56:
190:
disallowing the abuse of the other's network by sending it traffic not destined for that network (i.e. intended for transit). Transit agreements however would typically cater for just such outbound packets. Tier 1 providers are more central to the
Internet backbone and would only purchase transit from other Tier 1 providers, while selling transit to providers of all tiers. Given their huge networks, Tier 1 providers often do not participate in public Internet Exchanges but rather sell transit services to such participants and engage in private peering.
862:
1162:
1078:
1039:
368:
1203:
1121:
984:
949:
751:
712:
411:
334:
266:
3715:
903:
518:
3725:
300:
3704:
630:
484:
673:
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450:
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804:
which mimic those of Tier 1 networks (such as lack of openness to new peering relationships and having existing peering with every other major network in that region). However, this network may then extend to another country, region, or continent outside of its core region of operations, where it may purchase transit or peer openly like a Tier 2 network.
76:(purchases no transit) that peers for no charge with every other Tier 1 network and can reach all major networks on the Internet. Not all transit-free networks are Tier 1 networks, as it is possible to become transit-free by paying for peering, and it is also possible to be transit-free without being able to reach all major networks on the Internet.
177:
involved in the dispute may be unaffected by such a partition as there exist typically multiple routes onto the same network. The disputes referenced have also typically involved transit-free peering in which one player only exchanged data with the other that involved each other's networks—there was no data transiting
803:
A typical scenario for this characteristic involves a network that was the incumbent telecommunications company in a specific country or region, usually tied to some level of government-supported monopoly. Within their specific countries or regions of origin, these networks maintain peering policies
213:
As such, by the peering agreement, all the customers of any Tier 1 provider already have access to all the customers of all the other Tier 1 providers without the Tier 1 provider itself having to pay transit costs to the other networks. Effectively, the actual transit costs incurred by provider A on
176:
customers of each network will not be able to reach the other network at all. The de-peering party then hopes that the other network's customers will be hurt more by the decision than its own customers which may eventually conclude the negotiations in its favor. Lower tier ISPs and other parties not
171:
has happened several times during the first decade of the 21st century. When this involves large-scale networks involving many millions of customers this may effectively partition a part of the
Internet involving those carriers, especially if they decide to disallow routing through alternate routes.
778:
While most of these Tier 1 providers offer global coverage (based on the published network map on their respective public websites), there are some which are restricted geographically. However these do offer global coverage for mobiles and IP-VPN type services which are unrelated to being a Tier 1
145:
datagrams with this backbone. Such was the weight of the NSFNET program and its funding ($ 200 million from 1986 to 1995)—and the quality of the protocols themselves—that by 1990 when the ARPANET itself was finally decommissioned, TCP/IP had supplanted or marginalized most other wide-area computer
166:
A Tier 1 network may have various such links to other Tier 1 networks. Peering is founded on the principle of equality of traffic between the partners and as such disagreements may arise between partners in which usually one of the partners unilaterally disconnects the link in order to force the
189:
More appropriately then, peering means the exchange of an equitable and fair amount of data-miles between two networks, agreements of which do not preclude any pay-for-transit contracts to exist between the very same parties. On the subject of routing, settlement-free peering involves conditions
154:
emerged. New Tier 1 ISPs and their peering agreements supplanted the government-sponsored NSFNet, a program that was officially terminated on April 30, 1995. The NSFnet-supplied regional networks then sought to buy national-scale
Internet connectivity from these now numerous, private, long-haul
807:
A commonly cited example of these behaviors involves the incumbent carriers within
Australia, who will not peer with new networks in Australia under any circumstances, but who will extend their networks to the United States and peer openly with many networks. Less extreme examples of much less
824:
This is a list of networks that are often considered and close to the status of Tier 1, because they can reach the majority (50+%) of the internet via settlement-free peering with their global rings. However, routes to one or more Tier 1 are missing or paid. Therefore, they are technically
181:
the other's network destined for other parts of the
Internet. By the strict definition of peering and the strict definition of a Tier 1 network, a Tier 1 network only peers with other Tier 1 networks and has no transit routes going anywhere. More practically speaking, Tier 1 networks
149:
When the
Internet was opened to the commercial markets, multiple for-profit Internet backbone and access providers emerged. The network routing architecture then became decentralized and attained a need for exterior routing protocols, in particular the
1563:
Some industry watchers believe the problem shows signs of dispute over peering agreements—deals between
Internet service providers to create a direct link to route each other's packets rather than pay a third-party network service provider for
2293:
79:
The most widely quoted source for identifying Tier 1 networks is published by
Renesys Corporation, but the base information to prove the claim is publicly accessible from many locations, such as the RIPE RIS database, the Oregon
808:
restrictive peering requirements being set for regions in which a network peers, but does not sell services or have a significant market share, are relatively common among many networks, not just regional Tier 1 networks.
815:
holds some merit for understanding the peering motivations of such a network within different regions, these networks do not meet the requirements of a true global Tier 1 because they are not transit-free globally.
172:
This is not largely a technical issue but a commercial matter in which a financial dispute is fought out using the other party's customers as hostages to obtain a better negotiating position. In the worst case,
63:
There is no authority that defines tiers of networks participating in the
Internet. The most common and well-accepted definition of a Tier 1 network is a network that can reach every other network on the
800:
network. A regional Tier 1 network is a network which is not transit-free globally, but which maintains many of the classic behaviors and motivations of a Tier 1 network within a specific region.
186:
as transit networks for lower tier networks and only peer with other Tier 1 networks that offer the same services on an adequate scale—effectively being "peers" in the truest sense of the word.
163:
A bilateral private peering agreement typically involves a direct physical link between two partners. Traffic from one network to the other is then primarily routed through that direct link.
193:
In the most logical definition, a Tier 1 provider will never pay for transit because the set of all Tier 1 providers sells transit to all of the lower tier providers everywhere, and because
1539:
Cogent and Telia are having a lover's quarrel and, as a result, the
Internet is partitioned. That means customers of Cogent and Telia cannot necessarily reach one another.
1945:
1735:
91:
It can be difficult to determine whether a network is paying for peering or transit, as these business agreements are rarely public information, or are covered under a
1970:
48:). Tier 1 networks can exchange traffic with other Tier 1 networks without paying any fees for the exchange of traffic in either direction. In contrast, some
3687:
3659:
3654:
2679:
214:
behalf of provider B are logically identical to the transit costs incurred by provider B on behalf of provider A—hence there not being any payment required.
2204:
109:: A network that peers for no charge with some networks, but still purchases IP transit or pays for peering to reach at least some portion of the Internet.
649:
3681:
3676:
3666:
3646:
3448:
1635:
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1484:
1457:
1393:
1366:
99:
on more than one continent. The subset representing Tier 1 networks is collectively understood in a loose sense, but not published as such..
1316:
Tier 1 networks are those networks that don't pay any other network for transit yet still can reach all networks connected to the internet.
1766:
137:(1985) infrastructure programs to serve their nations' higher education communities, regardless of discipline, resulted in 1989 with the
3671:
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1625:
1599:
138:
134:
2294:"When you need quality, reliability and a global presence, trust Verizon Partner Solutions for all of your VOICE SERVICES requirements"
1273:
3443:
1235:
3537:
1920:
3322:
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1250:
3433:
1476:
Alcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks Self-Study Guide: Preparing for the Network Routing Specialist I (NRS 1) Certification Exam
1358:
Alcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks Self-Study Guide: Preparing for the Network Routing Specialist I (NRS 1) Certification Exam
3759:
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2500:
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1977:
1069:
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3386:
2929:
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841:
387:
242:
3718:
3225:
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1875:
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1447:
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Must provide paid Internet transit services to at least 500 unique transit networks utilizing BGP on a global basis.
1501:
1423:
1383:
3577:
3499:
3438:
3145:
1474:
1356:
112:
Tier 3 network: A network that solely purchases transit/peering from other networks to participate in the Internet.
55:
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552:
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backbone. The Internet could be defined as the collection of all networks connected and able to interchange
96:
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These networks are universally recognized as Tier 1 networks, because they can reach the entire internet (
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1721:
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1005:
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when it provided the routing between most participating networks. The development of the British
1031:
2205:"After delay, Verizon wraps $ 1.8B XO acquisition, deepening metro fiber density in 45 markets"
1331:
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37:
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the Tier 1 network contains all hosts everywhere that are connected to the global Internet.
95:. The Internet peering community is roughly the set of peering coordinators present at the
3195:
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230:) via settlement-free peering. The CAIDA AS rank is a rank of importance on the internet.
2793:
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49:
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A 2008 report shows Internet traffic relying less on U.S. networks than previously.
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2944:
1946:"CenturyLink completes largest deployment of G.fast technology in North America"
476:
398:
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173:
81:
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3332:
3030:
2939:
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2865:
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2833:
2808:
924:
738:
17:
969:/AS6939, but HE is content heavy network, so may be considered Tier-1 anyway.
3610:
3075:
2890:
2593:"AS Rank: AS2828 (MCI Communications Services, Inc. d/b/a Verizon Business)"
2402:"AS Rank: AS7473 (Singapore Telecommunications (SINGTEL Internet Exchange))"
2337:
1167:
908:
523:
2268:"AS Rank: AS703 (MCI Communications Services, Inc. d/b/a Verizon Business)"
2245:"AS Rank: AS702 (MCI Communications Services, Inc. d/b/a Verizon Business)"
2222:"AS Rank: AS701 (MCI Communications Services, Inc. d/b/a Verizon Business)"
2154:"AS Rank: AS12956 (Telefonica International Wholesale Services II, S.L.U.)"
796:
A common point of contention regarding Tier 1 networks is the concept of a
2153:
1853:
1687:
44:
solely via settlement-free interconnection (also known as settlement-free
3605:
3595:
3512:
3337:
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2592:
2548:
2528:
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2401:
2317:
2109:
2089:
2055:
2001:
1811:
1701:
1667:
1142:
1064:
742:
65:
41:
2421:
2267:
2244:
2221:
2129:
1899:
198:
all Tier 1 providers peer with every other Tier 1 provider globally and,
52:
and all Tier 3 networks must pay to transmit traffic on other networks.
3600:
3585:
1195:
1154:
1099:
920:
895:
656:
622:
305:
258:
168:
126:
45:
72:
or paying for peering. By this definition, a Tier 1 network must be a
3630:
3590:
2912:
2704:
2657:
1503:
The Internet Peering Playbook: Connecting to the Core of the Internet
1385:
The Internet Peering Playbook: Connecting to the Core of the Internet
940:
635:
615:
580:
537:
503:
489:
319:
2568:
2262:
2260:
2239:
2237:
1305:"How the 'Net works: an introduction to peering and transit: Page 4"
1791:
1767:"GTT Buys Interoute for $ 2.3 Billion to Gain Europe Fiber Network"
285:
3615:
3552:
2860:
867:
703:
678:
601:
566:
455:
441:
130:
54:
2042:"450 000 km of submarine cables + 45 000 km terrestrial networks"
770:
3557:
1187:
548:
510:
227:
223:
2661:
2803:
353:
59:
Relationship between the various tiers of Internet providers
1655:
1408:
1601:
Network Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and Architectures
1449:
Network Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and Architectures
2619:"Internet Service Provider 3-Tier Model | ThousandEyes"
40:(IP) network that can reach every other network on the
2569:"AS1273 Cable and Wireless Worldwide plc - bgp.he.net"
2076:"Tata Communications | Digital Ecosystem Enabler"
1846:"Liberty Global | largest international cable company"
1274:"Tier1 ISPs: What They Are and Why They Are Important"
2643:"AS Rank: AS7922 (Comcast Cable Communications, LLC)"
2056:"AS Rank: AS6453 (TATA COMMUNICATIONS (AMERICA) INC)"
1418:
1416:
2515:"IPv6 internet broken, cogent/hurricane not peering"
2199:
2197:
3639:
3576:
3498:
3462:
3419:
3360:
3294:
3003:
2695:
2216:
2214:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1627:
Global Networks: Engineering, Operations and Design
102:Common definitions of Tier 2 and Tier 3 networks:
2338:"Network Solutions Provider - Dark Fiber Network"
205:to all of the transit customers, this means that
1876:"CenturyLink completes acquisition of Level 3"
2673:
660:
167:other into a payment scheme. Such disruptive
8:
1921:"CenturyLink Transforms, Rebrands as Lumen®"
3688:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1668:"AS Rank: AS7018 (AT&T Services, Inc.)"
829:, though practically something in between.
3724:
2680:
2666:
2658:
2481:"AS Rank: AS6939 (Hurricane Electric LLC)"
2360:"Internet Traffic Begins to Bypass the US"
1630:. John Wiley & Sons. 5 November 2012.
831:
732:Verizon UUNET Peering policy 701, 702, 703
232:
2090:"AS Rank: AS6762 (Telecom Italia S.p.A.)"
2456:"No connectivity to Cogent IPv6 network"
2422:"AS Rank: AS174 (Cogent Communications)"
1702:"AS Rank: AS3320 (Deutsche Telekom AG)"
1326:
1324:
1261:
2549:"AS Rank: AS1273 (Vodafone Group PLC)"
1299:
1297:
1267:
1265:
7:
3734:
2110:"AS Rank: AS1299 (Telia Company AB)"
1577:"Level 3 IP traffic exchange policy"
1500:Norton, William B. (8 August 2011).
1382:Norton, William B. (8 August 2011).
650:Arelion's IP Network Peering Policy
2501:"Peering Disputes Migrate to IPv6"
2318:"AS Rank: AS6461 (Zayo Bandwidth)"
1236:Optical Carrier transmission rates
25:
27:Top level network on the internet
3733:
3723:
3714:
3713:
3702:
3323:Free-space optical communication
2529:"AS Rank: AS9002 (RETN Limited)"
1473:Hundley, Kent (31 August 2009).
1355:Hundley, Kent (31 August 2009).
1251:List of Internet exchange points
1201:
1160:
1147:Telecom Italia Sparkle (Seabone)
1119:
1076:
1037:
982:
947:
901:
860:
749:
710:
671:
628:
623:Arelion (formerly Telia Carrier)
594:
559:
516:
482:
448:
409:
366:
332:
298:
264:
2022:"AS Rank: AS5511 (Orange S.A.)"
1792:"AS6830 IPv4 route propagation"
1552:"'Peering' Into AOL-MSN Outage"
1528:"You can't get there from here"
1424:"Brief History of the Internet"
1332:"Definition of: Tier 1 network"
293:Deutsche Telekom Global Carrier
1:
1688:"AT&T Communications Inc"
1137:IPv6: Purchases transit from
1000:IPv4: Purchases transit from
201:the peering agreement allows
146:network protocols worldwide.
3709:Telecommunication portal
3490:Telecommunications equipment
2358:Markoff, John (2008-08-30).
1971:"Level 3® Internet Services"
1108:Verizon Enterprise Solutions
700:Verizon Enterprise Solutions
3226:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1022:IPv6: Lack of peering with
3781:
2930:Telecommunications history
2442:"Cogent - Google - HE Fun"
2378:"Who are the Tier 1 ISPs?"
1604:. Elsevier. 19 July 2010.
1452:. Elsevier. 19 July 2010.
1272:Winther, Mark (May 2006).
789:
3697:
3538:Public Switched Telephone
3350:telecommunication circuit
3311:Fiber-optic communication
3056:Francis Blake (telephone)
2851:Optical telecommunication
1479:. John Wiley & Sons.
1361:. John Wiley & Sons.
1065:Vodafone Carrier Services
811:While the classification
661:
3449:Orbital angular-momentum
2886:Satellite communications
2725:Communications satellite
786:Regional Tier 1 networks
97:Internet exchange points
93:non-disclosure agreement
3328:Molecular communication
3151:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2980:Undersea telegraph line
2715:Cable protection system
1736:"Investor Presentation"
1722:"Internet and Contents"
1246:Internet exchange point
1219:Purchases transit from
1178:Purchases transit from
1094:Purchases transit from
1055:Purchases transit from
919:Purchases transit from
878:Purchases transit from
792:Internet exchange point
286:AT&T Peering policy
218:List of Tier 1 networks
159:Routing through peering
152:Border Gateway Protocol
3470:Communication protocol
3256:Charles Sumner Tainter
3071:Walter Houser Brattain
3016:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2824:Information revolution
1241:Interconnect agreement
588:Telecom Italia Sparkle
60:
3760:Internet architecture
3444:Polarization-division
3176:Narinder Singh Kapany
3141:Erna Schneider Hoover
3061:Jagadish Chandra Bose
3041:Alexander Graham Bell
2772:online video platform
1850:www.libertyglobal.com
1281:NTT America Corporate
1139:Cogent Communications
937:Cogent Communications
470:Global Peering Policy
86:Packet Clearing House
58:
3286:Vladimir K. Zworykin
3246:Almon Brown Strowger
3216:Charles Grafton Page
2871:Prepaid mobile phone
2799:Electrical telegraph
2623:www.thousandeyes.com
1070:Cable & Wireless
820:Other major networks
431:Lumen Peering Policy
320:DTAG Peering Details
74:transit-free network
3236:Johann Philipp Reis
2995:Wireless revolution
2957:The Telephone Cases
2814:Hydraulic telegraph
2174:"Capacity Services"
1506:. DrPeering Press.
1388:. DrPeering Press.
929:Tata Communications
771:Zayo Peering Policy
545:Tata Communications
68:without purchasing
3434:Frequency-division
3411:Telephone exchange
3281:Charles Wheatstone
3211:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
3186:Innocenzo Manzetti
3121:Reginald Fessenden
2856:Optical telegraphy
2689:Telecommunications
2503:. 22 October 2009.
1950:www.prnewswire.com
1944:CenturyLink, Inc.
1773:. 26 February 2018
977:Hurricane Electric
967:Hurricane Electric
965:No IPv6 routes to
504:OTI peering policy
438:NTT Communications
395:Lumen Technologies
388:Peering Principles
354:GTT Peering Policy
327:GTT Communications
61:
3747:
3746:
3485:Store and forward
3480:Data transmission
3394:Network switching
3345:Transmission line
3191:Guglielmo Marconi
3156:Internet pioneers
3021:Mohamed M. Atalla
2990:Whistled language
2298:www22.verizon.com
1637:978-1-118-39457-1
1611:978-0-08-047497-7
1513:978-1-937451-02-8
1486:978-0-470-52938-6
1459:978-0-08-047497-7
1409:RIPE RIS database
1395:978-1-937451-02-8
1368:978-0-470-52938-6
1227:
1226:
1141:/AS1239 to reach
1113:XO Communications
1098:/AS1299 to reach
1004:/AS1299 to reach
776:
775:
250:Fiber route (km)
143:Internet Protocol
123:Internet backbone
38:Internet Protocol
16:(Redirected from
3772:
3737:
3736:
3727:
3726:
3717:
3716:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3578:Notable networks
3568:Wireless network
3508:Cellular network
3500:Types of network
3475:Computer network
3362:Network topology
3276:Thomas A. Watson
3131:Oliver Heaviside
3116:Philo Farnsworth
3091:Daniel Davis Jr.
3066:Charles Bourseul
3026:John Logie Baird
2735:Data compression
2730:Computer network
2682:
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2209:
2208:
2207:. February 2017.
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2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1976:. Archived from
1975:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1852:. Archived from
1842:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1741:. Archived from
1740:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1664:
1658:
1653:
1642:
1641:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1428:Internet Society
1420:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1283:. Archived from
1278:
1269:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1043:
1041:
1040:
988:
986:
985:
953:
951:
950:
907:
905:
904:
866:
864:
863:
832:
755:
753:
752:
716:
714:
713:
677:
675:
674:
666:
665:
634:
632:
631:
600:
598:
597:
565:
563:
562:
522:
520:
519:
488:
486:
485:
454:
452:
451:
415:
413:
412:
372:
370:
369:
338:
336:
335:
304:
302:
301:
270:
268:
267:
233:
133:(1984) and U.S.
21:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3765:Tier 1 networks
3750:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3703:
3701:
3693:
3635:
3572:
3494:
3458:
3415:
3364:
3356:
3297:
3290:
3196:Robert Metcalfe
3051:Tim Berners-Lee
2999:
2819:Information Age
2691:
2686:
2656:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2627:
2625:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2577:
2575:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2386:
2384:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2343:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2302:
2300:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2186:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2138:
2136:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2006:
2004:
2002:"CAIDA AS Rank"
2000:
1999:
1995:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1955:
1953:
1952:(Press release)
1943:
1942:
1938:
1929:
1927:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1905:
1903:
1900:"CAIDA AS Rank"
1898:
1897:
1893:
1884:
1882:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1816:
1814:
1812:"CAIDA AS Rank"
1810:
1809:
1805:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1776:
1774:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1645:
1638:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1557:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1432:
1430:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1310:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1287:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1259:
1232:
1202:
1200:
1161:
1159:
1120:
1118:
1110:
1077:
1075:
1067:
1038:
1036:
1021:
983:
981:
948:
946:
902:
900:
861:
859:
822:
813:regional Tier 1
798:regional Tier 1
794:
788:
750:
748:
711:
709:
672:
670:
659:(Subsidiary of
629:
627:
595:
593:
560:
558:
517:
515:
483:
481:
449:
447:
410:
408:
367:
365:
333:
331:
299:
297:
265:
263:
253:Peering policy
220:
211:
161:
119:
50:Tier 2 networks
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3778:
3776:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3752:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3731:
3721:
3711:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3429:Space-division
3425:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3266:Camille Tissot
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3241:Claude Shannon
3238:
3233:
3231:Tivadar Puskás
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3201:Antonio Meucci
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3171:Charles K. Kao
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3146:Harold Hopkins
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3046:Emile Berliner
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2985:Videotelephony
2982:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2960:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2888:
2883:
2881:Radiotelephone
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2767:Internet video
2759:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2662:
2655:
2654:
2634:
2610:
2604:
2584:
2560:
2540:
2520:
2506:
2492:
2472:
2447:
2433:
2413:
2393:
2369:
2364:New York Times
2350:
2329:
2309:
2285:
2279:
2256:
2233:
2210:
2193:
2165:
2145:
2121:
2101:
2081:
2067:
2047:
2033:
2013:
1993:
1962:
1936:
1912:
1891:
1867:
1837:
1823:
1803:
1783:
1771:BloombergQuint
1758:
1727:
1713:
1693:
1679:
1659:
1643:
1636:
1617:
1610:
1591:
1568:
1543:
1519:
1512:
1492:
1485:
1465:
1458:
1439:
1412:
1401:
1394:
1374:
1367:
1347:
1320:
1293:
1290:on 2010-08-03.
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1116:
1104:
1103:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1084:United Kingdom
1073:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1045:United Kingdom
1034:
1028:
1027:
998:
995:
992:
979:
973:
972:
963:
960:
957:
944:
933:
932:
917:
914:
911:
898:
892:
891:
876:
873:
870:
857:
851:
850:
847:
846:CAIDA AS Rank
844:
839:
836:
821:
818:
787:
784:
774:
773:
768:
765:
762:
759:
746:
735:
734:
729:
726:
723:
720:
707:
696:
695:
693:Peering Policy
690:
687:
684:
681:
668:
653:
652:
647:
644:
641:
638:
625:
619:
618:
616:Peering Policy
613:
610:
607:
604:
591:
584:
583:
581:Peering Policy
578:
575:
572:
569:
556:
541:
540:
538:Peering policy
535:
532:
529:
526:
513:
507:
506:
501:
498:
495:
492:
479:
473:
472:
467:
464:
461:
458:
445:
434:
433:
428:
425:
422:
419:
406:
391:
390:
385:
382:
379:
376:
363:
361:Liberty Global
357:
356:
351:
348:
345:
342:
329:
323:
322:
317:
314:
311:
308:
295:
289:
288:
283:
280:
277:
274:
261:
255:
254:
251:
248:
247:CAIDA AS rank
245:
240:
237:
219:
216:
210:
209:
206:
199:
195:
160:
157:
118:
115:
114:
113:
110:
107:Tier 2 network
88:, and others.
34:Tier 1 network
26:
24:
18:Tier 1 carrier
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3777:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3740:
3732:
3730:
3722:
3720:
3712:
3710:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3689:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3454:Code-division
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3439:Time-division
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:and switching
3363:
3359:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3316:optical fiber
3314:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:Coaxial cable
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3221:Radia Perlman
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3111:Lee de Forest
3109:
3107:
3106:Thomas Edison
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3096:Donald Davies
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3081:Claude Chappe
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2925:Smoke signals
2923:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2903:Semiconductor
2901:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2762:Digital media
2760:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2678:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2461:
2460:www.sixxs.net
2457:
2451:
2448:
2444:. 2016-03-09.
2443:
2437:
2434:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2383:
2382:drpeering.net
2379:
2373:
2370:
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3421:Multiplexing
3296:Transmission
3261:Nikola Tesla
3251:Henry Sutton
3206:Samuel Morse
3136:Robert Hooke
3101:Amos Dolbear
3036:John Bardeen
2955:
2935:Telautograph
2839:Mobile phone
2794:Edholm's law
2777:social media
2710:Broadcasting
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1924:
1915:
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1145:/AS1273 and
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3333:Radio waves
3271:Alfred Vail
3181:Hedy Lamarr
3166:Dawon Kahng
3126:Elisha Gray
3086:Yogen Dalal
3011:Nasir Ahmed
2945:Teleprinter
2809:Heliographs
2181:telxius.com
511:PCCW Global
401:, formerly
399:CenturyLink
374:Netherlands
82:Route Views
3754:Categories
3667:Antarctica
3626:Toasternet
3548:Television
3031:Paul Baran
2963:Television
2947:(teletype)
2940:Telegraphy
2918:transistor
2896:Phryctoria
2866:Photophone
2844:Smartphone
2834:Mass media
2648:2020-10-26
2628:2021-07-12
2598:2020-10-26
2578:2019-11-03
2573:bgp.he.net
2554:2020-10-26
2534:2020-10-26
2486:2020-10-26
2465:5 February
2427:2020-10-26
2407:2022-02-10
2387:2019-05-22
2344:2019-01-22
2323:2020-10-26
2303:2019-01-22
2273:2020-10-26
2250:2020-10-26
2227:2020-10-26
2187:2024-08-11
2159:2020-10-26
2139:2022-10-31
2115:2020-10-26
2095:2020-10-26
2061:2020-10-26
2027:2020-10-26
2007:2020-10-26
1987:2016-09-06
1956:2019-01-22
1930:2020-10-21
1906:2016-09-01
1885:2019-01-22
1817:2020-10-26
1797:2020-10-26
1777:2019-02-05
1752:2017-11-18
1707:2020-10-26
1673:2022-08-08
1582:2014-05-11
1564:transport.
1558:2014-05-11
1534:2014-05-11
1433:2019-01-22
1341:2018-08-10
1311:2008-11-04
1257:References
1111:(formerly
1068:(formerly
939:(formerly
872:4134/4809
790:See also:
779:provider.
741:(formerly
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590:(Seabone)
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397:(formerly
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155:networks.
70:IP transit
3651:Americas
3640:Locations
3611:Internet2
3372:Bandwidth
3076:Vint Cerf
2973:streaming
2951:Telephone
2891:Semaphore
2782:streaming
2183:. Telxius
2130:"Arelion"
1880:MediaRoom
1860:15 August
1832:"Contact"
1336:pcmag.com
1190:/AS6461.
1186:/AS1299,
1182:/AS3356,
1168:Australia
1149:/AS6763.
1102:/AS7018.
1012:/AS2914,
1008:/AS3257,
931:/AS6453.
927:/AS6461,
923:/AS1299,
909:Singapore
882:/AS3356,
842:AS Number
553:Teleglobe
524:Hong Kong
500:495,000
243:AS number
84:servers,
3719:Category
3606:Internet
3596:CYCLADES
3513:Ethernet
3463:Concepts
3387:terminal
3338:wireless
3161:Bob Kahn
3004:Pioneers
2829:Internet
2720:Cable TV
1230:See also
1223:/AS6453
1100:AT&T
1059:/AS3356
1026:/AS174.
890:/AS701.
886:/AS174,
767:196,339
743:AboveNet
728:805,000
612:560,000
577:700,000
427:885,139
384:800,000
350:232,934
316:250,000
282:660,000
259:AT&T
125:was the
66:Internet
42:Internet
3739:Commons
3729:Outline
3682:Oceania
3601:FidoNet
3586:ARPANET
3399:circuit
2968:digital
2697:History
2134:Arelion
1196:Comcast
1184:Arelion
1180:Level 3
1155:Telstra
1096:Arelion
1057:Level 3
1020:/AS6453
1002:Arelion
921:Arelion
896:Singtel
888:Verizon
880:Level 3
849:Reason
689:65,000
657:Telxius
646:70,000
547:(prev.
403:Level 3
306:Germany
179:through
127:ARPANET
117:History
46:peering
3677:Europe
3647:Africa
3631:Usenet
3591:BITNET
3528:Mobile
3404:packet
2913:MOSFET
2908:device
2705:Beacon
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1608:
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1024:Cogent
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941:PSINet
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884:Cogent
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827:Tier 2
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683:12956
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636:Sweden
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477:Orange
453:
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135:NSFNET
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3655:North
3616:JANET
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3543:Radio
3382:Nodes
3377:Links
3298:media
2876:Radio
2861:Pager
2789:Drums
2755:video
2750:image
2740:audio
2177:(PDF)
1981:(PDF)
1974:(PDF)
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1739:(PDF)
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994:6939
913:7473
868:China
835:Name
761:6461
704:UUNET
679:Spain
640:1299
606:6762
602:Italy
571:6453
567:India
528:3491
494:5511
460:2914
456:Japan
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2467:2017
1862:2017
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1481:ISBN
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1390:ISBN
1363:ISBN
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875:143
722:701
549:VSNL
228:IPv6
226:and
224:IPv4
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3523:LAN
2804:Fax
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1091:13
1052:12
1010:NTT
1006:GTT
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