75:
552:
132:
36:
614:
of 'Mordecai' (and other letters in other words) has hatef qames, tell him, 'but this sign is only a device used by some scribes to warn that the consonants should be pronounced fully, and not slurred over'.
587:
had to be written with shva rather than hataf patah when it was not pronounced as . Before a laryngeal-pharyngeal, mobile šwa was pronounced as an ultrashort copy of the following vowel (
1780:
203:
Tiberian vocalization marks vowels and stress, distinguishes consonant quality and length, and serves as punctuation. While the
Tiberian system was devised for
1026:
1735:
603:). Using ḥataf vowels was mandatory under gutturals but optional under other letters, and there was considerable variation among manuscripts.
1802:
957:
96:
1064:
995:
976:
118:
207:, it has become the dominant system for vocalizing all forms of Hebrew. It has long since eclipsed the comparatively rudimentary
794:
1691:
1686:
1059:
1019:
1766:
1696:
749:
Moreover the names were mostly so formed (but only later), that the sound of each vowel is heard in the first syllable (
1211:
89:
83:
823:
conjoins words into one stress unit, which normally takes only one cantillation mark on the final word in the unit.
643:
The names of the vowels are mostly taken from the form and action of the mouth in producing the various sounds, as
100:
1807:
1730:
1408:
1177:
1012:
852:
212:
1773:
1752:
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1603:
1403:
1185:
1073:
832:
208:
1413:
1069:
600:
592:
584:
580:
568:
543:
538:
533:
528:
454:
442:). Each of the vowel phonemes could be allophonically lengthened; occasionally, the length is marked with
431:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
164:
453:
The ultrashort vowels are slightly more complicated. There were two graphemes corresponding to the vowel
1638:
1252:
1518:
1247:
269:
The seven vowel qualities of
Tiberian Hebrew are indicated straightforwardly by distinct diacritics:
551:
50:
1645:
1551:
1355:
837:
816:
555:
Figurines holding
Tiberian vowel diacritics. Limestone and basalt artwork at the shore in Tiberias.
1719:
1660:
1655:
1533:
1470:
619:
1711:
1608:
1541:
1506:
1502:
1455:
991:
972:
953:
54:
1759:
1164:
1132:
1099:
876:
790:
1706:
1670:
1633:
1625:
1598:
1576:
1512:
1490:
1267:
1169:
1159:
1137:
1111:
1106:
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857:
842:
439:
216:
204:
152:
131:
1523:
1242:
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1147:
1142:
248:
197:
1796:
1480:
1375:
1116:
1650:
1566:
1498:
1340:
1300:
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1227:
518:
435:
193:
45:
17:
1725:
1571:
1295:
1237:
1152:
945:
513:
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1615:
1590:
1561:
185:
175:
1665:
1257:
1078:
819:
signs mark stress and punctuation. Metheg may mark secondary stress, and
461:.. In addition, one of the graphemes could also be silent:
189:
228:
639:
The names of the vowel diacritics are iconic and show some variation:
200:. The system soon became used to vocalize other Hebrew texts as well.
1556:
1465:
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820:
443:
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180:
1760:
Gesenius' Hebrew and
Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures
1701:
1546:
1450:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1360:
1305:
1290:
1285:
1275:
1004:
773:); in order to carry this out consistently some even write
364:
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1475:
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1320:
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503:
447:
243:
1008:
261: is consonantal, not silent, in syllable-coda position.
1380:
1335:
68:
29:
723:) a firmer, compression or contraction of the mouth.
434:, but shuruq is used when the text uses full spelling (with
579:), the latter also represented by hataf patah. The phoneme
241:
indicates a consonant is geminate or unspirantized, and a
606:
That is referenced specifically by medieval grammarians:
446:. Metheg also indirectly indicates when a following
169:
1744:
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1532:
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1389:
1266:
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1197:
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1087:
1042:
567:) and as another symbol to represent the phoneme
559:Shva was used both to indicate lack of a vowel (
1781:Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament
641:
608:
457:, attested by alternations in manuscripts like
1020:
8:
491:
484:
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327:
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306:
299:
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278:
950:Phonology and Morphology of Biblical Hebrew
1201:
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1005:
889:
887:
885:
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:System of diacritics for the Hebrew Bible
550:
463:
271:
231:distinguishes between the two values of
130:
82:This article includes a list of general
868:
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192:to add to the consonantal text of the
952:. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.
7:
988:Introduction to the Tiberian Masorah
917:
905:
893:
879:use the same system of vocalization.
875:The portions of the Hebrew Bible in
711: also denotes a slighter, as
735:) takes its name from its form. So
492:
485:
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471:
328:
321:
314:
307:
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293:
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279:
156:
135:Closeup of Aleppo Codex, Joshua 1:1
88:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
969:A History of the Hebrew Language
459:ארֲריך~ארְריך, ואשמֳעָה~ואשמְעָה
73:
34:
971:. Cambridge University Press.
967:Sáenz-Badillos, Angel (1993).
1:
60:Proposed since February 2024.
1803:Language of the Hebrew Bible
591: ) and as preceding
583:had a number of allophones;
170:
43:It has been suggested that
1824:
1070:Transliteration to English
699:, i.e. of the mouth (also
770:
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1753:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar
853:Palestinian vocalization
796:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar
213:Palestinian vocalization
158:הַנִּקּוּד הַטְבֶרְיָנִי
986:Yeivin, Israel (1980).
833:Babylonian vocalization
610:If one argues that the
103:more precise citations.
809:
743:) is another name for
695:, according to others
637:
556:
171:hanniqquḏ haṭṭəḇeryāni
136:
705:fullness of the mouth
659:(of the mouth), also
554:
141:Tiberian vocalization
134:
1774:Strong's Concordance
1065:Ancient inscriptions
223:Consonant diacritics
215:systems for writing
53:into this article. (
1767:Brown–Driver–Briggs
838:Hebrew cantillation
1616:Law of attenuation
1126:Reading traditions
990:. Scholars Press.
620:Abu al-Faraj Harun
557:
137:
1790:
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1646:Verbal morphology
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959:978-1-57506-129-0
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184:) devised by the
174:) is a system of
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145:Tiberian pointing
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18:Tiberian pointing
16:(Redirected from
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1736:Unicode and HTML
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1100:northern dialect
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737:שָׁלשׁ נְקֻדּוֹת
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858:Tiberian Hebrew
843:Cardinal vowels
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733:bunch of grapes
671:(cf. the Arab.
636:
628:Horayat Ha-Qore
624:Hidāyat al-Qāri
618:
440:mater lectionis
430:both represent
422:The diacritics
267:
257:indicates that
225:
217:Biblical Hebrew
205:Tiberian Hebrew
196:to produce the
149:Tiberian niqqud
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95:Please help to
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813:
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787:
719: (also
685:narrow opening
679: (also
657:a wide parting
616:
597:תְדַמְּיוּ֫נִי
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546:
541:
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531:
526:
522:
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467:niqqud with א
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275:niqqud with א
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249:spirantization
224:
221:
198:Masoretic Text
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1651:Semitic roots
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1604:Modern Hebrew
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1456:Kubutz/shuruk
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1023:
1018:
1016:
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1007:
999:
997:0-89130-373-1
993:
989:
984:
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978:0-521-55634-1
974:
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965:
961:
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951:
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869:
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844:
841:
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834:
831:
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822:
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806:
797:
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786:
784:
780:
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746:
742:
734:
726:
706:
698:
694:
686:
674:
670:
666:
663: (=ĭ)
658:
650:
640:
633:
630:), quoted in
629:
625:
621:
615:
613:
607:
604:
601:/θăðammĭjuni/
578:
574:
566:
562:
561:quiescent šwa
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1567:Inverted nun
1552:Cantillation
1511:
1481:Sin/Shin dot
1398:
1253:Paleo-Hebrew
1074:from English
987:
968:
949:
946:Blau, Joshua
930:Yeivin (1980
925:
913:
901:
871:
817:Cantillation
815:
812:Cantillation
795:
782:
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769: for
761: for
753: for
744:
741:three points
740:
732:
724:
715: and
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668:
664:
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632:Yeivin (1980
627:
623:
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519:hataf qamatz
452:
421:
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242:
236:
226:
202:
194:Hebrew Bible
179:
148:
144:
140:
138:
115:
106:
87:
59:
46:Ktiv menuqad
44:
1572:Shekel sign
1534:Punctuation
1499:with Niqqud
1409:Palestinian
1198:Orthography
1178:Palestinian
779:Qomeṣ-ḥatûf
514:hataf segol
509:hataf patah
235:. A
101:introducing
1797:Categories
1722:literature
1542:Diacritics
1404:Babylonian
1186:Babylonian
918:Blau (2010
906:Blau (2010
894:Blau (2010
864:References
721:קבוץ פּוּם
701:מְלֹא פוּם
573:mobile šwa
450:is vocal.
247:indicates
209:Babylonian
176:diacritics
109:April 2015
84:references
1591:Phonology
1562:Gershayim
1414:Samaritan
1189:(extinct)
1181:(extinct)
1173:(extinct)
1165:Samaritan
1133:Ashkenazi
1043:Overviews
908::117–118)
896::105–106)
739: (
683:)
634::283–284)
589:וּבָקְעָה
186:Masoretes
165:romanized
1731:Surnames
1707:Keyboard
1680:Academic
1666:Segolate
1661:Suffixes
1656:Prefixes
1634:Biblical
1577:Numerals
1491:Spelling
1399:Tiberian
1268:Alphabet
1258:Solitreo
1248:Crowning
1212:Biblical
1170:Tiberian
1160:Yemenite
1138:Sephardi
1112:Medieval
1107:Mishnaic
1095:Biblical
1079:Gematria
1055:Alphabet
1050:Language
948:(2010).
827:See also
788:—
731:
703:
697:fullness
691:
665:breaking
655:
647:
617:—
599:
577:shva naʻ
565:shva naḥ
190:Tiberias
1716:ancient
1692:Academy
1687:Revival
1626:Grammar
1503:missing
1243:Cursive
1233:Braille
1221:Scripts
1148:Mizrahi
1143:Italian
1060:History
939:Sources
717:קִבּוּץ
713:שׁוּרֶק
693:closing
689:ח֫וֹלֶם
677:חִ֫ירֶק
669:parting
661:שֶׁ֫בֶר
649:opening
645:פַּ֫תַח
229:sin dot
167::
160:
97:improve
55:Discuss
1712:Hebrew
1639:Modern
1557:Geresh
1466:Mappiq
1461:Dagesh
1446:Kamatz
1391:Niqqud
1346:Samech
1238:Ashuri
1153:Syrian
1117:Modern
994:
975:
956:
848:Niqqud
821:maqqaf
800:
783:Qübbûṣ
763:פֶּתַח
759:פַּתַח
745:Qibbûṣ
729:סְגוֹל
709:קָ֫מֶץ
653:צֵ֫רֵי
525:value
444:metheg
428:shuruq
424:qubutz
381:value
375:shuruq
370:qubutz
360:qamatz
254:mappiq
251:. The
238:dagesh
181:niqqud
153:Hebrew
86:, but
51:merged
1726:Names
1702:Ulpan
1697:Study
1547:Meteg
1471:Maqaf
1451:Holam
1441:Pataḥ
1436:Segol
1431:Tzere
1426:Hiriq
1361:Tsadi
1331:Lamed
1306:Zayin
1291:Dalet
1286:Gimel
1228:Rashi
932::283)
920::118)
775:Sägôl
771:צְרִי
767:צֵרִי
755:קֹמֶץ
751:קָמֶץ
725:Sĕgôl
681:חִרֶק
612:dalet
529:/ă/,⌀
500:name
438:as a
365:holam
355:hiriq
350:tzere
345:segol
340:patah
336:name
308:אָ אׇ
244:raphe
147:, or
1507:full
1476:Rafe
1421:Shva
1376:Shin
1371:Resh
1351:Ayin
1276:Alef
1205:Eras
1088:Eras
992:ISBN
973:ISBN
954:ISBN
673:kasr
544:/ɔ̆/
539:/ɛ̆/
504:shva
448:shva
426:and
227:The
211:and
139:The
1381:Tav
1366:Kuf
1356:Pei
1341:Nun
1336:Mem
1326:Kaf
1321:Yud
1316:Tet
1311:Ḥet
1301:Vav
1296:Hei
1281:Bet
804:d-e
707:).
675:);
595:, (
593:/j/
585:/ă/
581:/ă/
569:/ă/
534:/ă/
455:/ă/
436:waw
432:/u/
415:/u/
410:/o/
405:/ɔ/
400:/i/
395:/e/
390:/ɛ/
385:/a/
329:אוּ
188:of
49:be
1799::
1718:/
1714:/
1505:/
1501:/
1072:/
884:^
802:§8
793:,
781:,
777:,
687:;
667:,
651:;
622:,
575:,
563:,
493:אֳ
486:אֱ
479:אֲ
472:אְ
322:אֻ
315:אֹ
301:אִ
294:אֵ
287:אֶ
280:אַ
219:.
162:,
155::
143:,
1156:)
1150:(
1102:)
1098:(
1028:e
1021:t
1014:v
1000:.
981:.
962:.
798:,
785:.
747:.
727:(
626:(
571:(
259:ה
233:ש
178:(
151:(
122:)
116:(
111:)
107:(
93:.
57:)
20:)
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