from 509:) was more complicated, with the 6287:70,000 Character Petition (1962) 6277:Seventeen Point Agreement (1951) 3100:International Campaign for Tibet 2799:Tibet, Tibet: a personal history 1447: 1197:International Campaign for Tibet 919:Atrocities in Tibet sign. Manali 769:Positions on the status of Tibet 282: 264: 232: 200: 182: 6262:Anglo-Russian Convention (1907) 4758:Basque Country (greater region) 4617:Guangdong Independence Movement 2396:"About Free Tibet | Free Tibet" 2293:Wax, Emily (23 November 2008). 1819:Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). 1406:The Dragon in the Land of Snows 1269:) opened with Icelandic singer 950:, the general secretary of the 905:History of Tibet (1950–present) 405:launched an expedition to Tibet 215:. The map was published in the 6517:Patron and priest relationship 6483:Central Tibetan Administration 6292:Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy 4562:Assyrian independence movement 3120:Central Tibetan Administration 2934:Reprint: Penguin Books (1987). 2714:Phase One: Celebrity Take Down 2425:Central Tibetan Administration 2081:Central Tibetan Administration 1568:List of ethnic groups in China 1543:Ethnic conflicts in Kazakhstan 1483:Patron and priest relationship 1429:, 2011 Yale University Press, 1330:cycling race Australian rider 1214:U.S. actor and martial artist 938:interned, with few survivors. 801:Central Tibetan Administration 211:in 1890, showing Tibet within 135:Central Tibetan Administration 95: 87: 1: 7029:China–United States relations 7009:Nationalist movements in Asia 7004:Tibetan independence movement 6882:Historical and cultural sites 6247:Convention of Calcutta (1890) 4697:Vojvodina Autonomist Movement 4692:Tibetan independence movement 4622:Hawaiian sovereignty movement 4582:Faroese independence movement 4567:Catalan independence movement 2763:. London: John Murray, 2004. 2718:Phase One: Celebrity Takedown 2518:. 27 May 2008. Archived from 1952:The CIA’s Secret War in Tibet 899:Positions on Tibet after 1950 722:The CIA's Secret War in Tibet 659:. Beginning in the 1950s the 117:It is principally led by the 69:Tibetan independence movement 6222:Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684) 4778:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 4687:Taiwan independence movement 4662:Ryukyu independence movement 4572:Champa independence movement 4552:Alsace independence movement 2956:Journal of Buddhist Ethics 7 1908:Spy on the Roof of the World 1548:Uyghuristan (disambiguation) 1049:Government of Tibet in Exile 596:serfdom in Tibet controversy 540:was an integral part of the 218:Meyers Konversations-Lexikon 6242:Treaty of Thapathali (1856) 6132:British expedition to Tibet 6122:Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856) 6092:Battle of the Salween River 4642:Mapuche separatist movement 2918:The Making of Modern Tibet. 2447:"Google Books Ngram Viewer" 1508:Affirmative action in China 1017:"Free Tibet" LED Banner at 934:the Black Book of Communism 661:Central Intelligence Agency 513:area controlled by warlord 493:, separated from it by the 473:The subsequent outbreak of 336:; thus began the period of 193:in 1875, showing Qing China 146:Central Intelligence Agency 7045: 6615:Postage and postal history 6067:Tibetan attack on Songzhou 4677:Silesian Autonomy Movement 4557:Assam separatist movements 3712:Northern & Middle Asia 1998:"Reassessing Tibet Policy" 1553:Ethnic minorities in China 1273:and featured acts such as 1154: 1106:People's Republic of China 1092:, the spiritual leader of 1021:, Beijing, 19 August 2008. 908: 902: 775:Tibetan sovereignty debate 772: 657:People's Republic of China 640: 556: 239:Map of Asia from the 1925 171: 156:. Later in the 1970s, the 6945: 6644: 6610: 6470: 6318: 6314: 6077:Mongol invasions of Tibet 5069: 4994: 4682:Székely autonomy movement 4162: 4067: 3971: 3110:Students for a Free Tibet 3095:Independent Tibet Network 3071:United for Tibet we stand 2959:Samuel, Geoffrey (1993). 2693:"Tibetan Freedom Concert" 2206:"Who Are the Drapchi 14?" 1932:, London: Pimlico, 1999. 1586:Smith, Warren W. (2008). 1523:Students for a Free Tibet 1328:2008 Liège–Bastogne–Liège 1299:Students for a Free Tibet 590:, bound to land owned by 319:under administrative rule 249:, depicting Tibet within 129:, and by celebrities and 76: 6475:Tibet Autonomous Region 6237:Treaty of Chushul (1842) 6189:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest 4612:Greenlandic independence 3040:Wilson, Brandon (2005). 3020:Robert Thurman on Tibet. 2974:Schell, Orville (2000). 2797:French, Patrick (2002). 2620:. Sky News. 7 March 2008 2476:. Office of Tibet. 1986. 2049: 1629:PTI (23 November 2017). 1592:Rowman & Littlefield 1563:Local ethnic nationalism 1518:Boycott Chinese products 1388:Listed chronologically; 1287:Rage Against the Machine 1222:as the reincarnation of 1055:, claims 30,000 members. 1009:Supporting organisations 604:redistribution of wealth 573:People's Liberation Army 536:ethnicity), stated that 448:Anglo-Russian Convention 444:Anglo-Chinese Convention 417:forces of the expedition 299:After the Mongol Prince 6582:TAR People's Government 6542:Serfs' Emancipation Day 6082:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war 2941:Kodansha America, Inc. 2916:Grunfield, Tom (1996). 2177:10.1080/146313600115054 2156:Hao, Yan (March 2000). 1205:2008 Sichuan earthquake 1157:Tibetan Freedom Concert 997:, which is the longest 952:Chinese Communist Party 720:and James Morrison, in 708:and finally ended when 162:The Middle Way Approach 7024:Indigenous land rights 6252:Treaty of Lhasa (1904) 6206:Special Frontier Force 4637:Māori protest movement 3115:Tibetan Youth Congress 3025:Wilby, Sorrel (1988). 2878:Dunham, Mikel (2004). 2855:Dowman, Keith (1988). 1558:Ethnic issues in China 1098:United States Congress 1041:Tibetan Youth Congress 1033: 1022: 920: 857:diplomatic recognition 638: 568: 550: 528:, the chairman of the 64: 41: 6625:Qinghai–Tibet railway 6620:Qinghai-Tibet Highway 6587:TAR People's Congress 6559:India–Tibet relations 6532:Independence movement 6184:1959 Tibetan uprising 6072:Battle of Dafei River 5920:Era of Fragmentation 5062:stateless nationalism 4667:Scottish independence 4632:Kashubian Association 4354:Indigenous Australian 3088:16 April 2009 at the 3022:DVD. ASIN B00005Y722. 2991:Tibetan Civilization. 2989:Stein, R. A. (1962). 2952:Powers, John (2000). 2741:Sydney Morning Herald 2023:The Los Angeles Times 1958:29 March 2012 at the 1873:The Los Angeles Times 1528:Sinicization of Tibet 1478:Tibet under Qing rule 1468:Tibet under Yuan rule 1393:Tibet: The Road Ahead 1291:Red Hot Chili Peppers 1279:The Smashing Pumpkins 1028: 1016: 918: 622: 566: 546: 483:Ü-Tsang (Dbus-gtsang) 419:invaded and captured 407:to counter perceived 168:Historical background 47: 35: 7019:Nationalism in China 6933:Traditional medicine 6147:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil 5968:Relations with Ming 5938:Relations with Song 5910:Relations with Tang 5848:European exploration 4873:Marathi Abhimaangeet 4672:Siberian regionalism 3105:Free Tibet Campaign 3029:Contemporary Books. 2645:Entertainment Weekly 2522:on 12 September 2009 1336:2008 Summer Olympics 940:Chinese demographers 716:in the early 1970s. 303:took control of the 246:Pieni Tietosanakirja 7014:Separatism in China 6577:Regional Government 6554:CIA Tibetan program 6537:Serfdom controversy 6421:Traditional regions 6272:Simla Accord (1914) 6194:2008 Tibetan unrest 6018:List of Qing ambans 5963:Phagmodrupa dynasty 5539:Balkar and Karachay 4964:American Indigenous 4597:Free Papua Movement 4007:Balkar and Karachay 3802:Southeastern Europe 3333:Indigenous Canadian 3076:9 June 2023 at the 2801:. New York: Knopf. 2723:14 May 2011 at the 2249:on 6 September 2009 2057:on 19 December 2012 1363:and movie director 1317:Free Tibet Campaign 1303:Free Tibet Campaign 1164:2008 Tibetan unrest 1116:Free Tibet Campaign 1102:European Parliament 643:CIA Tibetan program 501:. The situation in 387:Green Standard Army 379:Green Standard Army 375:Green Standard Army 361:. Tibetan factions 92:traditional Chinese 6891:(ceremonial scarf) 6862:Dzong architecture 6679:Imperial Preceptor 6549:Sovereignty debate 6495:Etymology of Tibet 6107:Lhasa riot of 1750 6102:Jinchuan campaigns 6087:Battle of Dartsedo 6005:Qing dynasty rule 5948:Yuan dynasty rule 5922:(9th–13th century) 5171:Southern Mongolian 5009:ethnic nationalism 4712:Welsh independence 4592:Free Aceh Movement 3824:in North Macedonia 3666:South-eastern Asia 3161:Ethnic nationalism 2641:"INCITE AND SOUND" 2598:on 9 February 2009 2563:Carreon, Charles. 2491:. The New American 1996:Grunfeld, A. Tom, 1985:The New York Times 1906:Wignall, Sydney. 1665:. 23 November 2017 1503:Secession in China 1047:, the seat of the 1034: 1023: 994:Epic of King Gesar 925:Great Leap Forward 921: 852:power over Tibet. 805:self-determination 729:The New York Times 639: 598:). Any attempt at 569: 479:civil war in China 338:Qing rule of Tibet 148:, which ended its 121:in countries like 100:political movement 84:simplified Chinese 65: 42: 18:Tibetan separatism 6976: 6975: 6941: 6940: 6633: 6632: 6597: 6596: 6500:Foreign relations 6457: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6301: 6300: 6157:Qinghai–Tibet War 6127:Sikkim expedition 6117:Dogra–Tibetan War 6112:Sino-Nepalese War 6047:political leaders 6025:Post-Qing to 1950 5978:Rinpungpa dynasty 5889:(7th–9th century) 5777: 5776: 5336:South Azerbaijani 5020: 5019: 4763:Catalan Countries 4367: 4366: 4332: 4331: 4287: 4286: 4151: 4150: 4056: 4055: 3790: 3789: 3408: 3407: 3304: 3303: 3058:978-0-9770536-7-4 3050:978-0-9770536-6-7 3044:Pilgrim's Tales. 3035:978-0-8092-4608-3 3010:978-1-55365-269-4 2999:978-0-8047-0806-7 2984:978-0-8050-4381-5 2969:978-1-56098-231-9 2947:978-1-56836-294-6 2925:978-1-56324-713-2 2911:978-0-520-07590-0 2903:978-81-215-0582-6 2888:978-1-58542-348-4 2873:978-0-14-019118-9 2865:978-0-7102-1370-9 2843:978-0-8133-3155-3 2832:978-0-231-11814-9 2821:978-0-7007-0627-3 2789:978-0-674-07608-2 2769:978-0-7195-5427-8 2691:George, Matthew. 2590:Rinpoche, Penor. 2400:www.freetibet.org 2376:on 2 October 2020 2145:978-0-674-07608-2 2050:西藏在辛亥革命后变成一个独立国家吗 1926:Shakya, Tsering, 1601:978-0-7425-3989-1 1418:978-0-231-11814-9 1251:Ill Communication 1183:British comedian 846:Republic of China 623:According to the 542:Republic of China 131:Tibetan Buddhists 16:(Redirected from 7036: 6989: 6984: 6961: 6954: 6892: 6669:Tibetan Buddhism 6642: 6608: 6478: 6468: 6316: 6312: 6174:Battle of Chamdo 6152:Sino-Tibetan War 6008: 5971: 5951: 5941: 5923: 5913: 5900:List of emperors 5890: 5872: 5853:Historical money 5828: 5804: 5797: 5790: 5781: 5754: 5709:Western Armenian 5394:North Kazakhstan 5096:South Turkestani 5047: 5040: 5033: 5024: 5013: 4898:Republika Srpska 4707:Walloon Movement 4587:Flemish Movement 4160: 4065: 3969: 3799: 3417: 3313: 3181: 3174: 3154: 3147: 3140: 3131: 2812: 2793: 2745: 2744: 2733: 2727: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2594:. 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China.org.cn 2260: 2234: 2223: 2212:on 4 June 2004 2197: 2148: 2124: 2111: 2098: 2077:"Human rights" 2068: 2040: 2002: 1989: 1971: 1942: 1919: 1899: 1890: 1859: 1845: 1831: 1811: 1798: 1785: 1772: 1760: 1748: 1736: 1724: 1712: 1700: 1688: 1676: 1647: 1618: 1607: 1600: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1459: 1458: 1455:Society portal 1442: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1427:Sam van Schaik 1420: 1410:Tsering Shakya 1403: 1385: 1382: 1321:Clint Eastwood 1220:Penor Rinpoche 1155:Main article: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1141: 1138:United Kingdom 1127: 1124:United Kingdom 1088:, the current 1082: 1081: 1070: 1056: 1010: 1007: 929:Patrick French 909:Main article: 903:Main article: 900: 897: 824:Tibetan Empire 797:self-governing 773:Main article: 770: 767: 766: 765: 759: 753: 744: 718:Kenneth Conboy 686:Tsering Shakya 669:Sydney Wignall 616: 613: 557:Main article: 554: 551: 402:British 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Cf. pg. 177 1939: 1938:0-7126-6533-1 1935: 1931: 1930: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1916:1-55821-558-1 1913: 1909: 1903: 1900: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1863: 1860: 1855: 1849: 1846: 1834: 1832:0-295-97644-6 1828: 1824: 1823: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1677: 1664: 1660: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1636: 1632: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1611: 1608: 1603: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1582: 1579: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1456: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1267:San Francisco 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1238:Milarepa Fund 1234: 1232: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1216:Steven Seagal 1212: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1185:Russell Brand 1181: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1171:flag of Tibet 1167: 1165: 1158: 1150: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1132:– Located in 1131: 1128: 1125: 1121: 1118:– Located in 1117: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1086:Tenzin Gyatso 1079: 1075: 1071: 1068: 1067:United States 1064: 1061:– Located in 1060: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1043:– Located at 1042: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1032: 1031:San Francisco 1027: 1020: 1015: 1008: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 995: 990: 986: 981: 977: 973: 968: 966: 961: 960:Greater Tibet 955: 953: 949: 943: 941: 936: 935: 930: 926: 917: 912: 906: 898: 896: 894: 890: 886: 882: 876: 871: 868:in 1931, the 867: 864:in 1931, the 863: 858: 853: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 830: 825: 820: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 793: 789: 785: 780: 776: 768: 763: 760: 757: 754: 752:: US$ 500,000 751: 750: 745: 743:: US$ 180,000 742: 741: 736: 735: 734: 731: 730: 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 710:Richard Nixon 706: 702: 698: 697:mass uprising 693: 691: 687: 682: 677: 672: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 648: 644: 636: 635: 632: 626: 621: 614: 612: 610: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 584: 582: 578: 574: 571:In 1950, the 565: 560: 552: 549: 545: 543: 539: 535: 532:(and also of 531: 527: 522: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 495:Yangtze River 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 471: 468: 467:British India 464: 460: 458: 454: 449: 445: 440: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 403: 400:In 1904, the 398: 394: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 367: 364: 360: 356: 355: 349: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 328:In 1720, the 326: 324: 320: 316: 315:Mongol Empire 311: 306: 302: 291: 285: 274: 267: 252: 248: 247: 243:encyclopedia 242: 235: 224: 220: 219: 214: 210: 203: 192: 185: 175: 167: 165: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 142: 140: 136: 132: 128: 127:United States 124: 120: 115: 113: 109: 108:Greater Tibet 105: 101: 93: 85: 81: 74: 70: 63: 59: 55: 51: 50:Greater Tibet 46: 39: 38:flag of Tibet 34: 30: 19: 6982: 6908: 6901: 6887: 6835:sand mandala 6827: 6820: 6761:Sinicization 6733:Panchen Lama 6728:Lhamo La-tso 6711:Ganden Tripa 6531: 6505:Human rights 6379:Grand Canyon 6359:Namcha Barwa 6352: / 6030:Tibetan Army 5928:Guge kingdom 5769:South Yemeni 5613:Saudi Arabia 5487:Balawaristan 5185: 5176:Shanghainese 5000: 4999: 4928:Székely Land 4893:Pashtunistan 4743:Balawaristan 4691: 4516:South Slavic 4506:Scandinavian 4036:Volga Region 3650:in Sri Lanka 3571: 3508:Eastern Asia 3369:Puerto Rican 3184:North Africa 3168:Nationalisms 3041: 3026: 3019: 2990: 2978:Henry Holt. 2975: 2963:Smithsonian 2960: 2953: 2938: 2931: 2917: 2894: 2879: 2867:. New York, 2856: 2798: 2779: 2760: 2751:Bibliography 2740: 2731: 2708: 2696:. Retrieved 2686: 2674:. Retrieved 2669: 2660: 2648:. Retrieved 2644: 2634: 2622:. Retrieved 2612: 2600:. Retrieved 2596:the original 2585: 2573:. Retrieved 2569:the original 2558: 2546:. Retrieved 2536: 2524:. Retrieved 2520:the original 2506: 2493:. Retrieved 2482: 2472: 2466: 2454:. Retrieved 2450: 2441: 2429:. Retrieved 2424: 2415: 2403:. Retrieved 2399: 2390: 2378:. Retrieved 2374:the original 2369: 2359: 2347:. Retrieved 2342: 2332: 2323: 2314: 2302:. Retrieved 2298: 2288: 2276:. Retrieved 2251:. Retrieved 2247:the original 2237: 2226: 2214:. Retrieved 2210:the original 2200: 2188:. Retrieved 2168: 2164: 2151: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2119: 2114: 2109:, pp. 278–82 2106: 2101: 2089:. Retrieved 2085:the original 2071: 2059:. Retrieved 2055:the original 2043: 2034: 2027:. Retrieved 2021: 1992: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1951: 1945: 1928: 1922: 1907: 1902: 1893: 1884: 1877:. Retrieved 1871: 1862: 1848: 1836:. Retrieved 1821: 1814: 1806: 1801: 1793: 1788: 1780: 1775: 1763: 1751: 1739: 1727: 1720:Elliott 2001 1715: 1703: 1691: 1679: 1667:. Retrieved 1662: 1638:. Retrieved 1634: 1610: 1587: 1581: 1387: 1350: 1345:In 2011, an 1344: 1325: 1313:virtual band 1307: 1264: 1256:Lollapalooza 1249: 1246:Beastie Boys 1235: 1231:clairvoyance 1213: 1201:Sharon Stone 1193:Richard Gere 1182: 1178:Paris Hilton 1175: 1168: 1160: 1110: 1083: 1035: 992: 969: 956: 944: 932: 922: 854: 842:Qing Dynasty 838:Ming Dynasty 834:Yuan Dynasty 827: 821: 792:Qing Dynasty 781: 778: 761: 755: 746: 737: 727: 726: 721: 695:Following a 694: 673: 650: 628: 585: 581:Panchen Lama 570: 547: 523: 485:and western 472: 451: 441: 399: 395: 368: 352: 350: 346:Panchen Lama 330:Qing dynasty 327: 323:Yuan dynasty 317:. Tibet was 298: 244: 216: 143: 137:is based in 116: 79: 68: 66: 29: 6845:wall murals 6749:Catholicism 6333:Environment 6007:(1720–1912) 5970:(1368–1644) 5950:(1270–1350) 5871:(Neolithic) 5869:Prehistory 5749: [ 5516:Philippines 5305:West Papuan 5079:Afghanistan 5054:Regionalism 4933:Tamil Eelam 4913:Saraikistan 4793:Hatay State 4748:Balochistan 4702:Wallmapuwen 4396:Bangladeshi 3868:Montenegrin 3772:Azerbaijani 3736:Pan-Turkism 3477:Palestinian 3420:Middle East 3328:Greenlandic 3232:East Africa 2670:Pop Matters 2304:12 December 2029:8 September 1879:8 September 1792:Goldstein, 1732:Rawski 1998 1710:, pp. 81–2. 1332:Cadel Evans 1326:During the 1305:worldwide. 1189:BBC Radio 2 1078:Netherlands 1019:Bird's Nest 885:South Tibet 873: [ 850:sovereignty 813:imperialism 764:: US$ 1.73m 758:: US$ 1.06m 756:Other costs 634:governments 600:land reform 475:World War I 423:, with the 310:Ögedei Khan 271:Map of the 139:Dharamshala 6998:Categories 6928:Tibetology 6897:Literature 6716:Dalai Lama 6569:Government 6527:Tibet Area 6522:Golden Urn 6488:Parliament 6013:Lifan Yuan 5940:(960–1279) 5877:Zhangzhung 5862:Chronology 5746:Montagnard 5725:Karakalpak 5718:Uzbekistan 5559:Circassian 5523:Bangsamoro 5387:Kazakhstan 5362:Turkmeneli 5105:Azerbaijan 5058:separatism 4979:Indigenous 4923:Sindhudesh 4903:Santa Cruz 4823:Hutu Power 4753:Bangsamoro 4344:Australian 4319:Lithuanian 4234:Andalusian 4012:Circassian 3976:Belarusian 3924:in Austria 3858:Macedonian 3814:in Albania 3703:Vietnamese 3537:Hongkonger 3530:chauvinist 3211:Pharaonism 2698:8 February 2676:8 February 2650:8 February 2624:8 February 2602:8 February 2575:8 February 2526:8 February 2473:News-Tibet 2253:8 February 2137:Black Book 2091:8 February 2061:8 February 1669:5 December 1640:5 December 1574:References 1374:Dharamsala 1365:Imtiaz Ali 1338:, held in 1295:De La Soul 1283:Cibo Matto 1209:Dalai Lama 1199:. Actress 1100:, and the 1090:Dalai Lama 1045:Dharamsala 948:Hu Yaobang 881:theocratic 740:Dalai Lama 681:Dalai Lama 553:Annexation 526:Ma Fuxiang 499:Liu Wenhui 463:Dalai Lama 459:over Tibet 453:suzerainty 342:Dalai Lama 213:Qing China 152:after the 77:བོད་རང་བཙན 6910:Chronicle 6872:Festivals 6684:Dpon-chen 6654:Languages 6649:Education 6398:Changtang 6340:Mountains 6307:Geography 6215:Documents 6060:conflicts 5912:(618–907) 5831:Overviews 5629:Sri Lanka 5293:Indonesia 5264:Khalistan 5228:Javakheti 5218:Abkhazian 5181:Taiwanese 5156:Hong Kong 5146:Cantonese 4883:Occitania 4868:Manchukuo 4858:Lezgistan 4853:Kurdistan 4798:Hazarajat 4783:Circassia 4545:Movements 4496:Pakistani 4471:Mongolian 4411:Congolese 4324:Norwegian 4314:Icelandic 4279:Valencian 4274:Navarrese 4259:Castilian 4239:Aragonese 4203:Sardinian 3986:Ukrainian 3956:Slovenian 3936:Hungarian 3851:in Cyprus 3831:Aromanian 3819:in Kosovo 3724:Mongolian 3640:Sinhalese 3610:Dravidian 3567:Taiwanese 3515:Cantonese 3492:in Cyprus 3462:Jordanian 3385:Argentine 3357:Caribbean 3348:Québécois 3296:Afrikaner 2548:13 August 2380:2 October 2345:. Fairfax 2171:(1): 24. 1770:, p. 283. 1746:, p. 123. 1734:, p. 251. 1722:, p. 412. 1684:Wang 2011 1357:Sadda Haq 1275:Radiohead 1084:However, 1074:Amsterdam 999:epic poem 976:education 631:communist 515:Ma Bufang 391:Bannermen 191:East Asia 141:, India. 98:) is the 6968:Category 6852:Calendar 6786:Diaspora 6659:Religion 6463:Politics 6364:Tanggula 6354:Changtse 6058:Wars and 5933:Tsongkha 5895:Timeline 5838:Timeline 5815:articles 5694:Assyrian 5671:Thailand 5652:Assyrian 5599:Siberian 5589:Ossetian 5574:Karelian 5497:Kashmiri 5480:Pakistan 5461:Rohingya 5403:Malaysia 5352:Assyrian 5321:Assyrian 5269:Manipuri 5259:Kashmiri 5249:Assamese 5233:Ossetian 5223:Adjarian 4843:Katarism 4768:Chameria 4721:Projects 4526:Turanian 4521:Tunisian 4491:Oceanian 4481:Nigerian 4431:Hispanic 4426:Germanic 4416:European 4349:Hawaiian 4299:Estonian 4269:Galician 4254:Canarian 4244:Asturian 4213:Venetian 4208:Sicilian 4198:Padanian 4172:Corsican 4133:Scottish 4027:Ossetian 3946:Silesian 3929:Völkisch 3904:Bavarian 3899:Austrian 3878:Romanian 3863:Moldovan 3841:Croatian 3809:Albanian 3777:Georgian 3767:Armenian 3746:Siberian 3673:Filipino 3588:Assamese 3557:Okinawan 3542:Japanese 3472:Lebanese 3450:Diaspora 3432:Assyrian 3400:Peruvian 3309:Americas 3259:Tigrayan 3206:Egyptian 3086:Archived 3074:Archived 3018:(2002). 2759:(2004). 2721:Archived 2456:19 April 2431:8 August 2405:17 March 2349:12 March 2278:25 April 2216:25 April 2190:25 April 2185:18471490 2122:, p. 600 2105:French, 1956:Archived 1809:, p. 175 1796:, p. 830 1783:, p. 162 1768:Yeh 2013 1758:, p. 60. 1756:Yeh 2009 1708:Dai 2009 1698:, p. 81. 1696:Dai 2009 1686:, p. 30. 1635:TheQuint 1441:See also 1352:Rockstar 1309:Gorillaz 1260:Live Aid 1242:Milarepa 1003:Renminbi 889:occupied 829:de facto 524:General 465:fled to 225:in 1892. 125:and the 6952:Outline 6916:writers 6857:Cuisine 6822:thangka 6803:Culture 6776:Changpa 6691:Nyingma 6638:Society 6603:Economy 6438:Ü-Tsang 6412:Valleys 6370:Rivers 6345:Kailash 5905:Lönchen 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