641:, a Tibetan poet, author, and activist, emphasizes the struggle of statelessness in an interview for the Daily Star newspaper, expressing the daily challenges faced by Tibetans in exile as “living in limbo”. Despite the profound passion that Tibetans born in exile harbor for Tibet, Tsundue describes the harsh reality is that they have never set eyes on their homeland. The desire to belong and have ties to the country they passionately fight for is a recurring theme among Tibetans born in exile. Tsundue's poem, "Refugee," vividly captures this struggle, where he writes, "On your forehead / between your eyebrows / there is an R embossed / my teacher said. / I scratched and scrubbed / on my forehead I found / a brash of red pain. / I am born a refugee". This overall sentiment conveyed in the quote illustrates the internal conflict of being a refugee, grappling with the desire for a consolidated identity amidst the challenges of statelessness and the relentless pursuit of freedom for Tibet.
635:, many Tibetans remain non-citizens, limiting their political, social, and economic rights. While the Indian government is eager to grant citizenship to Tibetans born in India, a significant number choose to maintain their "statelessness." Obtaining Indian citizenship requires surrendering a Tibetan’s right to live in the settlement and the benefits offered by the Tibetan administration, symbolized by the Registration Certificate. Despite being a document issued by Indian authorities, the Registration Certificate holds symbolic importance within the Tibetan community, serving as a unifying and belonging symbol and actively discouraging the pursuit of Indian citizenship.
693:
385:
707:
374:
273:
628:
Tibetan identity, prompting the
Tibetan administration to prioritize cultural preservation over assimilation. The Tibetan diaspora has also undergone many waves of immigration and as more Tibetans are born outside of Tibet, the diaspora has experienced generational divides in political approaches to the freedom movement, with the first generation favoring the Dalai Lama's vision of autonomy and the second generation supporting total independence and more radical forms of political activism.
71:
1437:, July 17, 2009 : "the persistence threat of voluntary marginalization of Tibetan identity and cultures due to the migration is a serious cause of concerns. In exile, most of our settlements are guarded by old aged people, with young ones settling in distant abroad. Some of our established schools in the settlements are near to close with the lack of pupils, graduates are scattering around Indian metros with the lack of employment opportunities in our community."
163:
981:, Edition Tunghai University, 1971, p 183 : "Since January 1960 it has been estimated that more than 42,000 refugees have left Tibet. Of these, some 15,000 are at present in Nepal, 3,000 in Sikkim, 40,000 in Bhutan, and more than 20,000 in India. This mass exodus of refugees, by itself, provides perhaps eloquent evidence that people in Tibet obviously found it difficult to live a normal life in their own country."
119:. The second stage occurred in the 1980s, when China partially opened Tibet to foreigners. The third stage began in 1996 and continues today although with less frequency. There is considerable social tension between first and second wave refugees, referred to as 'Shichak Tibetans' and third wave refugees referred to as 'Sanjor Tibetans'. The label 'Sanjor' is deemed a pejorative by the newcomer Tibetans.
681:. When the CTA refused to provide evidence of their innocence, relations between Bhutan and Dharamshala soured, and in 1979, the Government of Bhutan announced that any Tibetan in the country that did not take Bhutanese citizenship would be repatriated back to China. Despite the CTA's opposition, 2300 Tibetans applied for the Bhutanese citizenship; most of the remainder re-settled in India.
1815:
155:- a kind of Tibetan identity certificate - to Tibetan refugees. Based on a CTA survey from 2009, 127,935 Tibetans were registered in the diaspora: in India 94,203; in Nepal 13,514; in Bhutan 1,298; and in rest of the world 18,920. However, their number is estimated at up to 150,000, as mentioned by both Edward J. Mills et al. in 2005 and by the
512:
as of 2009 the
Administration was running 71 schools in the areas of concentration of Tibetan population, with about 10,000 students on the roll from pre-primary to class XII, and with 554 teaching staff. According to the information on the website of the CTA, as of 2009.01.13. there were 28 CTSA schools whose enrollment was 9,991 students.
342:
inter-marriages are rare. Strong sense of tribalism exists between various emigre groups which has resulted in physical aggressions between monasteries in south India and first-wave immigrants in the region. Lobsang Sangay, former president of CTA has promised to create unity and mutual understanding between
1177:
627:
The primary goal of the
Tibetan government-in-exile was to safeguard Tibetan culture, religion, and language, provide education for the children, and maintain Tibetan identity in exile while advocating for freedom in Tibet. This raised questions about how assimilating into Indian society would affect
362:
The number of
Tibetan diaspora in India declined to 85,000 in 2019 from 150,000 in 2011, while immigration from China reduced from 3000 (2011) to 100 (2018) per year. Many Tibetan diaspora chose to emigrate to the United States, Canada, Germany, and Switzerland or return to China. Tibetan immigration
550:
of young people from
Tibetan settlements in India is a serious cause of concern as it threatens Tibetan identity and culture in exile with marginalization. According to Tenzin Lekshay, most exile settlements are guarded by old aged people, some established schools in the settlements are on the verge
511:
with a seat in New Delhi is an autonomous organization established in 1961 with the objective to establish, manage and assist schools in India for the education of
Tibetan children living in India while preserving and promoting their culture and heritage. According to information on its own website,
602:
had an initial plan of dispersing the refugees among Indian citizens but at the behest of the Dalai Lama, agreed to settle the refugees in settlements. In 1960, the 14th Dalai Lama established the seat of the government in
Dharamsala, persuading the Indian government to allocate uncultivated
341:
Prejudicial attitude against third-wave
Tibetan immigrants from 1959 immigrants exists in Tibetan diaspora world. Newcomers (post-1990s arrivals) are referred to as 'Sanjor' by the settled Tibetans, and face social discrimination in Tibetan settlements. The social relationship is tense, and
623:
Despite admiration for the 14th Dalai Lama, the Indian government refrained from formally recognizing
Tibetan leadership due to diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China. Prime Minister Nehru, while advocating for Tibet's independence, maintained a delicate balance given his
249:, a second wave of Tibetan exodus took place due to increasing political repression. From 1986 to 1996, 25,000 Tibetans joined and increased by 18% their exiled community in India. This movement of refugees during this second wave is sometimes referred to as a "second exodus".
126:
from Tibet is permanent; some parents in Tibet sent their children to the communities in the diaspora to receive a traditional
Tibetan Buddhist education. The 2009 census registered about 128,000 Tibetans in exile, with the most numerous part of the community living in
594:, Tibet's political and religious leader. The Dalai Lama's departure prompted a massive migration of Tibetan citizens seeking asylum in India, resulting in the formation of the largest settlement of Tibetan refugees in India and the establishment of a nation in exile.
319:
every year. Most new immigrants are children who are sent to Tibetan cultural schools. Many political activists, including monks, have also crossed over through Nepal to India. Significant cultural gaps exist between recent Tibetan emigrants
665:(GOI) and the CTA to deal with the Tibetans stuck in the country. The government of Bhutan agreed to take in 4000 settlers, although ordinary Bhutanese became increasingly resentful of the Tibetan immigrants because of their refusal to
310:
A large number of Tibetan refugees made their way into India in the 1990s after a long hiatus since 1979, and these new migrants earned the epithet ' Sanjor' or newcomer due to their fresh arrival status. A 2008 documentary directed by
607:
in South India, demanded two years of labor and sacrifice to prepare the land for habitation. The Tibetan government was granted self-governance allowing over 30 settlements to be established across the Indian subcontinent,
624:
understanding, sympathy, and admiration for China. He rejected the suggestion of establishing an independent Tibet to prevent tension between India and China, considering Tibet's strategic and security importance to China.
363:
destinations became increasingly diverse due to various factors, such as facing discrimination in India due to their refugee status, lack of job opportunities, or having difficulties accessing Indian social services.
1406:
761:
597:
Initially marked by disorganization and harsh conditions due to the Tibetans' unfamiliarity with India's climate, the refugee camps underwent a transformative phase under the guidance of the Dalai Lama.
225:. Continued flights, estimated in the numbers of 1,000 to 2,500 a year, increased these numbers to 100,000. The movement of refugees during this time is sometimes referred to as an "exodus", as in a
1023:
1106:
993:
1201:
814:
432:
in 10 countries. These act as de facto embassies of the CTA offices of culture and information and effectively provide a kind of consular help to Tibetans. They are based in
226:
913:"Contemporary india art | india art gallery | online indian art gallery delhi | contemporary art india | online gallery art india | Gallery espace"
1458:
1705:
865:
1403:
1426:
853:, BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2005; 5: 7. "It is estimated that more than 150,000 Tibetan refugees reside in the neighboring countries of Bhutan, Nepal, and India"
1278:
488:
1008:
750:
326:, or "newcomer") and Indian-born Tibetans. The more established Tibetans in diaspora reject Tibetans from Tibet who recently defected Tibet, and who watch
2213:
790:
473:
1787:
1225:
883:
1253:
1696:
1020:
1102:
990:
2432:
551:
of closing for lack of pupils, and graduates are scattering to Indian cities because of the lack of employment opportunities in the community.
338:, are also well settled in the Tibetan community. The Dalai Lama encourages to learn multiple languages and can speak many languages himself.
1744:
654:
508:
2417:
253:
730:
822:
2374:
2427:
1260:"the Tibet Religious Foundation of His Holiness the Dalai Lama — the de facto embassy of the Tibetan government-in-exile in Taiwan —"
912:
2422:
1671:
1488:
965:
1734:
846:
218:
1404:
http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=23836&article=Dalai+Lama+inaugurates+first+Tibetan+college+in+India&t=1&c=1
276:
1448:
1128:
862:
578:
In 1950, the People's Republic of China initiated the invasion of Tibet, leading to the occupation of the region by the Chinese
1308:
413:
303:
260:
reception center, whereas 46,620 returned to Tibet after a pilgrimage in India. Most of those staying are children to attend
148:
1688:
516:
261:
1780:
1338:
484:
477:
316:
152:
1423:
1053:
766:
425:
257:
554:
According to Nawang Thogmed, a CTA official, the most oft-cited problems for newly migrating Tibetans in India are the
1270:
587:
579:
940:
476:
deal with the cultural and social life of the diaspora, the preservation of cultural heritage, and the promotion of
2407:
1383:
979:
A study of the treaties and agreements relating to Tibet: a documentary history of international relations of Tibet
740:
312:
2480:
2397:
2039:
1079:
523:(India) which was named "The Dalai Lama Institute for Higher Education". The goals of this college are to teach
384:
2342:
1773:
1760:
786:
891:
288:
181:, October 1966. Note the head straps for carrying heavy loads. Most Tibetan refugees pass through Nepal to
2337:
1957:
1229:
678:
536:
272:
1513:"Boundary-Making and Political Activism in Protracted Exile: Second Generation Tibetan Refugees in India"
725:
98:
2352:
2305:
2017:
1250:
745:
735:
666:
373:
210:
194:
603:
land for Tibetan refugees, a significant step in forming a government-in-exile. The first settlement,
70:
2455:
2277:
2218:
2191:
2136:
2085:
2075:
2027:
1906:
1886:
818:
583:
653:
after 1959, as the country was used mainly as a transit route to India. However, in 1961, following
2357:
2151:
1931:
1921:
662:
706:
166:
2238:
2111:
2080:
1926:
1916:
1876:
1835:
1362:
1030:
406:
354:, but Mcdonald notes no substantive conflict resolution effect had been made so far as of 2013.
1614:
863:
His Holiness the Dalai Lama Meets Himalayan Community and Foreigners who visited pre-1959 Tibet
2450:
2402:
2298:
2208:
2186:
2141:
2121:
2101:
2022:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1871:
1861:
1740:
1667:
1593:
1562:
1484:
1453:
961:
957:
916:
670:
559:
1657:
2364:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2243:
2223:
2176:
2126:
2106:
2002:
1992:
1987:
1977:
1856:
1663:
1554:
755:
720:
599:
567:
563:
555:
532:
524:
335:
291:
112:
57:
44:
1009:
The Situation of Tibet and its People: Maura Moynihan, Consultant to Refugees International
590:, it resulted in the tragic loss of thousands of Tibetan lives and the forced exile of the
570:
uncomfortable. Some exiles also fear that their Tibetan culture is being diluted in India.
162:
2369:
2330:
2293:
2232:
2201:
2196:
2131:
2046:
2012:
1997:
1952:
1911:
1901:
1866:
1830:
1430:
1410:
1366:
1257:
1027:
997:
944:
869:
850:
591:
547:
528:
417:
398:
327:
299:
214:
186:
156:
104:
843:
582:. This set the stage for the largest Tibetan rebellion on May 10, 1959, now observed as
221:. From 1959 to 1960, about 80,000 Tibetans followed the Dalai Lama to India through the
103:
Tibetan emigration has three separate stages. The first stage was in 1959 following the
2325:
2272:
2181:
2116:
2034:
1840:
1801:
1300:
638:
377:
331:
170:
94:
1765:
844:
Prevalence of mental disorders and torture among Tibetan refugees: A systematic review
2474:
2412:
2379:
2347:
2171:
2146:
2007:
1982:
887:
437:
256:, from 1980 to November 2009, 87,096 Tibetans arrived in India and registered at the
1797:
698:
492:
429:
139:. However, in 2005 and 2009 there were estimates of up to 150,000 living in exile.
62:
620:, as self-reliant entities providing infrastructure and employment opportunities.
287:
taken in September 2004. It was established on 2 October 1959, the same year the
17:
1103:"Time for CTA to distribute vacant houses to new-arrival refugees .:. Tibet Sun"
712:
421:
108:
1330:
673:. In 1974, 28 Tibetans, including the representative of the 14th Dalai Lama in
1043:
968:
p 335 : "He was followed by unprecedented exodus of Tibetans into exile."
688:
280:
123:
1597:
1566:
617:
604:
520:
433:
222:
75:
1761:
UN General Assembly Resolution 1723 (XVI) of 1961 on the question of Tibet
937:
465:
453:
230:
90:
1814:
1736:
Immigrant ambassadors: citizenship and belonging in the Tibetan diaspora
1581:
1379:
1147:
1076:
Immigrant Ambassadors: Citizenship and Belonging in the Tibetan Diaspora
1542:
1048:
872:, 6 May 2009, "He said that the Tibetan refugees numbered just 150,000"
674:
402:
295:
246:
1512:
1449:"Tibetan exiles in Dharamshala, India, settle in with disillusionment"
991:
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1723 (XVI) 20 December 1961
193:
The larger of the other communities are in the United States, Canada (
2228:
1251:
http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2011/10/20/2003516223
658:
650:
609:
469:
461:
449:
441:
198:
174:
136:
1558:
1226:"International Relations Division - Central Tibetan Administration"
1011:, Senate Foreign Relations Committee Hearing on Tibet, May 13, 1997
586:
by present-day Tibetans. Although the rebellion was crushed by the
397:
In 1776, the first Tibetan Buddhist Temple in the plains of India,
233:
in neighboring countries was "evidence" of rights abuses in Tibet.
632:
613:
496:
457:
445:
284:
271:
242:
182:
178:
161:
132:
128:
116:
79:
69:
677:, were arrested and accused of a conspiracy to assassinate King
1769:
1413:
Dalai Lama inaugurates first Tibetan college in India by Phayul
349:
343:
321:
762:
Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China
1202:"Bhot Bagan: The Howrah monastery with a tumultuous history"
661:, prompting Bhutan to arrange an emergency meeting with the
1359:
519:
established the first Tibetan higher college in exile in
1739:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 98.
1301:"Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy (TCHRD)"
1092:
McDonald, P. (2013) Dharamsala Days, Dharamsala Nights
815:"127935 Tibetans living outside Tibet: Tibetan survey"
809:
807:
412:
The main organisation of the Tibetan diaspora is the
1241:"These offices act as de facto embassies of the CTA"
1129:"After 60 years in India, why are Tibetans leaving?"
197:), the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Norway, France,
2443:
2390:
2286:
2265:
2256:
2164:
2094:
2068:
2061:
1945:
1894:
1885:
1849:
1823:
1808:
1424:
Kalon Tripa's election: Crucial time of our history
1277:. The Center for Media and Democracy Source Watch.
229:in 1961 that asserted that the presence of Tibetan
50:
38:
1659:The Tibetan Government-in-Exile: Politics at Large
1543:"Survival of a Culture: Tibetan Refugees in India"
1337:. Columbia University, Human Rights Web Archive.
1021:85,000 Tibetans reach India since 1980: US cable
960:, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 2004,
1642:(6th ed.). Dharamsala, India: TibetWrites.
1331:"Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy"
1271:"Tibetan Center for Human Rights and Democracy"
499:and among Tibetan minorities throughout China.
27:Communities of Tibetans living outside of Tibet
1781:
1369:Central Tibetan School Administration website
489:Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy
8:
751:Monument to the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet
487:to be established in exile in India was the
315:claimed that 3,000–4,500 Tibetans arrive at
33:
1615:"The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 4 Num 196"
1582:"The Tibet Factor in India-China Relations"
241:After the opening of Tibet in the 1980s to
2262:
2065:
1891:
1820:
1788:
1774:
1766:
1148:"Why Are Tibetans Migrating Out of India?"
485:non-governmental human rights organization
227:United Nations General Assembly resolution
32:
1651:
1649:
388:New Aruna-Nagar Tibetan settlement, Delhi
928:A Spot in the Mountains by Arjun Sawhney
657:, India sealed its northern border with
655:growing tensions between China and India
558:, their inability to adapt to consuming
383:
372:
778:
938:http://www.tibet.net/en/index.php?id=9
1609:
1607:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1380:"TCEWF - Central School for Tibetans"
1341:from the original on 27 December 2017
1311:from the original on 13 February 2020
1281:from the original on 15 December 2018
884:"Tibetans find a Canadian Shangri-La"
509:Central Tibetan School Administration
7:
491:. TCHRD investigates and reports on
947:Central Tibetan Administration data
543:Migration from settlements in India
1479:Li, Jianglin; Wilf, Susan (2016).
25:
787:"Sanjor vs Shichak .:. Tibet Sun"
405:by Puran Giri by the help of the
173:refugees in Gandaki Valley, near
1813:
1586:Journal of International Affairs
1127:Purohit, Kunal (21 March 2019).
705:
691:
531:, as well as science, the arts,
277:Tibetan Refugee Self Help Centre
1711:from the original on 2011-10-07
1461:from the original on 2010-10-09
1435:Engaging Snow Lion and a Dragon
1386:from the original on 2009-01-08
1182:West Bengal Heritage Commission
1109:from the original on 2018-11-07
1056:from the original on 2016-03-10
977:HĂŞng-chih Tu & Hengzhi Du,
793:from the original on 2020-08-09
731:History of Tibet (1950–present)
574:Struggles with Tibetan identity
478:political Tibetan independence
414:Central Tibetan Administration
350:
344:
149:Central Tibetan Administration
1:
1733:Hess, Julia Meredith (2009).
1074:Hess, Julia Meredith (2009).
882:McDowell, Adam (2010-10-18).
1483:. Harvard University Press.
1447:Magnier, Mark (2010-09-22).
821:. 2010-04-12. Archived from
767:List of military occupations
428:in India. The CTA maintains
380:woman in Indian Refugee Camp
358:2010s: diversifed emigration
517:Tibetan Children's Villages
322:
304:Tibetan government-in-exile
262:Tibetan Children's Villages
217:and some of his government
2497:
1656:Roemer, Stephanie (2008).
1517:Journal of Refugee Studies
1481:Tibet in agony: Lhasa 1959
741:Tibetan sovereignty debate
254:leaked US diplomatic cable
74:Tashi Lhunpo Monastery in
2214:Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriacs
1080:Stanford University Press
55:
43:
1638:Tsundue, Tenzin (2010).
1619:archive.thedailystar.net
842:Edward J. Mills et al.,
649:Few Tibetans settled in
588:People's Liberation Army
580:People's Liberation Army
268:Third wave: Sanjorwa era
1689:"Tibetans in Karnataka"
1640:Kora: stories and poems
1541:Michael, Franz (1985).
1511:Bloch, Natalia (2023).
1360:http://www.ctsa.nic.in/
958:History of Modern China
1206:www.telegraphindia.com
1146:Dolma, Tenzin (2019).
1082:. pp. 65–66, 136.
679:Jigme Singye Wangchuck
537:information technology
424:suburb of the city of
389:
381:
307:
190:
82:
1687:Pulman, Lynn (1983).
1580:Sikri, Rajiv (2011).
1335:hrwa.cul.columbia.edu
746:Sinicization of Tibet
736:1959 Tibetan uprising
474:Tibetan diaspora NGOs
387:
376:
275:
211:1959 Tibetan uprising
165:
73:
996:24 July 2011 at the
819:Press Trust of India
631:Despite residing in
584:Tibetan Uprising Day
468:, South Africa; and
279:'s Hill Top Shop in
2375:Hispanic and Latino
663:Government of India
300:The 14th Dalai Lama
187:The 14th Dalai Lama
143:Origins and numbers
35:
1666:. pp. 74–76.
1429:2010-10-17 at the
1409:2009-10-11 at the
1365:2018-04-04 at the
1256:2011-10-22 at the
1031:The Times of India
1026:2010-12-20 at the
943:2010-10-21 at the
868:2010-11-30 at the
849:2021-12-20 at the
483:The first Tibetan
407:third Panchen Lama
390:
382:
308:
191:
167:Rene de Milleville
83:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2252:
2251:
2160:
2159:
2057:
2056:
2040:Sri Lankan Tamils
1746:978-0-8047-6017-1
1454:Los Angeles Times
1178:"Bhot Bagan Moth"
1152:The Tibet Journal
726:Tibet (1912–1951)
671:Bhutanese culture
151:(CTA) provides a
68:
67:
18:Tibetans in India
16:(Redirected from
2488:
2481:Tibetan diaspora
2433:Southeast Asians
2263:
2066:
1892:
1821:
1817:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1767:
1750:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1710:
1704:(1–2): 119–171.
1693:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1664:Psychology Press
1653:
1644:
1643:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
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1611:
1602:
1601:
1577:
1571:
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1538:
1525:
1524:
1508:
1495:
1494:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1444:
1438:
1422:Tenzin Lekshay,
1420:
1414:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1376:
1370:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1307:. Tibet Online.
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1267:
1261:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1228:. Archived from
1222:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1040:
1034:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
988:
982:
975:
969:
956:R.S. Chaurasia,
954:
948:
935:
929:
927:
925:
924:
915:. Archived from
909:
903:
902:
900:
899:
890:. Archived from
879:
873:
860:
854:
840:
834:
833:
831:
830:
811:
802:
801:
799:
798:
783:
756:Sino-Tibetan War
721:History of Tibet
715:
710:
709:
701:
696:
695:
694:
600:Jawaharlal Nehru
568:Tibetan clothing
556:language barrier
525:Tibetan language
353:
352:
347:
346:
334:, and can speak
325:
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252:According to a
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919:on 2008-05-09
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893:
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888:National Post
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515:In 2009, The
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467:
463:
459:
456:, Australia;
455:
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439:
435:
431:
430:Tibet Offices
427:
423:
420:based in the
419:
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393:Organizations
392:
386:
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371:
366:
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357:
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339:
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332:Chinese music
329:
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323:gsar 'byor pa
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19:
2428:South Asians
2278:South Africa
2086:Singaporeans
1936:
1907:Bangladeshis
1735:
1713:. Retrieved
1701:
1695:
1682:
1658:
1639:
1633:
1622:. Retrieved
1618:
1592:(2): 55–71.
1589:
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1575:
1550:
1547:Asian Survey
1546:
1520:
1516:
1480:
1474:
1463:. Retrieved
1452:
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1418:
1399:
1388:. Retrieved
1374:
1355:
1343:. Retrieved
1334:
1325:
1313:. Retrieved
1304:
1295:
1283:. Retrieved
1274:
1265:
1246:
1234:. Retrieved
1230:the original
1220:
1209:. Retrieved
1205:
1196:
1185:. Retrieved
1181:
1172:
1160:. Retrieved
1155:
1151:
1141:
1132:
1122:
1111:. Retrieved
1097:
1088:
1075:
1069:
1058:. Retrieved
1047:
1038:
1016:
1004:
986:
978:
973:
952:
933:
921:. Retrieved
917:the original
907:
896:. Retrieved
892:the original
877:
858:
838:
827:. Retrieved
823:the original
795:. Retrieved
781:
699:China portal
648:
637:
630:
626:
622:
596:
577:
564:warm climate
553:
546:
514:
506:
493:human rights
482:
411:
396:
370:
361:
340:
309:
251:
240:
208:
195:e.g. Toronto
192:
146:
121:
102:
86:
84:
63:Christianity
30:Ethnic group
2456:New Zealand
2423:East Asians
2219:Azerbaijani
2192:Palestinian
2137:Minangkabau
2076:Indonesians
2028:In the Gulf
1932:Sri Lankans
1345:13 December
1315:13 December
1285:13 December
1044:"- YouTube"
758:(1930–1932)
713:Asia portal
422:McLeod Ganj
317:Dharamshala
237:Second wave
209:During the
109:Dharamshala
2152:Vietnamese
2081:Malaysians
1927:Pakistanis
1917:Maldivians
1836:Mongolians
1715:2010-12-27
1624:2023-11-25
1465:2010-09-25
1390:2009-06-28
1236:2012-07-22
1211:2024-03-04
1187:2024-03-04
1162:1 February
1158:(1): 27–52
1113:2018-11-06
1060:2016-11-28
923:2013-05-13
898:2010-10-18
829:2010-12-17
797:2020-05-08
773:References
667:assimilate
616:, such as
562:, and the
533:counseling
495:issues in
464:, Russia;
460:, France;
426:Dharamsala
281:Darjeeling
258:Dharamsala
205:First wave
153:Green Book
124:emigration
61:Minority:
2451:Australia
2338:Caribbean
2311:Argentina
2259:residence
2142:Moluccans
2112:Filipinos
2095:Ethnicity
2062:Southeast
2023:Malayalis
1963:Gujaratis
1946:Ethnicity
1877:Taiwanese
1872:Ryukyuans
1809:By origin
1796:Overseas
1598:0022-197X
1567:0004-4687
1305:tibet.org
1133:Aljazeera
645:In Bhutan
618:Bylakuppe
605:Bylakuppe
548:Migration
521:Bangalore
503:Education
448:, Japan;
436:, India;
434:New Delhi
223:Himalayas
159:in 2009.
76:Bylakuppe
39:Languages
2475:Category
2365:Suriname
2321:Colombia
2299:Israelis
2287:Americas
2209:Armenian
2187:Lebanese
2127:Laotians
2122:Javanese
2102:Acehnese
2003:Saraikis
1993:Punjabis
1988:Pashtuns
1973:Kashmiri
1937:Tibetans
1862:Japanese
1706:Archived
1459:Archived
1427:Archived
1407:Archived
1384:Archived
1363:Archived
1339:Archived
1309:Archived
1279:Archived
1254:Archived
1107:Archived
1054:Archived
1024:Archived
994:Archived
941:Archived
866:Archived
847:Archived
791:Archived
685:See also
560:new food
466:Pretoria
454:Canberra
438:New York
367:In India
351:shichaks
336:Mandarin
264:school.
231:refugees
189:resides.
185:, where
122:Not all
91:diaspora
89:are the
51:Religion
2444:Oceania
2403:Germany
2358:Marabou
2343:Chinese
2273:Nigeria
2244:Turkish
2229:Israeli
2224:Iranian
2177:Emirati
2107:Burmese
2069:Country
2047:Telugus
2013:Sindhis
1978:Mirpuri
1922:Nepalis
1912:Indians
1902:Afghans
1895:Country
1867:Koreans
1857:Chinese
1824:Central
1811:in Asia
1697:Kailash
1049:YouTube
675:Thimphu
440:, USA;
416:of the
403:Ghusuri
378:Tibetan
345:sanjors
330:, sing
247:tourism
175:Jomosom
171:Tibetan
45:Tibetan
2408:Sweden
2398:France
2391:Europe
2348:Dougla
2326:Mexico
2316:Brazil
2294:Canada
2266:Africa
2202:Yemeni
2197:Syrian
2132:Malays
2035:Tamils
1953:Baloch
1841:Uzbeks
1831:Kazakh
1798:Asians
1743:
1670:
1596:
1565:
1487:
964:
659:Bhutan
651:Bhutan
612:, and
610:Bhutan
470:Taipei
462:Moscow
452:, UK;
450:London
442:Geneva
296:refuge
213:, the
199:Taiwan
137:Bhutan
99:Tibet.
2239:Kurds
2182:Iraqi
2172:Arabs
2147:Thais
2117:Hmong
2008:Sikhs
1983:Mizos
1887:South
1709:(PDF)
1692:(PDF)
669:into
633:India
614:Nepal
497:Tibet
458:Paris
446:Tokyo
294:gave
292:Nehru
285:India
243:trade
183:India
179:Nepal
169:with
133:Nepal
129:India
117:India
80:India
2380:Jews
2331:Peru
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