654:
7727:
7739:
1954:, whose speakers are not ethnically Tibetan). Some, like Tournadre, break up Central Tibetan. Phrases such as 'Central Tibetan' and 'Central Bodish' may or may not be synonymous: Southern (Central) Tibetan can be found as Southern Bodish, for example; 'Central Tibetan' may mean dBus or all tonal lects apart from Khams; 'Western Bodish' may be used for the non-tonal western lects while 'Western Tibetan' is used for the tonal lects, or 'Bodish' may even be used for other branches of the
4954:
7751:
22:
325:
653:
4631:
524:
The "Tibetic languages" in this sense are a substitute for the term "Tibetan languages/dialects" used in the previous literature; the distinction between "language" and "dialect" is not straightforward, and labeling varieties of
Tibetic as "Tibetan dialects" could be misleading not only because those
2424:
in
Pakistan's "Northern Areas" region have begun supplementing signs written in the Perso-Arabic script with signs written in the Tibetan script. Baltis see this initiative not as separatist but rather as part of an attempt to preserve the cultural aspects of their region which has shared a close
4662:
593:
family). However, there are many grammatical differences between the
Rgyalrongic and Tibetic languages; Rgyalrongic tend to use prefixes such as *kə-, *tə-, etc., while Tibetic languages use suffixes such as -pa/-ba, -ma, -po/-bo, -mo, etc.
7003:
2440:
phonology is rather accurately rendered by the script. The finals were pronounced devoiced although they are written as voiced, the prefix letters assimilated their voicing to the root letters. The graphic combinations
608:
Only a few language clusters in the world are derived from a common language which is identical to or closely related to an old literary language. This small group includes the
Tibetic languages, as descendants from
2623:
tenues with a low intonation, which also marks words having a simple initial consonant; while the former aspirates and the complex initials simplified in speech are uttered with a high tone, shrill and rapidly.
5366:
5357:
4724:
6968:
6963:
7618:
344:(7th to 9th centuries, or to the 11th/12th centuries). According to Nicolas Tournadre, there are 50 Tibetic languages, which branch into more than 200 dialects, which could be grouped into eight
6993:
2689:
orthography. Examples include gcig ~ gchig (གཅིག་ ~ གཆིག་) 'one'; phyin-chad ~ phyin-cad (ཕྱིན་ཆད་ ~ ཕྱིན་ཅད་) 'from now on'; ci ~ chi (ཅི་ ~ ཆི་) 'what'; and cu ~ chu (ཅུ་ ~ ཆུ་) 'water'.
512:. Following Nishi (1987) and Beyer (1992), he identified several lexical innovations that can be used as a diagnosis to distinguish Tibetic from the other languages of the family, such as
6778:
2368:
with a historically conservative orthography (see below) that helps unify the
Tibetan-language area. Some other Tibetan languages (in India and Nepal) are written in the related
2825:
Some Pre-Tibetic reconstructions, along with reconstructed Proto-Tibetic forms and orthographic
Classical Literary Tibetan, from Tournadre (2014: 114-116) are listed below.
2494:
The combination of the abovementioned evidence enables us to form the following outline of the evolution of
Tibetan. In the 9th century, as shown by the bilingual Tibetan–
4003:; Lai, Yunfan; Ryder, Robin; Thouzeau, Valentin; Greenhill, Simon J.; List, Johann-Mattis (2019), "Dated language phylogenies shed light on the history of Sino-Tibetan",
7318:
2313:, Tibet more than a century ago although they still have contact with relatives living there, and there are few differences between the dialects of the four villages .
7771:
7224:
4751:
6935:
899:
1165:, consisting of 50 languages and over 200 dialects. This is an updated version of his work in 2008. The Eastern and Southeastern branches have lower internal
7323:
2457:
respectively. The letter ' was pronounced as a voiced guttural fricative before vowels but as homorganic prenasalization before consonants. Whether the gigu
2146:) are dominant in many parts of the country, Dzongkha is also widely used there as a second-language. Other Tibetic varieties of Bhutan include Choča-ngača,
2779:
from Pre-Tibetic to Proto-Tibetic include *ty- > *tɕ-, *sy- > *ɕ-, *tsy- > *tɕ-, and *ly- > *ʑ-. However, Tournadre (2014: 114) notes that many
2532:
disappeared, except in the east and west. It was at this stage that the language spread in Lahul and Spiti, where the superscribed letters were silent, the
7351:
6915:
6343:
4719:
L'évolution des langues et les facteurs écolinguistiques : le cas des langues d'éleveurs et des langues d'agriculteurs sur le Haut
Plateau tibétain
2305:, Sandam, Madin, the second of which he provides no romanization because the placename is uncharted on the map available to him. According to Suzuki's
7199:
6783:
5608:
4678:
Languages of the
Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language
6900:
1966:
Amdo
Tibetan has 70% lexical similarity with Central Tibetan and Khams Tibetan, while Khams Tibetan has 80% lexical similarity with Central Tibetan.
6641:
6584:
7581:
6692:
6538:
4718:
6461:
4620:
4386:
4128:
4078:
2281:
He estimates there are about 300 Khams Tibetan speakers inhabiting at least four villages in Dazundam Village Tract, Pannandin Sub-township,
7263:
2641:
ancestral to the Tibetic languages, has been reconstructed by Tournadre (2014). Proto-Tibetic is similar to, but not identical to, written
6773:
4293:
2278:. Suzuki (2012) describes the phonology of the Sangdam dialect, as well as giving a brief overview of Tibetic varieties in the country.
4744:
1382:
4322:
6878:
6833:
2267:
31:
6905:
3940:
3921:
64:
6818:
4953:
2564:. The words introduced from Tibet into the border languages at that time differ greatly from those borrowed at an earlier period.
7776:
6858:
4589:
4136:
2416:
cultural influence throughout Pakistan, has fostered renewed interest in reviving the Tibetan script and using it alongside the
7695:
7576:
7410:
6551:
6467:
5478:
2476:
7806:
7253:
7219:
7028:
6631:
6336:
4737:
4685:
2239:
2035:
4408:
4119:
Tournadre, Nicolas (2014). "The Tibetic languages and their classification". In Owen-Smith, Thomas; Hill, Nathan W. (eds.).
7268:
7069:
5601:
2772:
2685:
Distinctive aspirated initial stops. This phenomenon is attested by alternating aspirated and non-aspirated consonants in
2656:
7717:
6925:
6080:
5483:
5139:
4706:
4363:
7796:
7669:
7273:
7115:
6754:
5536:
5979:
5184:
4822:
1612:
1579:
481:
427:
who have lived in close proximity to Tibetans for centuries, but nevertheless retain their own languages and cultures.
288:
278:
7811:
7801:
7791:
7781:
7076:
6868:
6828:
6574:
5529:
5106:
2483:
had begun in the central dialects, as can be shown by Tibetan words transliterated into other languages, particularly
407:
and prayer materials, while western students also learn the language for the translation of Tibetan texts. Outside of
6017:
1605:
283:
4701:
7356:
7285:
7278:
7236:
7018:
6803:
6531:
5654:
4712:
2111:
1834:
7361:
7295:
2506:, the complex initial clusters had already been reduced, and the process of tonogenesis was likely well underway.
1777:
1220:
1081:
7148:
7139:
7023:
7013:
6813:
6636:
6589:
6329:
5886:
5625:
5429:
4876:
4797:
2203:
1793:
570:
6704:
6674:
6646:
6425:
4926:
35:
7786:
7485:
6998:
5952:
5840:
5804:
5617:
5594:
5510:
5113:
1955:
1810:
1509:
1353:
1241:
674:
485:
257:
205:
5174:
7652:
7313:
7211:
7064:
7059:
6579:
5881:
5504:
5290:
2306:
2275:
2051:
1456:
864:
702:
586:
554:
455:
112:
5257:
6983:
6942:
5550:
5543:
5323:
4760:
2620:
2043:
1671:
1166:
926:
602:
526:
501:
195:
42:
6893:
6853:
6761:
7646:
7502:
7497:
7474:
7241:
6920:
6808:
6741:
6684:
6524:
6453:
6150:
5493:
5443:
4999:
3121:
2796:
2143:
2055:
2011:
1951:
1432:
686:
670:
582:
4611:
Denwood, Philip (2007). "The Language History of Tibetan". In Bielmeier, Roland; Haller, Felix (eds.).
2328:, which is mainly used for interethnic communication; those with primary education can speak and write
1444:
7246:
6978:
6883:
6656:
5305:
5151:
5097:
2047:
1448:
1261:
919:
638:
443:
1698:
1245:
1173:
dialects. These continua are spread across five countries with one exception, this being Sangdam, a
7457:
7290:
6988:
6930:
6699:
5997:
5762:
5723:
5488:
5078:
4905:
4836:
4303:. Halle: International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies. pp. 282–283. Archived from
4301:
Chomolangma, Demawend und Kasbek: Festschrift für Roland Bielmeier zu Seinem 65. Geburtstag, Vol. 1
2653:. *s(ǝ)- is primarily used with animals and body parts, as well as *d(ǝ)-/*g(ǝ)- and *m(ǝ)-/*r(ǝ)-.
2650:
2514:
2211:
1921:
1826:
1559:
574:
7738:
7633:
7598:
7415:
7385:
7231:
7100:
7043:
6843:
6838:
6823:
6495:
6232:
6113:
5992:
5912:
5896:
5329:
4938:
4804:
4255:
Proceedings of the 51st International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (2018)
4090:
2664:
2645:. The following phonological features are characteristic of Proto-Tibetic (Tournadre 2014: 113).
2580:
2480:
2115:
1892:
1659:
1593:
1547:
1349:
1319:
1257:
1203:
1032:
598:
465:
6188:
2792:
1857:
1950:
Some classifications group Khams and Amdo together as Eastern Tibetan (not to be confused with
7608:
7395:
6973:
6958:
6863:
6848:
6375:
6267:
6178:
6140:
5845:
5649:
5437:
5397:
5375:
5340:
5334:
5299:
5237:
5231:
5211:
5005:
4976:
4884:
4830:
4810:
4681:
4654:
4646:
4616:
4382:
4376:
4304:
4124:
4074:
4064:
4032:
4000:
3936:
3917:
2840:
2816:
2675:
2642:
2336:
2296:
2139:
2138:, a Tibetic language originally spoken in the western region. Although non-Tibetic languages (
2135:
2127:
1865:
1675:
1651:
1495:
1397:
1307:
1169:, but it is more limited in the Northwestern branch and between certain southern and northern
1162:
1158:
782:
724:
666:
630:
614:
505:
461:
451:
385:
345:
242:
148:
7755:
7688:
7588:
7539:
7522:
7405:
7339:
7179:
7008:
6910:
6888:
6559:
6500:
6431:
6257:
6198:
6088:
6035:
5987:
5942:
5891:
5809:
5780:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5675:
5458:
5418:
5388:
5362:
5312:
5270:
5179:
5156:
5049:
5036:
5029:
4986:
4911:
4774:
4673:
4022:
4012:
3984:
2780:
2679:
2660:
2495:
2417:
2381:
2361:
2329:
2282:
2231:
2199:
2195:
2171:
1999:
1913:
1861:
1842:
1818:
1743:
1663:
1647:
1585:
1563:
1516:
1479:
1428:
1361:
1311:
1199:
1044:
1038:
847:
709:
662:
626:
622:
550:
400:
389:
377:
211:
156:
144:
4278:
Katia Chirkova, 2008, "On the position of Báimǎ within Tibetan", in Lubotsky et al. (eds),
1228:
7603:
7593:
7490:
7129:
7124:
7110:
6873:
6736:
6724:
6618:
6605:
6482:
6436:
6380:
6290:
6277:
6262:
6252:
6247:
6093:
6065:
5947:
5922:
5835:
5741:
5712:
5680:
5450:
5404:
5263:
5145:
5084:
4918:
4865:
4856:
4842:
4340:
4070:
The Tibetic Languages: an introduction to the family of languages derived from Old Tibetan
2788:
2488:
2377:
2351:
2325:
2321:
2147:
2099:
1917:
1896:
1710:
1655:
1643:
1623:
1567:
1475:
1365:
1323:
1275:
1058:
991:
939:
469:
447:
353:
293:
190:
4175:
Trans-Himalayan linguistics, historical and descriptive linguistics of the Himalayan area
4121:
Trans-Himalayan Linguistics: Historical and Descriptive Linguistics of the Himalayan Area
1401:
786:
601:
also has a West Himalayish superstratum, but its substratum is derived from a different
7704:
7659:
7639:
7565:
7507:
6623:
6505:
6457:
6406:
6306:
6285:
6218:
6193:
6183:
6173:
6163:
6158:
6108:
6103:
6070:
6045:
6040:
6007:
6002:
5962:
5957:
5937:
5932:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5717:
5707:
5659:
5520:
5498:
5412:
5381:
5317:
5277:
5251:
5225:
5202:
5125:
5071:
5043:
5012:
4890:
4816:
4027:
3996:
2800:
2784:
2638:
2484:
2409:
2385:
2365:
2347:
2286:
2167:
2151:
2107:
2103:
2039:
1933:
1925:
1900:
1884:
1762:
1747:
1714:
1706:
1694:
1667:
1639:
1627:
1597:
1571:
1555:
1551:
1440:
1436:
1386:
1357:
1315:
1299:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1265:
1211:
1207:
1122:
1117:
1053:
1048:
1028:
1019:
1000:
872:
842:
837:
832:
807:
682:
678:
642:
634:
530:
404:
403:, the Tibetan language has also spread into the western world and can be found in many
396:
297:
98:
315:
7765:
7613:
7081:
6411:
6385:
6168:
6098:
5861:
5814:
5244:
5166:
4932:
4897:
4849:
4593:
4045:
2649:
The prefixes *s(ǝ)-, *d(ǝ)-/g(ǝ)-, *m(ǝ)-, and *b(ǝ)-, which have been retained from
2567:
Other changes are more recent and restricted to Ü and Tsang. In Ü, the vowel sounds
2389:
2255:
2082:
2007:
1888:
1830:
1769:
1725:
According to Bradley, the languages cluster as follows (dialect information from the
1702:
1683:
1525:
1416:
1412:
1378:
1374:
1335:
1331:
1303:
1295:
1287:
1174:
1170:
1068:
1006:
801:
797:
746:
698:
534:
489:
473:
412:
267:
200:
529:, but also the speakers of Tibetic do not necessarily consider themselves as ethnic
7731:
7571:
7527:
7517:
7469:
7464:
7447:
7095:
6766:
6417:
6390:
5927:
5830:
5586:
5218:
5134:
5090:
5019:
3968:
2776:
2405:
2357:
2263:
2259:
1929:
1801:
1757:
1687:
1532:
1466:
1232:
1178:
880:
713:
694:
590:
578:
542:
477:
431:
262:
172:
46:
4416:
7743:
7552:
7547:
6369:
6030:
5564:
4779:
2857:
2686:
2437:
2317:
2310:
2235:
2219:
2207:
1797:
610:
509:
415:
is spoken by approximately 200,000 exiled Tibetans who have moved from Tibet to
381:
341:
237:
140:
7750:
4173:
Tournadre, Nicolas. 2014. "The Tibetic languages and their classification." In
4068:
4005:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
7664:
7452:
7258:
7174:
6749:
6613:
6025:
2369:
1822:
1224:
1089:
423:
and other countries. Tibetan is also spoken by groups of ethnic minorities in
369:
324:
4650:
4335:
N. Tournadre (2005) "L'aire linguistique tibétaine et ses divers dialectes."
661:
The more divergent languages are spoken in the north and east, likely due to
7420:
7134:
6714:
5579:
indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
5557:
5198:
4963:
4770:
4017:
2426:
2397:
2290:
2215:
2019:
735:
of Tibetic dialects. This classification is a revision of Tournadre (2014).
361:
357:
309:
4036:
395:
Tibetan languages are spoken by some 6 million people, not all of whom are
4051:[Khams Tibetan Sangdam Dialect: Phonetic and Dialectal Analysis],
2429:
and Punjabis since the arrival of Islam in the region many centuries ago.
7090:
6669:
6490:
5917:
4354:河西走廊濒危藏语东纳话研究 . Guangzhou: Zhongshan University Publishing House 中山大学出版社.
2413:
2393:
2163:
1983:
1909:
1543:
1345:
980:
690:
538:
272:
4729:
500:
Although the term "Tibetic" had been applied in various ways within the
7558:
7512:
7427:
6719:
5059:
2503:
2251:
2063:
2059:
1995:
1869:
1789:
1452:
1182:
708:
The two major Tibetic languages used for broadcasting within China are
546:
168:
120:
116:
3988:
7437:
7086:
6969:
29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)
6964:
13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)
6729:
4972:
4787:
2421:
2271:
2223:
2191:
2187:
2131:
2071:
2003:
1991:
1904:
1785:
1408:
1393:
1253:
1249:
964:
793:
778:
566:
365:
164:
136:
132:
128:
4250:
2771:*ty-, *ly-, *sy- were not palatalized in Pre-Tibetic, but underwent
2768:
Pre-Tibetic is a hypothetical pre-formation stage of Proto-Tibetic.
2468:
would have been pronounced (now pronounced in Lhasa Tibetan) and '
2449:
represent voiceless and not necessarily aspirate correspondences to
6321:
4323:
Gser-Rdo: A New Tibetic Language Across the Rngaba-Dkarmdzes Border
4294:"Arguments against the Concept of 'Conjunct'/'Disjunct' in Tibetan"
3951:
7623:
7442:
7432:
7305:
6994:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)
6547:
4968:
4783:
4725:
China's Tibet policy continued attempt at erasing Tibetan language
4658:
4381:. Ethnic Groups of the World. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 188.
4046:"Kamutibetto-go Sangdam hoogen no onsei bunseki to sono tokutyoo"
3953:
Language attitudes and identity in the Tibetan Dharamsala diaspora
2499:
2475:
Already in the 9th century the process of cluster simplification,
2401:
2373:
2227:
2183:
2095:
2067:
2031:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1838:
1751:
1679:
1589:
1327:
1127:
1063:
930:
753:
652:
618:
439:
424:
420:
416:
408:
373:
349:
160:
152:
124:
6516:
4091:"Origin of Sino-Tibetan language family revealed by new research"
2693:
Reconstructed Proto-Tibetic forms from Tournadre (2014) include:
1821:
in western Tibet, of the northern Nepalese border area in Nepal,
1682:, is also divergent and is not mutually intelligible with either
705:, but does not correspond to any established branch of Tibetic.
7169:
7164:
6664:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4486:
2015:
435:
6520:
6325:
5590:
4733:
4632:"Amdo Tibetan Language: An Introduction to Normative Oral Amdo"
4378:
Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia
7400:
2089:
1135:
516:
15:
4185:
4183:
565:
Marius Zemp (2018) hypothesizes that Tibetan originated as a
2619:, which merely lengthens the vowel. The medials have become
2472:
would have been pronounced (pronounced in Lhasa Tibetan).
388:
is the major literary language, particularly for its use in
4299:. In B. Huber; M. Volkart; P. Widmer; P. Schwieger (eds.).
2509:
The next change took place in Tsang (Gtsang) dialects: The
1282:; other languages/dialects along the Sino-Nepalese border:
2332:
as well, while they are illiterate in their own language.
2085:, or more technically, Standard Tibetan (natively called
454:
are not Tibetan, but rather form their own branch of the
958:
Eastern Tö cultivators’ dialects (Sharchok Rongpä Tö-kä)
4572:
4570:
4557:
4555:
961:
Western Tö cultivators’ dialects (Nubchok Rongpä Tö-kä)
340:
form a well-defined group of languages descending from
7019:
Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)
7004:
Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)
4413:
Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Nineteenth Edition
7715:
913:
Washül pastoralists’group (with migrations into Kham)
2775:
in Proto-Tibetic (Tournadre 2014: 113-114). Posited
2400:
hundreds of years ago upon the region's adoption of
2364:
and most other Tibetic languages are written in the
1498:(2005) classifies the Tibetic languages as follows.
7538:
7374:
7338:
7304:
7198:
7157:
7042:
6951:
6794:
6598:
6567:
6558:
6477:
6445:
6399:
6357:
6299:
6276:
6240:
6231:
6211:
6149:
6133:
6126:
6079:
6058:
6016:
5978:
5971:
5905:
5854:
5823:
5797:
5788:
5779:
5733:
5700:
5693:
5668:
5642:
5635:
5624:
5519:
5471:
5428:
5356:
5289:
5197:
5165:
5123:
5058:
4961:
4875:
4768:
2461:had phonetic meaning or not remains controversial.
910:
Mewa pastoralists’ group (with settlements in Kham)
308:
251:
230:
189:
179:
105:
94:
82:
4707:Languages on the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas
2396:. The Tibetan script fell out of use in Pakistani
2289:, Kachin State. The four villages he mentions are
1389:, Derong-Jol, Chaktreng, Muli-Dappa, Semkyi Nyida
4702:Comparative Dictionary of Tibetan Dialects (CDTD)
2615:. The same holds for Tsang with the exception of
2412:and traditions, especially in the face of strong
2356:Most Tibetic languages are written in one of two
2324:of the area, the Tibetans also have a command of
2042:" (藏族), which however includes speakers of other
1161:(2014) classifies the Tibetic languages as eight
4169:
4167:
4165:
3975:[A Classification of Tibetan Dialects].
2799:) have not undergone these changes (e.g., Bake (
2094:) is used among post-1950s Tibetan emigrants to
4546:
4498:
4465:
4453:
4441:
4429:
4266:
4237:
4225:
4189:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4145:
1974:The Tibetic-speaking area spans six countries:
3567:For the Central or Eastern Tibetic languages:
2811:'one' vs. Proto-Tibetic *g(ǝ)-tɕ(h)ik; Kurtöp
6936:Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China
6532:
6337:
5602:
4745:
2524:Later on the superscribed letters and finals
2034:, the great majority of Tibetic speakers are
1674:, but are not known well enough to classify.
727:& Suzuki (2023) recognize 8 geographical
8:
4713:Overview of Old Tibetan Synchronic phonology
3977:Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology
3124:in different Tibetan/Tibetic languages are:
3036:*s(ǝ)-lak(s) > *l-sak(s) > *l-tsyak(s)
988:Choča-ngača (also called Tsamang-Tsakhaling)
4352:Hexi Zoulang binwei Zangyu Dongnahua yanjiu
3971:(1987). "Gendei Tibet-go hoogen no bunrui"
1873:(Considered dialects of Khams by Tournadre)
450:are identified as 'Tibetan' in China), the
7378:
7344:
7204:
7052:
7048:
6564:
6539:
6525:
6517:
6344:
6330:
6322:
6237:
6130:
5975:
5794:
5785:
5697:
5639:
5632:
5609:
5595:
5587:
5425:
5286:
5120:
4872:
4752:
4738:
4730:
4114:
4112:
2827:
2807:'what' vs. Proto-Tibetic *tɕ(h)i and Bake
45:. Please do not remove this message until
4026:
4016:
65:Learn how and when to remove this message
3956:(Ph.D thesis). SOAS University of London
3569:
3126:
2682:position after /m/ (e.g., *ml > *md).
2380:and many other languages. However, some
1519:that includes various Nepalese varieties
955:Tö pastoralists’ dialects (Drogpä Tö-kä)
589:(both languages are part of the broader
348:. These Tibetic languages are spoken in
7772:Languages attested from the 7th century
7722:
4613:Linguistics of the Himalayas and beyond
4522:
4510:
4477:
4108:
3109:men-tog མེན་ཏོག (Old Tibetan); ་me-tog
2186:, some Tibetic varieties are spoken in
1792:, of the Northwest Indian Border Area (
476:Tibetan have developed tone registers.
77:Subfamily of the Sino-Tibetan languages
6693:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
4576:
4561:
4534:
79:
6774:People's Republic of China (PRC) rule
4615:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 47–70.
4213:
4201:
2888:bcu / bchu བཅུ་ / བཆུ་ (Old Tibetan)
250:
7:
6901:1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet
4053:Journal of Asian and African Studies
2595:when followed by the coronal sounds
2498:treaty of 821–822 found in front of
2420:. Many shops in Baltistan's capital
2392:; this occurs almost exclusively in
2372:script, which is also used to write
994:(Mera Sakteng pastoralists’ dialect)
685:, which retains an apparent Qiangic
508:defined it as a phylum derived from
41:Relevant discussion may be found on
2822:'iron' vs. Proto-Tibetic *ltɕaks).
2404:. However, increased concern among
1903:in Nepal, and various languages of
756:(traditionally called Hor dialects)
6879:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
6834:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
2268:Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture
2098:. Other Tibetic varieties such as
613:(7th–9th centuries), but also the
329:Division of Tibetic Cultural Areas
101:and other Tibetic-speaking peoples
14:
6916:Protests and uprisings since 1950
6906:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet
6018:Lahuli–Spiti (Western Innovative)
2902:ci / chi ཅི་ / ཆི་ (Old Tibetan)
1717:as an Eastern branch of Tibetic.
7749:
7737:
7725:
7024:70,000 Character Petition (1962)
7014:Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)
5618:Bodic (Tibeto-Kanauri) languages
4952:
4123:. De Gruyter. pp. 103–129.
3096:dmyig དམྱིག་ (Old Tibetan); mig
2637:Proto-Tibetic, the hypothetical
1781:(Lahuli–Spiti) (slightly tonal)
896:Rwanak (Banak) pastoralist group
323:
302:(various unclassified languages)
20:
6999:Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)
6468:Modern Standard Tibetan grammar
5980:Ladakhi–Balti (Western Archaic)
4590:"Bodish Numerals (Eugene Chan)"
2234:across the country, notably in
1864:in north-central Tibet, and of
1678:, a Tibetan language spoken in
1037:Lo-Mönthang (often called Lokä/
1003:or Säphuk pastoralists’ dialect
399:. With the worldwide spread of
7254:Patron and priest relationship
7220:Central Tibetan Administration
7029:Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy
4048:カムチベット語 Sangdam 方言の音声分析とその方言特徴
3914:The Classical Tibetan Language
2540:finals were hardly heard, and
2408:for the preservation of their
2240:Central Tibetan Administration
2182:Within areas administrated by
2162:Within areas administrated by
673:. The divergence exhibited in
488:can generally be described as
1:
7619:Historical and cultural sites
6984:Convention of Calcutta (1890)
4280:Evidence and Counter-Evidence
4097:(Press release). May 6, 2019.
3935:. John Benjamins Publishing.
2425:history with neighbours like
720:Tournadre & Suzuki (2023)
689:, and has multiple layers of
468:, but many varieties such as
456:Tibeto-Burman language family
6959:Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)
4630:Dpal ldan bkra shis (2016).
4177:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
3950:Izzard, Jeff Robert (2015).
1998:. Tibetan is also spoken in
1729:at the University of Bern):
1392:'Northern route' dialects: '
1385:, Pembar, Rongdrak, Minyak,
1106:Jadang (or Dzathang) dialect
925:Dungnak and rTarmnyik (near
657:Ethnolinguistic map of Tibet
6979:Treaty of Thapathali (1856)
6869:British expedition to Tibet
6859:Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)
6829:Battle of the Salween River
4639:Asian Highland Perspectives
4547:Tournadre & Suzuki 2023
4499:Tournadre & Suzuki 2023
4466:Tournadre & Suzuki 2023
4454:Tournadre & Suzuki 2023
4442:Tournadre & Suzuki 2023
4430:Tournadre & Suzuki 2023
4350:Shao, Mingyuan 邵明园 (2018).
4339:, 2005, n°25, p. 7–56
4292:Tournadre, Nicolas (2008).
4267:Tournadre & Suzuki 2023
4238:Tournadre & Suzuki 2023
4226:Tournadre & Suzuki 2023
4190:Tournadre & Suzuki 2023
4067:; Suzuki, Hiroyuki (2023).
2856:gcig / gchig གཅིག་ / གཆིག (
2230:, there reside a number of
2090:
1455:, including Chos-rje), and
1407:'Southern route' dialects:
517:
392:scriptures and literature.
47:conditions to do so are met
7828:
7352:Postage and postal history
6804:Tibetan attack on Songzhou
4257:. Kyoto: Kyoto University.
3912:Beyer, Stephan V. (1992).
2841:Classical Literary Tibetan
2643:Classical Literary Tibetan
2345:
2334:
1778:Western Innovative Tibetan
484:are without tone. Tibetan
7682:
7381:
7347:
7207:
7055:
7051:
6814:Mongol invasions of Tibet
5805:Central Tibetan (Ü-Tsang)
5574:
4950:
4709:— Nicolas Tournadre
4320:Sun, Jackson T.-S. 2021.
4251:On the origins of Tibetan
4044:Suzuki, Hiroyuki (2012),
3583:
3580:
3577:
3572:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3129:
2300:
2238:where the headquarter of
2058:for the "nationality" in
1970:Geographical distribution
1794:Lahaul and Spiti district
997:Dur pastoralists’ dialect
922:-spheric Amdo (divergent)
322:
191:Linguistic classification
87:
7212:Tibet Autonomous Region
6974:Treaty of Chushul (1842)
6926:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest
6426:Joyig, Monyig and Lhoyig
4047:
3972:
3931:Denwood, Philip (1999).
2513:-tags were altered into
2388:speakers write with the
1956:Tibeto-Kanauri languages
1727:Tibetan Dialects Project
887:Tsho Ngönpo (or Kokonor)
681:. In addition, there is
442:as ethnic Tibetans (see
7777:Agglutinative languages
7319:TAR People's Government
7279:Serfs' Emancipation Day
6819:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war
4018:10.1073/pnas.1817972116
2728:*s(ǝ)-dik-pa 'scorpion'
2521:-tags became palatals.
2276:Tibet Autonomous Region
2052:Tibet Autonomous Region
1742:(non-tonal), including
1740:Western Archaic Tibetan
731:, each with about 7-14
527:mutually-unintelligible
113:Tibet Autonomous Region
6989:Treaty of Lhasa (1904)
6943:Special Frontier Force
4415:. 2016. Archived from
4375:Minahan, J.B. (2014).
3116:Comparison of numerals
2874:che ཆེ་ (Old Tibetan)
2674:Consonant change from
2056:autonomous prefectures
1841:, etc.). The basis of
1693:Tournadre (2013) adds
1491:Tournadre (2005, 2008)
1366:Mera Sakteng Brokpa-ke
1167:mutual intelligibility
1163:geolinguistic continua
658:
533:, as is the case with
43:Talk:Tibetic languages
7807:Languages of Pakistan
7362:Qinghai–Tibet railway
7357:Qinghai-Tibet Highway
7324:TAR People's Congress
7296:India–Tibet relations
7269:Independence movement
6921:1959 Tibetan uprising
6809:Battle of Dafei River
6657:Era of Fragmentation
5479:Central Tibeto-Burman
2309:, they migrated from
2266:which is adjacent to
2036:officially classified
2012:Little Tibet, Toronto
1672:mutually intelligible
1638:The other languages (
1100:Durbuk Jangpa dialect
884:section (14 groups):
829:section (11 groups):
750:section (14 groups):
671:Rgyalrongic languages
656:
625:(or "dialects") with
525:"dialects" are often
430:Although some of the
405:Buddhist publications
185:6 million (2014)
7670:Traditional medicine
6884:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
6705:Relations with Ming
6675:Relations with Song
6647:Relations with Tang
6585:European exploration
6127:Tshangla-East Bodish
5918:Dzongkha (Bhutanese)
4249:Zemp, Marius. 2018.
3069:mnand (Old Tibetan)
3028:lji ལྗི་, 'ji ་འཇི་
2517:consonants, and the
2433:Historical phonology
2054:, there are several
2000:diaspora communities
1114:section (7 groups):
1103:Nyoma Jangpa dialect
1078:section (8 groups):
1016:section (9 groups):
977:section (7 groups):
943:section (8 groups):
504:research tradition,
444:Gyalrongic languages
7797:Languages of Bhutan
7314:Regional Government
7291:CIA Tibetan program
7274:Serfdom controversy
7158:Traditional regions
7009:Simla Accord (1914)
6931:2008 Tibetan unrest
6755:List of Qing ambans
6700:Phagmodrupa dynasty
6026:Lahuli (Stod Bhoti)
5537:Proto-Tibeto-Burman
4011:(21): 10317–10322,
2737:*s(ǝ)-b-rul 'snake'
2719:*b(ǝ)-rgyat 'eight'
2665:alveolar consonants
2651:Proto-Tibeto-Burman
2418:Perso-Arabic script
2258:is spoken near the
2040:Tibetan nationality
1891:in southern Tsang,
1827:Shigatse Prefecture
1804:(westernmost Tibet)
677:may also be due to
34:of this article is
7812:Languages of India
7802:Languages of Nepal
7792:Languages of Tibet
7782:Languages of China
7628:(ceremonial scarf)
7599:Dzong architecture
7416:Imperial Preceptor
7286:Sovereignty debate
7232:Etymology of Tibet
6844:Lhasa riot of 1750
6839:Jinchuan campaigns
6824:Battle of Dartsedo
6742:Qing dynasty rule
6685:Yuan dynasty rule
6659:(9th–13th century)
5530:Proto-Sino-Tibetan
5472:Proposed groupings
4065:Tournadre, Nicolas
4001:Jacques, Guillaume
2949:to cut (past stem)
2746:*s(ǝ)-nyiŋ 'heart'
2740:*s(ǝ)-pra 'monkey'
2116:China-Nepal border
2046:languages such as
1962:Lexical similarity
1784:Dialects of Upper
1264:(in （Kongpo） with
659:
438:are classified by
376:, and in India at
7713:
7712:
7678:
7677:
7370:
7369:
7334:
7333:
7237:Foreign relations
7194:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7038:
7037:
6894:Qinghai–Tibet War
6864:Sikkim expedition
6854:Dogra–Tibetan War
6849:Sino-Nepalese War
6784:political leaders
6762:Post-Qing to 1950
6715:Rinpungpa dynasty
6626:(7th–9th century)
6514:
6513:
6479:Tibetic languages
6462:THL Transcription
6376:Classical Tibetan
6365:Tibetic languages
6319:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6227:
6226:
6207:
6206:
6122:
6121:
6054:
6053:
5775:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5689:
5688:
5655:Chitkuli Kinnauri
5584:
5583:
5467:
5466:
5352:
5351:
5193:
5192:
4948:
4947:
4674:van Driem, George
4622:978-3-11-019828-7
4525:, pp. 33–34.
4468:, pp. 81–83.
4388:978-1-61069-018-8
4130:978-3-11-031074-0
4080:978-2-490768-08-0
4073:. Paris: LACITO.
3903:
3902:
3575:
3565:
3564:
3146:
3145:CLASSICAL TIBETAN
3135:Ü-Tsang (Middle)
3132:
3113:
3112:
2972:mchil-ma མཆིལ་མ་
2734:*s(ǝ)-tak 'tiger'
2716:*b(ǝ)-dun 'seven'
2704:*g(ǝ)-su- 'three'
2466:Srongbtsan Sgampo
2337:Tibetans in Burma
2128:national language
1881:(slightly tonal)
1853:(slightly tonal)
1817:Most dialects of
1814:(slightly tonal)
916:Gorkä (divergent)
631:Sinitic languages
615:Romance languages
506:Nicolas Tournadre
462:Classical Tibetan
452:Qiangic languages
386:Classical Tibetan
338:Tibetic languages
334:
333:
243:Classical Tibetan
149:Arunachal Pradesh
75:
74:
67:
7819:
7754:
7753:
7742:
7741:
7730:
7729:
7728:
7721:
7698:
7691:
7629:
7406:Tibetan Buddhism
7379:
7345:
7215:
7205:
7053:
7049:
6911:Battle of Chamdo
6889:Sino-Tibetan War
6745:
6708:
6688:
6678:
6660:
6650:
6637:List of emperors
6627:
6609:
6590:Historical money
6565:
6541:
6534:
6527:
6518:
6414:(Drutsa, Bêtsug)
6407:Tibetan alphabet
6352:Tibetan language
6346:
6339:
6332:
6323:
6238:
6131:
5976:
5810:Standard Tibetan
5795:
5786:
5698:
5640:
5633:
5611:
5604:
5597:
5588:
5426:
5287:
5121:
4956:
4873:
4754:
4747:
4740:
4731:
4691:
4669:
4667:
4661:. Archived from
4636:
4626:
4598:
4597:
4592:. Archived from
4586:
4580:
4574:
4565:
4559:
4550:
4544:
4538:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4508:
4502:
4496:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4463:
4457:
4451:
4445:
4439:
4433:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4372:
4366:
4361:
4355:
4348:
4342:
4333:
4327:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4298:
4289:
4283:
4276:
4270:
4264:
4258:
4247:
4241:
4235:
4229:
4223:
4217:
4211:
4205:
4199:
4193:
4187:
4178:
4171:
4140:
4134:
4116:
4098:
4084:
4060:
4040:
4030:
4020:
3992:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3946:
3927:
3573:
3570:
3144:
3130:
3127:
2986:mchin-pa མཆིན་པ
2983:*m(ǝ)-tɕ(h)in-pa
2969:*m(ǝ)-tɕ(h)il-ma
2828:
2781:Bodish languages
2752:*d(ǝ)-myik 'eye'
2743:*s(ǝ)-kra 'hair'
2731:*s(ǝ)-bal 'frog'
2701:*g(ǝ)-nyis 'two'
2698:*g(ǝ)-tɕik 'one'
2579:have now mostly
2552:were pronounced
2362:Standard Tibetan
2304:
2302:
2283:Nogmong Township
2232:Tibetan refugees
2196:Himachal Pradesh
2172:Gilgit-Baltistan
2093:
2088:
1879:Southern Tibetan
1862:Nagqu Prefecture
1851:Northern Tibetan
1843:Standard Tibetan
1819:Ngari Prefecture
1517:Standard Tibetan
1451:(or Pashi; four
1154:Tournadre (2014)
1138:(Central Ladakh)
1025:Karmarong (Mugu)
792:Southern route (
710:Standard Tibetan
663:language contact
627:Classical Arabic
623:Arabic languages
520:
515:
401:Tibetan Buddhism
390:Tibetan Buddhist
378:Himachal Pradesh
362:Gilgit-Baltistan
346:dialect continua
327:
318:
157:Gilgit-Baltistan
145:Himachal Pradesh
80:
70:
63:
59:
56:
50:
24:
23:
16:
7827:
7826:
7822:
7821:
7820:
7818:
7817:
7816:
7787:Bodic languages
7762:
7761:
7760:
7748:
7736:
7726:
7724:
7716:
7714:
7709:
7701:
7694:
7687:
7674:
7627:
7534:
7366:
7330:
7300:
7213:
7186:
7153:
7130:Tibetan Plateau
7125:Rongbuk Glacier
7111:Yarlung Tsangpo
7034:
6947:
6874:Batang uprising
6796:
6790:
6743:
6737:Khoshut Khanate
6725:Ganden Phodrang
6720:Tsangpa dynasty
6706:
6686:
6676:
6658:
6648:
6625:
6619:Yarlung dynasty
6607:
6594:
6554:
6545:
6515:
6510:
6483:Tibetan plateau
6473:
6452:Transcription:
6441:
6395:
6353:
6350:
6320:
6311:
6295:
6272:
6223:
6203:
6145:
6118:
6075:
6050:
6012:
5967:
5953:Chochangachakha
5901:
5850:
5819:
5798:Central Tibetan
5767:
5729:
5685:
5664:
5627:
5626:West Himalayish
5620:
5615:
5585:
5580:
5570:
5521:Proto-languages
5515:
5463:
5430:Greater Siangic
5424:
5361:
5348:
5285:
5189:
5161:
5119:
5063:
5054:
4966:
4957:
4944:
4877:Greater Magaric
4871:
4798:West Himalayish
4778:
4764:
4758:
4698:
4688:
4672:
4665:
4634:
4629:
4623:
4610:
4607:
4605:Further reading
4602:
4601:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4575:
4568:
4560:
4553:
4545:
4541:
4533:
4529:
4521:
4517:
4509:
4505:
4497:
4484:
4476:
4472:
4464:
4460:
4452:
4448:
4440:
4436:
4428:
4424:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4362:
4358:
4349:
4345:
4334:
4330:
4319:
4315:
4307:
4296:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4277:
4273:
4265:
4261:
4248:
4244:
4236:
4232:
4224:
4220:
4212:
4208:
4200:
4196:
4188:
4181:
4172:
4143:
4131:
4118:
4117:
4110:
4105:
4089:
4081:
4063:
4049:
4043:
3997:Sagart, Laurent
3995:
3974:
3967:
3959:
3957:
3949:
3943:
3930:
3924:
3911:
3908:
3585:
3578:Dzongkha-Lakha
3558:
3519:
3480:
3441:
3402:
3363:
3324:
3285:
3246:
3207:
3155:
3118:
2766:
2761:
2755:*m(ǝ)-go 'head'
2749:*s(ǝ)-na 'nose'
2725:*b(ǝ)-tɕu 'ten'
2722:*d(ǝ)-gu 'nine'
2713:*d(ǝ)-ruk 'six'
2710:*l(ǝ)-ŋa 'five'
2707:*b(ǝ)-ʑi 'four'
2635:
2630:
2435:
2354:
2352:Tibetan braille
2346:Main articles:
2344:
2342:Writing systems
2339:
2322:ethnic majority
2294:
2254:, a variant of
2248:
2204:Lahul and Spiti
2180:
2160:
2124:
2086:
2080:
2044:Trans-Himalayan
2028:
1972:
1964:
1943:
1908:
1872:
1811:Central Tibetan
1723:
1636:
1510:Central Tibetan
1493:
1488:
1400:(sde-dge), and
1156:
1151:
893:Labrang-Rebgong
781:） (Chab-mdo), （
777:Northern route（
722:
651:
639:Indic languages
571:West Himalayish
563:
513:
498:
448:Gyalrong people
354:Tibetan Plateau
330:
314:
258:Central Tibetan
247:
233:
182:
181:Native speakers
107:
89:
78:
71:
60:
54:
51:
40:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
7825:
7823:
7815:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7764:
7763:
7759:
7758:
7746:
7734:
7711:
7710:
7708:
7707:
7700:
7699:
7692:
7684:
7683:
7680:
7679:
7676:
7675:
7673:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7656:
7655:
7650:
7643:
7631:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7585:
7584:
7579:
7577:wall paintings
7574:
7569:
7562:
7555:
7544:
7542:
7536:
7535:
7533:
7532:
7531:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7508:Tibetan people
7505:
7503:Social classes
7500:
7495:
7494:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7482:
7481:
7480:
7479:
7478:
7477:
7467:
7462:
7461:
7460:
7450:
7440:
7435:
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7425:
7424:
7423:
7418:
7403:
7393:
7388:
7382:
7376:
7372:
7371:
7368:
7367:
7365:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7348:
7342:
7336:
7335:
7332:
7331:
7329:
7328:
7327:
7326:
7316:
7310:
7308:
7302:
7301:
7299:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7282:
7281:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7250:
7249:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7228:
7227:
7217:
7208:
7202:
7196:
7195:
7192:
7191:
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7187:
7185:
7184:
7183:
7182:
7172:
7167:
7161:
7159:
7155:
7154:
7152:
7151:
7146:
7145:
7144:
7143:
7142:
7140:Nature Reserve
7127:
7122:
7121:
7120:
7119:
7118:
7105:
7104:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7084:
7074:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7056:
7046:
7040:
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7032:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6955:
6953:
6949:
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6946:
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6933:
6928:
6923:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6897:
6896:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6800:
6798:
6792:
6791:
6789:
6788:
6787:
6786:
6781:
6779:PRC annexation
6771:
6770:
6769:
6759:
6758:
6757:
6752:
6739:
6734:
6733:
6732:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6711:
6710:
6697:
6696:
6695:
6682:
6681:
6680:
6672:
6667:
6654:
6653:
6652:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6602:
6600:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6580:List of rulers
6577:
6571:
6569:
6562:
6556:
6555:
6546:
6544:
6543:
6536:
6529:
6521:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6487:
6485:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6471:
6464:
6458:Tibetan pinyin
6449:
6447:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6422:
6421:
6420:
6415:
6403:
6401:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6372:
6367:
6361:
6359:
6355:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6348:
6341:
6334:
6326:
6317:
6316:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6309:
6303:
6301:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6293:
6288:
6282:
6280:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6244:
6242:
6235:
6229:
6228:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6221:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6155:
6153:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6137:
6135:
6128:
6124:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6085:
6083:
6081:Kyirong–Kagate
6077:
6076:
6074:
6073:
6068:
6062:
6060:
6056:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6048:
6043:
6041:Bhoti Kinnauri
6038:
6033:
6028:
6022:
6020:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5984:
5982:
5973:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5909:
5907:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5858:
5856:
5855:Kham (Eastern)
5852:
5851:
5849:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5801:
5799:
5792:
5783:
5777:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5737:
5735:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5704:
5702:
5695:
5691:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5678:
5672:
5670:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5646:
5644:
5637:
5630:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5606:
5599:
5591:
5582:
5581:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5561:
5554:
5547:
5540:
5533:
5525:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5511:Tibeto-Kanauri
5508:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5484:Kuki-Chin–Naga
5481:
5475:
5473:
5469:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5447:
5434:
5432:
5423:
5422:
5415:
5410:
5409:
5408:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5385:
5372:
5370:
5354:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5337:
5332:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5295:
5293:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5274:
5267:
5255:
5248:
5241:
5234:
5229:
5222:
5215:
5207:
5205:
5203:Southeast Asia
5195:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5171:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5142:
5140:Angami–Pochuri
5137:
5131:
5129:
5118:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5094:
5082:
5075:
5067:
5065:
5064:Burmese border
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5040:
5033:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5016:
5009:
5002:
4997:
4982:
4980:
4959:
4958:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4929:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4915:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4894:
4881:
4879:
4870:
4869:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4834:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4808:
4801:
4793:
4791:
4766:
4765:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4721:at CNRS-LACITO
4716:
4715:by Nathan Hill
4710:
4704:
4697:
4696:External links
4694:
4693:
4692:
4686:
4670:
4668:on 2016-06-28.
4627:
4621:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4596:on 2012-03-05.
4581:
4566:
4551:
4539:
4527:
4515:
4503:
4482:
4470:
4458:
4446:
4434:
4422:
4419:on 2016-09-09.
4400:
4387:
4367:
4364:Bradley (1997)
4356:
4343:
4328:
4313:
4310:on 2011-07-20.
4284:
4271:
4269:, p. 660.
4259:
4242:
4230:
4228:, p. 654.
4218:
4206:
4204:, p. 849.
4194:
4179:
4141:
4129:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4086:
4085:
4079:
4061:
4041:
3993:
3983:(4): 837–900.
3969:Nishi, Yoshiro
3965:
3947:
3941:
3928:
3922:
3916:. SUNY Press.
3907:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3897:
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3618:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3581:Balti-Ladakhi
3579:
3576:
3563:
3562:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
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3375:
3372:
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3345:
3342:
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3333:
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3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
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3282:
3279:
3276:
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3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
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3250:
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3240:
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3234:
3231:
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3216:
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3204:
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3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
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3157:
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3142:
3139:
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3117:
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3110:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3098:
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3089:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3070:
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3064:
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3056:
3053:
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3048:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3030:
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3026:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2966:*m(ǝ)-tsyil-ma
2964:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2931:
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2869:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2773:palatalization
2765:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2758:*r(ǝ)-na 'ear'
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2672:
2657:Palatalization
2654:
2639:proto-language
2634:
2631:
2629:
2628:Reconstruction
2626:
2485:Middle Chinese
2464:For instance,
2434:
2431:
2366:Tibetan script
2348:Tibetan script
2343:
2340:
2287:Putao District
2247:
2244:
2218:), as well as
2179:
2176:
2159:
2156:
2123:
2120:
2110:are spoken in
2079:
2076:
2027:
2024:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1934:Lunana dialect
1885:Groma language
1876:
1875:
1874:
1866:Nangqên County
1848:
1847:
1846:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1774:
1766:
1754:
1731:
1722:
1721:Bradley (1997)
1719:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1616:
1613:Kyirong–Kagate
1609:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1539:Dzongkha–Lhokä
1536:
1529:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1500:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1469:
1459:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1415:('ba'-thang),
1411:(smar-khams),
1405:
1368:
1339:
1269:
1235:
1214:
1187:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
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1092:
1087:
1084:
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1071:
1066:
1061:
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1051:
1042:
1035:
1026:
1023:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1004:
998:
995:
989:
986:
983:
972:
971:
970:
967:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
936:
935:
934:
927:Western Yughur
923:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
897:
894:
891:
888:
877:
876:
875:
870:
867:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
845:
840:
835:
824:
823:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
805:
790:
789:） (dkar-mdzes)
785:） (sde-dge), （
775:
774:Minyak Rabgang
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
759:Drachen/Bachen
757:
737:
721:
718:
679:language shift
650:
649:Classification
647:
643:Vedic Sanskrit
635:Middle Chinese
562:
559:
497:
494:
466:tonal language
397:Tibetan people
352:, the greater
332:
331:
328:
320:
319:
312:
306:
305:
304:
303:
300:
291:
289:Kyirong–Kagate
286:
281:
276:
270:
265:
260:
253:
249:
248:
246:
245:
236:
234:
231:
228:
227:
226:
225:
224:
223:
222:
221:
220:
219:
206:Tibeto-Kanauri
193:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
109:
103:
102:
99:Tibetan people
96:
92:
91:
90:Central Bodish
85:
84:
76:
73:
72:
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7824:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7769:
7767:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7733:
7723:
7719:
7706:
7703:
7702:
7697:
7693:
7690:
7686:
7685:
7681:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7648:
7644:
7642:
7641:
7637:
7636:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7626:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7567:
7563:
7561:
7560:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7550:
7549:
7546:
7545:
7543:
7541:
7537:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7510:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7476:
7473:
7472:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7459:
7456:
7455:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7445:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7413:
7412:
7409:
7408:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7398:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7383:
7380:
7377:
7373:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7349:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7337:
7325:
7322:
7321:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7311:
7309:
7307:
7303:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7280:
7277:
7276:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7248:
7245:
7244:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7226:
7223:
7222:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7210:
7209:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7197:
7181:
7178:
7177:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7162:
7160:
7156:
7150:
7147:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7117:
7114:
7113:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7106:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7057:
7054:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7041:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6956:
6954:
6950:
6944:
6941:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6918:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6895:
6892:
6891:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6793:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6776:
6775:
6772:
6768:
6765:
6764:
6763:
6760:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6746:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6731:
6728:
6727:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6709:
6703:
6702:
6701:
6698:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6689:
6683:
6679:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6662:
6661:
6655:
6651:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6629:
6628:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6597:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6542:
6537:
6535:
6530:
6528:
6523:
6522:
6519:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6469:
6465:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6444:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6416:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6398:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6356:
6347:
6342:
6340:
6335:
6333:
6328:
6327:
6324:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6298:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6279:
6275:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6230:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6210:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6148:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6132:
6129:
6125:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6082:
6078:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6057:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6015:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5977:
5974:
5970:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5904:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5862:Khams Tibetan
5860:
5859:
5857:
5853:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5822:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5778:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5732:
5726:
5725:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5699:
5696:
5692:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5641:
5638:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5623:
5619:
5612:
5607:
5605:
5600:
5598:
5593:
5592:
5589:
5578:
5573:
5567:
5566:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5551:Proto-Karenic
5548:
5546:
5545:
5544:Proto-Loloish
5541:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5505:Tibeto-Burman
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5470:
5460:
5457:
5453:
5452:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5407:
5406:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5364:
5359:
5355:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5291:Burmo-Qiangic
5288:
5280:
5279:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5249:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5186:
5185:Jingpho–Luish
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5061:
5057:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5022:
5021:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4858:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4823:Baram–Thangmi
4821:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4776:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4755:
4750:
4748:
4743:
4741:
4736:
4735:
4732:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4618:
4614:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4595:
4591:
4585:
4582:
4579:, p. 39.
4578:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4564:, p. 38.
4563:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4549:, p. 50.
4548:
4543:
4540:
4536:
4531:
4528:
4524:
4519:
4516:
4513:, p. 36.
4512:
4507:
4504:
4501:, p. 54.
4500:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4480:, p. 34.
4479:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4462:
4459:
4456:, p. 62.
4455:
4450:
4447:
4444:, p. 78.
4443:
4438:
4435:
4432:, p. 49.
4431:
4426:
4423:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4404:
4401:
4390:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4317:
4314:
4306:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4246:
4243:
4240:, p. 66.
4239:
4234:
4231:
4227:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4126:
4122:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4102:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3970:
3966:
3955:
3954:
3948:
3944:
3942:90-272-3803-0
3938:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3923:0-7914-1099-4
3919:
3915:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3571:
3568:
3561:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3115:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2980:*m(ǝ)-tsin-pa
2979:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2853:*g(ǝ)-tɕ(h)ik
2852:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2837:Proto-Tibetic
2836:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2777:sound changes
2774:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2633:Proto-Tibetic
2632:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2358:Indic scripts
2353:
2349:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2318:Rawang people
2314:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2293:, "Shidudan"
2292:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2256:Khams Tibetan
2253:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2170:is spoken in
2169:
2165:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2084:
2083:Lhasa Tibetan
2077:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2050:. Aside from
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2008:North America
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1944:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1889:Chumbi Valley
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1770:Khams Tibetan
1767:
1765:) (non-tonal)
1764:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1705:, and groups
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1580:Ladakhi–Balti
1577:
1573:
1570:and probably
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1515:The basis of
1514:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1490:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1462:North-Eastern
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:South-Eastern
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1272:South-Western
1270:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1196:North-Western
1194:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:North-western
1110:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1022:(or Limirong)
1021:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:South-western
1012:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
982:
979:
978:
976:
973:
968:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
944:
942:
941:
937:
933:) (divergent)
932:
928:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
885:
883:
882:
881:North-eastern
878:
874:
871:
868:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
828:
825:
820:
817:
814:
811:
809:
806:
803:
799:
795:
791:
788:
784:
780:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
751:
749:
748:
747:South-eastern
744:
743:
742:
739:
738:
736:
734:
730:
726:
719:
717:
715:
711:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
655:
648:
646:
644:
640:
637:, the modern
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
606:
604:
600:
595:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
560:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
522:
519:
511:
507:
503:
495:
493:
491:
490:agglutinative
487:
483:
482:Ladakhi-Balti
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:Qiang peoples
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
413:Lhasa Tibetan
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
356:, and in the
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
326:
321:
317:
313:
311:
307:
301:
299:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
279:Ladakhi–Balti
277:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
254:
244:
241:
240:
239:
235:
229:
218:
215:
214:
213:
210:
209:
207:
204:
203:
202:
201:Tibeto-Burman
199:
198:
197:
194:
192:
188:
184:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
155:); Pakistan (
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
104:
100:
97:
93:
86:
81:
69:
66:
58:
55:February 2024
48:
44:
38:
37:
33:
27:
18:
17:
7645:
7638:
7624:
7572:sand mandala
7564:
7557:
7498:Sinicization
7470:Panchen Lama
7465:Lhamo La-tso
7448:Ganden Tripa
7390:
7242:Human rights
7116:Grand Canyon
7096:Namcha Barwa
7089: /
6767:Tibetan Army
6665:Guge kingdom
6478:
6364:
6059:Sherpa-Jirel
5831:Amdo Tibetan
5789:
5740:
5722:
5576:
5563:
5556:
5549:
5542:
5535:
5528:
5503:
5449:
5442:
5417:
5403:
5396:
5387:
5380:
5339:
5324:Lolo-Burmese
5322:
5298:
5276:
5269:
5262:
5250:
5243:
5236:
5224:
5217:
5210:
5144:
5112:
5105:
5096:
5089:
5077:
5070:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5018:
5011:
5004:
4993:
4992:
4985:
4937:
4931:
4917:
4910:
4896:
4889:
4864:
4855:
4848:
4841:
4829:
4815:
4803:
4796:
4761:Sino-Tibetan
4677:
4663:the original
4642:
4638:
4612:
4594:the original
4584:
4542:
4530:
4523:Denwood 1999
4518:
4511:Denwood 1999
4506:
4478:Denwood 1999
4473:
4461:
4449:
4437:
4425:
4417:the original
4412:
4403:
4392:. Retrieved
4377:
4370:
4359:
4351:
4346:
4336:
4331:
4321:
4316:
4305:the original
4300:
4287:
4279:
4274:
4262:
4254:
4245:
4233:
4221:
4216:, p. 7.
4209:
4197:
4174:
4120:
4095:ScienceDaily
4094:
4069:
4056:
4052:
4008:
4004:
3980:
3976:
3973:現代チベット語方言の分類
3958:. Retrieved
3952:
3932:
3913:
3566:
3559:
3520:
3481:
3442:
3403:
3364:
3325:
3286:
3247:
3208:
3119:
3042:lcags ལྕགས་
2824:
2819:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2770:
2767:
2692:
2668:
2636:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2518:
2510:
2508:
2493:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2406:Balti people
2355:
2315:
2280:
2264:Kachin State
2260:Hkakabo Razi
2249:
2242:is located.
2181:
2161:
2125:
2081:
2048:Rgyalrongnic
2029:
1973:
1965:
1949:
1930:Laya dialect
1878:
1856:Dialects of
1850:
1825:dialects of
1809:
1802:Zanda County
1776:
1768:
1758:Amdo Tibetan
1756:
1739:
1734:
1726:
1724:
1692:
1637:
1619:Sherpa–Jirel
1618:
1611:
1606:Lahuli–Spiti
1604:
1578:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1508:
1503:
1494:
1471:
1461:
1424:
1404:(dkar-mdzes)
1396:(Chab-mdo),
1370:
1358:Dhromo Lakha
1341:
1271:
1237:
1216:
1195:
1190:
1157:
1111:
1075:
1013:
974:
938:
907:Hwari (Pari)
879:
852:Pälkyi/Pashi
826:
821:Semkyi Nyida
745:
740:
732:
728:
723:
714:Amdo Tibetan
707:
660:
607:
603:Sino-Tibetan
596:
591:Sino-Tibetan
579:superstratum
564:
523:
502:Sino-Tibetan
499:
460:
429:
394:
337:
335:
284:Lahuli–Spiti
252:Subdivisions
216:
196:Sino-Tibetan
173:Kachin State
108:distribution
61:
52:
30:
7582:wall murals
7486:Catholicism
7070:Environment
6744:(1720–1912)
6707:(1368–1644)
6687:(1270–1350)
6608:(Neolithic)
6606:Prehistory
6370:Old Tibetan
6151:East Bodish
6031:Spiti Bhoti
5565:Proto-Hakka
5494:Mahakiranti
5000:East Bodish
4780:Uttarakhand
4577:Suzuki 2012
4562:Suzuki 2012
4535:Izzard 2015
3060:to suppress
3014:zhing ཞིང་
2952:*b(ǝ)-tsyat
2944:shing ཤིང་
2858:Old Tibetan
2834:Pre-Tibetic
2815:'iron' and
2797:East Bodish
2764:Pre-Tibetic
2687:Old Tibetan
2481:tonogenesis
2438:Old Tibetan
2390:Urdu script
2311:Zayu County
2236:Dharamshala
2220:Uttarakhand
2208:West Bengal
2144:East Bodish
1952:East Bodish
1798:Uttarakhand
1763:Thewo-Chone
1761:(including
1707:Thewo-Chone
1640:Thewo-Chone
1437:Thewo-Chone
1362:Dur Brokkat
1177:dialect in
861:Thromjekhok
812:Derong-nJol
611:Old Tibetan
597:Similarly,
583:Rgyalrongic
510:Old Tibetan
496:Terminology
382:Uttarakhand
342:Old Tibetan
238:Old Tibetan
232:Early forms
141:Uttarakhand
7766:Categories
7665:Tibetology
7634:Literature
7453:Dalai Lama
7306:Government
7264:Tibet Area
7259:Golden Urn
7225:Parliament
6750:Lifan Yuan
6677:(960–1279)
6614:Zhangzhung
6599:Chronology
6424:Regional (
5998:Changthang
5763:Chaudangsi
5724:Zhangzhung
5628:(Kanauric)
5459:Idu–Taraon
5413:Miju–Meyor
5306:Gyalrongic
5152:Tangkhulic
4927:Raji–Raute
4687:9004103902
4659:2008944256
4394:2024-05-12
4214:Beyer 1992
4202:Nishi 1987
3989:10502/2932
3960:2024-02-20
3906:References
3609:Zangskari
3600:Changthang
3055:mda' མདའ་
3000:bzhi བཞི་
2958:bcad བཅད་
2955:*b(ǝ)-tɕat
2930:shes ཤེས་
2850:*g(ǝ)-tyik
2370:Devanagari
2335:See also:
2307:consultant
2222:. As with
2212:Darjeeling
2114:along the
2038:into the "
1922:Chocangaca
1895:in India,
1833:dialects (
1800:), and of
1670:) are not
1560:Chocangaca
1419:(li-thang)
1379:Hor Bachen
1375:Hor Nagchu
1336:Tokpe Gola
1033:Tichyurong
818:Pomborgang
815:Chagthreng
687:substratum
587:substratum
575:Zhangzhung
521:"seven".
486:morphology
464:was not a
370:Aksai Chin
131:); India (
106:Geographic
32:neutrality
7756:Languages
7647:Chronicle
7609:Festivals
7421:Dpon-chen
7391:Languages
7386:Education
7135:Changtang
7077:Mountains
7044:Geography
6952:Documents
6797:conflicts
6649:(618–907)
6568:Overviews
6496:Sikkimese
6466:Grammar (
6114:Gyalsumdo
5993:Zangskari
5913:Sikkimese
5897:Zitsadegu
5643:Kinnauric
5558:Proto-Min
5489:Macro-Bai
5367:Arunachal
5360:(possible
5175:Boro–Garo
5079:Kuki-Chin
5062:and Indo-
4977:Arunachal
4964:Himalayas
4939:Tandrange
4906:Chepangic
4837:Dhimalish
4771:Himalayas
4680:. Brill.
4651:1925-6329
4282:, vol. 2.
4103:Footnotes
3594:Sikkimese
3539:ʦutʰambaː
3093:*d(ǝ)myik
3074:to listen
2994:*b(ǝ)-lyi
2885:*b(ǝ)-tɕu
2882:*b(ǝ)-tyu
2515:retroflex
2487:but also
2477:devoicing
2427:Kashmiris
2398:Baltistan
2291:Tahaundam
2216:Kalimpong
2112:districts
2091:spyi skad
2020:Australia
1893:Sikkimese
1868:in South
1660:Zitsadegu
1594:Zangskari
1548:Sikkimese
1496:Tournadre
1433:Khöpokhok
1350:Drengjong
1320:Gyalsumdo
1204:Zangskari
1159:Tournadre
1086:Khunu-Töt
920:Gyälrongo
855:Khöpokhok
725:Tournadre
691:borrowing
665:with the
573:language
569:with the
555:Bhutanese
551:Sikkimese
358:Himalayas
310:Glottolog
95:Ethnicity
7705:Category
7589:Calendar
7523:Diaspora
7396:Religion
7200:Politics
7101:Tanggula
7091:Changtse
6795:Wars and
6670:Tsongkha
6632:Timeline
6575:Timeline
6552:articles
6491:Dzongkha
6481:outside
6432:Numerals
6358:Language
6268:Chantyal
6233:Tamangic
6179:Bumthang
6141:Tshangla
6134:Tshangla
5906:Southern
5887:Dongwang
5846:mDungnag
5669:Lahaulic
5650:Kinnauri
5363:isolates
5330:Mondzish
5258:Cai–Long
5006:Tshangla
4962:Eastern
4805:Tamangic
4775:Himachal
4769:Western
4763:branches
4676:(2001).
4137:preprint
4059:: 37–58.
4037:31061123
3591:Dzongkha
3545:ʦitʰɑmba
3122:numerals
2783:such as
2621:aspirate
2581:umlauted
2410:language
2394:Pakistan
2320:are the
2297:Japanese
2164:Pakistan
2158:Pakistan
2140:Tshangla
2136:Dzongkha
2087:སྤྱི་སྐད
1984:Pakistan
1910:Dzongkha
1676:mDungnag
1652:Dongwang
1544:Dzongkha
1472:Gser-Rdo
1453:dialects
1445:Sharkhok
1346:Dzongkha
1342:Southern
1332:Walungge
1308:Langtang
981:Dzongkha
975:Southern
890:Tsongkha
858:Sharkhok
843:Thewo-mä
838:Thewo-tö
771:Rongdrak
768:Khyungpo
729:sections
605:branch.
599:Tamangic
547:Lahaulas
539:Ladakhis
411:itself,
316:oldm1245
273:Dzongkha
36:disputed
7718:Portals
7689:Outline
7653:writers
7594:Cuisine
7559:thangka
7540:Culture
7513:Changpa
7428:Nyingma
7375:Society
7340:Economy
7175:Ü-Tsang
7149:Valleys
7107:Rivers
7082:Kailash
6642:Lönchen
6624:Empire
6560:History
6501:Ladakhi
6437:Braille
6400:Scripts
6381:U-tsang
6258:Thakali
6089:Kyirong
6036:Nyamkat
5988:Ladakhi
5972:Western
5943:Brokkat
5892:Drugchu
5841:Khalong
5790:Tibetic
5758:Dhuleli
5753:Byangsi
5748:Darmiya
5701:Central
5694:Eastern
5676:Pattani
5636:Western
5577:Italics
5438:Siangic
5419:Songlin
5398:Kho-Bwa
5376:Hrusish
5358:Dubious
5341:Loloish
5335:Burmish
5300:Qiangic
5271:Longjia
5238:Karenic
5232:Nungish
5212:Sinitic
5098:Hkongso
5060:Myanmar
5030:Gongduk
4994:Tibetic
4912:Chepang
4885:Magaric
4831:Kiranti
4811:Newaric
4409:"China"
4028:6534992
3933:Tibetan
3878:ʨu tʰam
3603:Ladakhi
3479:*βɽgjat
3171:Yohlmo
3106:*mentok
3083:mnyand
3039:*ltɕaks
2997:*b(ǝ)ʑi
2963:spittle
2916:sha ཤ་
2899:*tɕ(h)i
2871:*tɕ(h)e
2817:Bumthap
2676:lateral
2667:before
2504:Jokhang
2496:Chinese
2414:Punjabi
2382:Ladakhi
2330:Burmese
2252:Myanmar
2246:Myanmar
2200:Kinnaur
2064:Qinghai
2060:Sichuan
2030:Within
1996:Myanmar
1978:(PRC),
1914:Brokkat
1870:Qinghai
1790:Zanskar
1773:(tonal)
1744:Ladakhi
1735:Tibetic
1664:Drugchu
1648:Khalong
1586:Ladakhi
1564:Brokkat
1504:Tibetic
1480:Khalong
1429:Drugchu
1425:Eastern
1417:Lithang
1413:Bathang
1409:Markham
1354:Tsamang
1312:Kyirong
1238:Central
1217:Western
1200:Ladakhi
1191:Tibetic
1183:Myanmar
1076:Western
1045:Kyirong
1039:Mustang
940:Central
869:Throchu
848:Drugchu
827:Eastern
802:Lithang
798:Bathang
794:Markham
741:Tibetic
675:Khalong
667:Qiangic
585:as its
577:as its
561:Origins
535:Sherpas
531:Tibetan
470:Central
217:Tibetic
169:Myanmar
121:Sichuan
117:Qinghai
111:China (
88:Tibetan
83:Tibetic
7640:Annals
7604:Emblem
7566:tsakli
7438:Jonang
7087:Lhotse
7031:(2008)
6730:Kashag
6550:
6446:Others
6374:
6291:Kutang
6263:Manang
6253:Gurung
6248:Tamang
6189:Kurtöp
6094:Kagate
6066:Sherpa
5948:Brokpa
5933:Lunana
5923:Khamba
5882:Zhongu
5836:Gserpa
5781:Bodish
5742:Rangas
5734:Almora
5713:Rongpo
5681:Tinani
5451:Milang
5405:Puroik
5389:Mijiic
5313:Ersuic
5264:Caijia
5180:Konyak
5146:Meitei
5050:Chamdo
4987:Bodish
4973:Bhutan
4919:Bhujel
4866:Lepcha
4857:Lhokpu
4843:Dhimal
4788:Sikkim
4684:
4657:
4649:
4619:
4385:
4337:Lalies
4127:
4077:
4035:
4025:
3939:
3920:
3881:ʧɔːmba
3586:bhoti
3482:brgyad
3188:dokpoi
3168:Sherpa
3141:Khams
3101:flower
3077:*bnyan
3066:*mnans
3063:*bnans
3008:*lying
2938:*sying
2793:Kurtöp
2791:, and
2789:Tamang
2680:dental
2671:(/j/).
2661:dental
2489:Uyghur
2422:Skardu
2378:Nepali
2326:Rawang
2316:Since
2272:Yunnan
2224:Bhutan
2192:Sikkim
2188:Ladakh
2148:Brokpa
2132:Bhutan
2122:Bhutan
2100:Sherpa
2072:Yunnan
2070:, and
2010:(e.g.
2004:Europe
1994:, and
1992:Bhutan
1918:Brokpa
1905:Bhutan
1897:Sherpa
1835:Lhokha
1829:, and
1786:Ladakh
1713:, and
1711:Zhongu
1699:Khamba
1656:Gserpa
1644:Zhongu
1624:Sherpa
1568:Brokpa
1476:Gserpa
1457:Zhongu
1449:Palkyi
1402:Kandze
1394:Chamdo
1387:Dzayul
1324:Kagate
1276:Sherpa
1262:Kongpo
1254:Lhokha
1250:Phenpo
1225:Garzha
1179:Kachin
1141:Zanhar
1097:Paldar
1090:Garzha
1059:Sherpa
992:Brokpa
969:Lhokha
965:Kongpo
952:Phänpo
865:Zhongu
808:Dzayül
787:Kandze
779:Chamdo
765:Pämbar
754:Nagchu
733:groups
703:Zhongu
701:, and
629:, the
621:, the
581:, and
567:pidgin
543:Baltis
380:, and
366:Ladakh
294:Sherpa
275:–Lhokä
212:Bodish
165:Bhutan
137:Sikkim
133:Ladakh
129:Yunnan
7732:China
7696:Index
7660:Music
7625:Khata
7528:Names
7518:Yolmo
7491:Islam
7443:Gelug
7433:Kagyu
7411:Sakya
7214:(TAR)
7180:Ngari
7065:Fauna
7060:Flora
6548:Tibet
6506:Balti
6454:Wylie
6418:Uchen
6386:Khams
6307:Kaike
6300:Kaike
6286:Ghale
6278:Ghale
6219:Basum
6212:Basum
6194:Nupbi
6184:Kheng
6174:Chali
6164:Dzala
6159:Takpa
6109:Nubri
6104:Yolmo
6071:Jirel
6046:Tukpa
6008:Balti
6003:Purgi
5963:Naapa
5958:Lakha
5938:Groma
5877:Choni
5872:Baima
5867:Tseku
5815:Mugom
5718:Sunam
5708:Bunan
5660:Sunam
5382:Hruso
5278:Luren
5252:Kathu
5226:Tujia
5114:Taman
5085:Mruic
5072:Karbi
5013:Basum
4969:Tibet
4891:Magar
4817:Newar
4784:Nepal
4666:(PDF)
4635:(PDF)
4308:(PDF)
4297:(PDF)
3835:rgyət
3832:rgʲat
3826:βgyʌt
3606:Purik
3597:Balti
3584:Spiti
3574:GLOSS
3473:ɦdʑʲɛ
3440:*βdun
3431:t̪ì̤n
3401:*dɽuk
3374:tʂʰuʔ
3284:*xsum
3245:*gnis
3209:gtšig
3206:*xʨik
3165:Mugom
3162:Jirel
3159:Dolpo
3156:Zhang
3154:Cheng
3151:Lhasa
3138:Amdo
3131:GLOSS
3080:*nyan
3047:arrow
3025:*ldʑi
3005:field
2977:liver
2924:*syes
2907:flesh
2831:Gloss
2801:Basum
2785:Basum
2500:Lhasa
2459:verso
2402:Islam
2386:Balti
2374:Hindi
2301:シドゥダン
2228:Nepal
2184:India
2178:India
2168:Balti
2152:Lakha
2108:Yolmo
2104:Jirel
2096:Nepal
2078:Nepal
2068:Gansu
2032:China
2026:China
1988:India
1980:Nepal
1976:China
1946:Other
1926:Lakha
1901:Jirel
1860:, of
1858:Gêrzê
1839:Lhasa
1823:Tsang
1752:Burig
1748:Balti
1715:Baima
1703:Khams
1695:Tseku
1684:Khams
1680:Gansu
1668:Baima
1628:Jirel
1598:Balti
1590:Burig
1572:Groma
1556:Naapa
1552:Lakha
1526:Khams
1441:Baima
1398:Derge
1383:Yushu
1328:Lhomi
1316:Yolmo
1300:Nubri
1296:Lo-ke
1292:Dolpo
1284:Humla
1280:Jirel
1266:Basum
1246:Tsang
1229:Khunu
1221:Spiti
1212:Purki
1208:Balti
1175:Khams
1171:Khams
1144:Kharu
1128:Nubra
1123:Purik
1118:Balti
1094:Pangi
1082:Spiti
1064:Lhomi
1054:Jirel
1049:Yolmo
1029:Dölpo
1020:Humla
1007:Dromo
1001:Lakha
985:Lhoke
949:Tsang
931:Gansu
900:Ngawa
873:Baima
783:Derge
762:Kyegu
699:Khams
693:from
683:Baima
641:with
633:with
619:Latin
617:with
474:Khams
440:China
425:Tibet
421:Nepal
417:India
409:Lhasa
374:Nepal
350:Tibet
298:Jirel
268:Khams
161:Nepal
153:Assam
125:Gansu
7744:Asia
7614:Flag
7553:rugs
7475:list
7458:list
7247:LGBT
7170:Kham
7165:Amdo
6391:Amdo
6241:TGTM
6199:ʼOle
6169:Nyen
6099:Tsum
5928:Laya
5824:Amdo
5499:Rung
5444:Koro
5318:Naic
5245:Gong
5201:and
5199:East
5157:Zeme
5126:Naga
5044:Tani
5037:ʼOle
4933:Dura
4898:Kham
4850:Toto
4682:ISBN
4655:LCCN
4647:ISSN
4617:ISBN
4383:ISBN
4125:ISBN
4075:ISBN
4033:PMID
3937:ISBN
3918:ISBN
3875:'10'
3841:ɟèt
3829:gʲat
3812:dùn
3806:rdun
3803:rdun
3797:βdun
3791:ty̤n
3783:ʈùk
3771:ɖruk
3768:truk
3696:súm
3681:xsum
3667:ɲiː
3638:ʧík
3560:btšu
3557:*ɸʨu
3527:'10'
3518:*dgu
3470:cē̤ː
3458:ce̤ʔ
3443:bdun
3434:ɦdɘn
3422:duin
3419:ty̤n
3404:drug
3395:tʂəx
3392:ʈṳ̀ː
3383:tʰuk
3362:*ɬŋɑ
3323:*βʑi
3302:ɕi̤ː
3287:gsum
3248:gnis
3200:xʨɨx
3120:The
3052:*mda
3033:iron
3022:*ldi
3019:flea
3011:*ʑiŋ
2991:four
2941:*ɕiŋ
2935:wood
2927:*ɕes
2921:know
2910:*sya
2896:*tyi
2893:what
2868:*tye
2663:and
2611:and
2536:and
2528:and
2479:and
2470:babs
2453:and
2445:and
2384:and
2350:and
2274:and
2226:and
2214:and
2150:and
2126:The
2106:and
2018:and
2016:Asia
1899:and
1796:and
1788:and
1750:and
1697:and
1688:Amdo
1533:Amdo
1467:Amdo
1304:Tsum
1288:Mugu
1278:and
1242:Dbus
1132:Sham
1069:Gola
1031:and
904:Arik
833:Čone
712:and
695:Amdo
553:and
518:bdun
514:བདུན
480:and
478:Amdo
472:and
436:Kham
336:The
263:Amdo
29:The
7548:Art
7401:Bon
6412:Umê
5365:) (
5219:Bai
5167:Sal
5107:Pyu
5091:Mru
5020:Nam
4023:PMC
4013:doi
4009:116
3985:hdl
3899:ʧú
3893:rču
3890:rʧu
3884:ɸʧu
3870:gù
3864:rgu
3861:rgu
3855:rgu
3846:'9'
3838:ʝət
3820:kæ̤
3817:'8'
3809:ðun
3800:dun
3788:'7'
3780:ʈuʔ
3777:ʈuk
3774:ʈuk
3765:tʰu
3762:dʑo
3759:'6'
3754:ŋá
3748:ʂŋə
3745:ʂŋa
3730:'5'
3725:ʒì
3710:βʒi
3704:ʃi̤
3701:'4'
3693:sum
3690:sum
3687:sum
3684:sum
3678:súm
3675:súm
3672:'3'
3664:ɲiː
3661:ɲis
3658:ɲis
3655:ɲis
3652:ɲis
3643:'2'
3635:ʧiʔ
3632:ʧik
3629:ʧik
3626:ʧik
3623:ʧik
3614:'1'
3548:ʨʉ̄
3536:tɕu
3521:dgu
3512:ɦgɘ
3509:kṳ̀
3488:'9'
3464:ket
3461:get
3455:dʑe
3452:ɕɛʔ
3449:'8'
3428:dɪn
3425:dun
3416:dɛ̃
3410:'7'
3398:tʂo
3389:ɖʊk
3386:duk
3380:ʈṳk
3377:tʂu
3371:'6'
3365:lŋa
3356:ɦŋa
3353:ŋɑ̀
3332:'5'
3326:bži
3317:ɦʑɘ
3314:ʑì̤
3293:'4'
3278:sɘm
3275:sūm
3272:sum
3269:sum
3266:sum
3263:sum
3260:sɔ̃
3257:sum
3254:'3'
3239:ɦȵi
3236:ɲìː
3224:ɲiː
3215:'2'
3197:ʨīː
3194:ʦɪk
3191:ʧɪk
3185:ʂik
3179:ʨiʔ
3176:'1'
3088:eye
2913:*ɕa
2879:ten
2865:big
2847:one
2820:lak
2813:la:
2678:to
2659:of
2583:to
2502:'s
2250:In
2206:),
2154:.
2134:is
2130:of
2014:),
2002:in
1887:of
1701:to
1686:or
1233:Jad
1136:Leh
929:in
434:of
360:in
208:(?)
159:);
7768::
6460:,
6456:,
5135:Ao
4975:,
4971:,
4786:,
4782:,
4653:.
4645:.
4643:43
4641:.
4637:.
4569:^
4554:^
4485:^
4411:.
4253:.
4182:^
4144:^
4111:^
4093:.
4057:83
4055:,
4031:,
4021:,
4007:,
3999:;
3981:11
3979:.
3896:ʧu
3887:ʧu
3867:ɣu
3858:gu
3852:go
3849:kṳ
3823:gɛ
3794:dĩ
3751:ŋa
3742:ŋa
3739:ɣɑ
3736:ŋa
3733:ŋə
3722:ʒi
3719:ʒi
3716:zi
3713:zi
3707:ʒe
3649:ni
3646:ɲí
3620:ʧi
3617:ʨí
3554:ʨə
3551:ʨɘ
3542:ʧú
3533:ʨɯ
3530:ʨu
3515:gə
3506:gu
3503:gu
3500:gu
3497:kṳ
3494:ɡɯ
3491:ku
3476:ʑe
3467:gæ
3437:dĩ
3413:tỹ
3359:ŋɑ
3350:ŋɑ
3347:ŋá
3344:ŋa
3341:ŋa
3338:ɴɐ
3335:ŋa
3320:ʐə
3311:ʣi
3308:ɕi
3305:si
3299:ɣɯ
3296:ɕi
3281:sũ
3242:ɲɯ
3233:ŋi
3230:ŋi
3227:ŋi
3221:ȵi
3218:ȵi
3203:ʨi
3182:ʨi
2860:)
2809:tɨ
2805:ti
2803:)
2787:,
2607:,
2603:,
2599:,
2591:,
2587:,
2575:,
2571:,
2562:ui
2560:,
2558:oi
2556:,
2554:ai
2550:us
2548:,
2546:os
2544:,
2542:as
2519:ya
2511:ra
2491:.
2447:lh
2443:hr
2376:,
2360:.
2299::
2285:,
2270:,
2262:,
2202:,
2194:,
2190:,
2174:.
2166:,
2142:,
2118:.
2102:,
2074:.
2066:,
2062:,
2022:.
2006:,
1990:,
1986:,
1982:,
1958:.
1932:,
1928:,
1924:,
1920:,
1916:,
1912:,
1837:,
1746:,
1709:,
1690:.
1666:,
1662:,
1658:,
1654:,
1650:,
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1592:,
1588:,
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1554:,
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1478:,
1474::
1447:,
1443:,
1439:,
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1431:,
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1381:,
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1364:,
1360:,
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1334:,
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1322:,
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1260:,
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1256:,
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