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and 85 near threatened species, 326 species of coral reef fish from 55 families including the endangered humphead wrasse, vulnerable blacktip reef shark, slender bambooshark, tawny nurse shark, brown-marbled grouper, squaretail coral grouper, finless sleeper ray, Jenkin's whipray and the near threatened blackspot tuskfish and Bower's parrotfish, and 76 taxa of benthic macroalgae. The seagrass beds support 3 species of seagrass and can be found near
Kampung Air Batang, Kampung Genting, Teluk Nipah, Teluk Mukut and between Japamala Resort and Pasir Cina. The mangrove forests, a total of 59.90 hectares, support 23 mangrove species including a new hybrid species, one endangered species (Heritiera globose) which can be found near Kampung Genting and Kampung Juara and two near threatened species (Ceriops decandra and Sonneratia ovata) which can be found near Kampung Juara.
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cover 186.4 hectares (460.6 acres) of the island's west coast between the villages of
Kampung Paya and Kampung Genting. 76% of the development area would need to be land reclaimed from the sea (142.70 hectares) within Pulau Tioman Marine Park, according to the EIA report. Impacts on the marine environment cited in the EIA report include direct destruction of coral reefs and coastal habitats, underwater construction noise, pollutant runoff, artificial lighting, and plumes of silt and sediment. The development could displace local businesses, extinguish tourism revenue in two of the island's seven villages, and have cascading effects on the island's already limited natural resource.
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organisms, it is important to examine the drawbacks and limitations of this approach. Relocating corals from their natural habitats to new sites can have an adverse effect on their survival and the ecosystems they support. Transplanted corals often struggle to adapt to new conditions, leading to a high mortality rate. The disturbance caused by relocation can disrupt the balance of the ecosystem and result in long-term ecological consequences.
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The EIA report was prepared by Asia
Pacific Environmental Consultants Sdn. Bhd. for Tioman Infra Sdn. Bhd., a subsidiary part-owned by the Berjaya Group, a Malaysia-based corporation that also operates a resort on the island. The project developer is Tioman Infra Sdn Bhd, a wholly owned subsidiary of
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The EIA report states that 54% of 300 island residents surveyed about the development viewed the development positively. However, the report concedes that many respondents were residents of
Kampung Tekek, a village in the northern, most developed part of the island, far from the development footprint
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Tioman's corals have been affected by a mass bleaching event in 2010 whereby the island lost a significant portion of its live coral cover. That resulted in many corals turning a dull white colour and some even fragmenting into pieces of dead coral skeleton. The 2016 bleaching event only just touched
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A proposal to build an international airport on Tioman Island which were rejected by authorities in 2018 due to the scale of the environmental impacts it would cause are still very much in the works as an environmental impact assessment (EIA) for the project has been submitted. The new airport would
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Tioman Island Marine Park hosts three marine ecosystems: coral reef, seagrass bed, and mangrove forest. The coral reefs accommodate 350 species of scleractinian corals from 67 genera including three endangered species (Alveopora minuta, Isopora togianensis and
Pectinia maxima), 86 vulnerable species
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Local mythology claims that the island is the embodiment of the mighty dragon Sri Gumom. The dragon was on his way to visit his sister Gunung Linga (Lingin Peak). Still, the great Sri Rama forbade the meeting, and Sri Gumom was turned into a stone and fell into the deep sea where he now remains,
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The EIA report suggests carrying out a marine conservation and rehabilitation plan, which involves relocating and propagating corals to four designated sites and two coral farms before any construction begins. While the relocation of corals may appear to be a measure to protect these fragile
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The island is served by ferries from
Mersing, Johor and Tanjung Gemok, Pahang. Both are located in Malaysia. Currently, two ferry companies are operating in both jetties. You can purchase the ticket at the counter book directly from their respective website to secure your seats in advance.
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area was protected in 1972 as the Pulau Tioman
Wildlife Reserve. However, a large part of the original reserve was sacrificed for agricultural and touristic development in 1984; the remaining area is approximately 8,296 ha (20,500 acres). There are several protected species of
337:. It is 39 kilometres (24 miles) long and 12 kilometres (7.5 miles) wide and has seven villages, the largest and most populous being Kampung Tekek on the central western coast. The densely forested island is sparsely inhabited, and is surrounded by numerous
1720:
Zainee, N. F. A. and
Effendi, M. T. (2017). Diversity Assessment on Malaysian Benthic Macroalgae in Tioman Island and Tulai Candang Island, Pahang. Proceedings of WRL International Conference, Melbourne, Australia, 4th-5th March 2017,
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Akmal, K. F., Shahbudin, S., Faiz, M. H. M., et al. (2019). Diversity and
Abundance of Scleractinian Corals in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia: A case Study of Redang and Tioman Islands. Ocean Sci. J. 54, 435-456.
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and close to a large resort linked to the project developer. In contrast, representatives surveyed from the affected villages of
Kampung Genting and Kampung Paya typically held a negative view of the airport proposal.
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Noraini M. T. and Tan W. H. (2008). Tourist carrying capacity on Pulau Tioman an ecological and social perspective. In Natural History of the Pulau Tioman Group of Islands, Phang et al. (eds.), p. 99-122.
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Yusri, Y., Affendi, Y. A. and Rosman A. (2008). Coral reef fishes of Pulau Tioman Marine Park. In Natural History of the Pulau Tioman Group of Islands, Phang et al. (eds.), p. 73-96.
1348:. Enraptured by the charms of the place, she decided to discontinue her journey. By taking the form of an island, she pledged to offer shelter and comfort to passing travellers.
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Tioman Hill Resort Sdn Bhd which is 50% owned by Berjaya Group. The rest is owned by the royal family of Pahang through Aimvesco Sdn Bhd and the late Sultan Ahmad Shah.
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A proposal to build an international airport through land reclamation was rejected in 2018 on environmental grounds, although the proposal has been raised since.
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and Teluk Gading, as well as by air, run by a regular private service from Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport (formerly Subang International Airport) in Selangor.
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https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5c9c815e348cd94acf3b352e/t/5ed0c81510c5fb45a5511b26/1590741173144/Tioman+as+a+Sustainable+Tourism+Destination.pdf
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fishermen as an essential navigation point and a source of fresh water and wood. During the past thousand years, it has played host to
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Currently (May 2024) there are no commercial flights to Pulau Tioman, and discussions of an airport expansion are still on-going.
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Tioman island does not allow buildings to have more than three stories. Tioman Island is to be granted municipality status soon.
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According to legend, Tioman Island is the resting place of a beautiful dragon princess. Whilst flying to visit her prince in
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Reef Check Malaysia - build ecological and social resilience on Tioman Island through its Cintai Tioman Programme
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Renggis Island - a popular snorkeling and dive site known for sightings of sharks and turtles near Tekek Village
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Tulai Island also known as Coral Island, famous for its white sandy beach and amazing snorkeling and dive sites
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spot. There are many resorts and chalets for tourists around the island, which has duty-free status.
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1604:"Diplomacy, Trade and Networks: Champa in the Asian Commercial Context (7th-10th Centuries)"
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on Tioman's Coral Reefs, and as such, the coral has remained in good and healthy condition.
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492:. Moreover, Tioman has species that are endemic to its shores. The Tioman walking catfish
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The marine area around Tioman Island and eight other nearby islands have been declared as
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411:. As a result, the waters around the island are littered with war remains, including
1233:. Its representative to the State Legislative Assembly is Mohd. Johari Hussain from
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Reef Check Malaysia. (2020). Tioman as a Sustainable Tourism Destination. 13p.
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1241:. Its representative to the Malaysian Parliament is Abdul Khalib Abdullah from
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1452:- Channel 53 (Temporarily unavailable) - Currently broadcasting on Channel 11
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frozen in eternity as this beautiful island with its distinctive topography.
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are becoming increasingly common around the island, harming local wildlife.
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1791:"Proposed Tioman airport threatens this paradise | New Straits Times"
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Juara Turtle Project - volunteer sea turtle and environmental conservation
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1811:"Airport proposal for Malaysian island doesn't fly with conservationists"
1763:"Airport proposal for Malaysian island doesn't fly with conservationists"
1577:. Supplement No. 6. National University of Singapore: 3–4. Archived from
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Juara Turtle Project- volunteer sea turtle and environmental conservation
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Soyak Island - a popular snorkeling and dive site close to Salang Village
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https://www.worldresearchlibrary.org/up_proc/pdf/707-149120433623-27.pdf
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Tomok Island - a popular snorkeling and dive site close to Paya Village
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1876:"Climate of Tourist Places in Malaysia – Pulau Tioman (Tioman Island)"
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Popular Dive and Snorkeling Sites off the coast of Tulai/Coral Island
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A picture of a wooden tomb with Tioman Island's legend written on it.
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1851:"Ghost nets haunt marine life in Malaysian marine park, study finds"
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The island is accessed via ferry service from the coastal town of
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Bagus Place Retreat - The most eco-friendly area on Tioman Island
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Tioman Island lends its name to the state constituency of
1836:"Lapangan terbang baru akan jejaskan Taman Laut Tioman"
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In more recent history, Tioman played host to both the
372:"Paulo Tymon", Nieuhof: Ambassade vers la Chine, 1665.
1933:
The Biodiversity of Pulau Tioman, Peninsular Malaysia
1878:. Malaysian Meteorological Department. Archived from
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325:) is 32 kilometres (20 miles) off the east coast of
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
396:shards can be found on beaches around the island.
376:Tioman has been used for thousands of years by
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1678:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T61840A12566282.en
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567:Minang Cove - The only cove of Tioman Island
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1701:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12601-019-0018-6
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388:, and European trading ships en route to
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1916:Tioman Island Travel Information Website
1225:, comprising the island and part of the
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1514:List of islands in the South China Sea
1446:- Channel 50 (Temporarily unavailable)
7:
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
1664:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1208:Malaysian Meteorological Department
310:Tioman Island's southern mountains.
1777:"EIA reviewing new Tioman airport"
14:
1950:Tioman island Travel Informations
1634:. Tioman Ferry Tickets, Singapore
1568:"An Introduction to Pulau Tioman"
1388:FM 104.0 (Tioman community radio)
502:is only known from Mount Kajang.
498:can be seen on rainforest walks.
3076:Kerteh-Kuantan Port Railway Line
2920:Kerteh-Kuantan Port Railway Line
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1928:Tourism Malaysia - Tioman Island
1904:
1411:FM 90.1 Radio Klasik - owned by
438:marine parks and marine reserves
215:136 km (53 sq mi)
23:
2981:Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin
1575:The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology
1365:Community radio within Tioman:
641:Climate data for Tioman Island
34:needs additional citations for
3107:Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Airport
2976:Universiti Malaysia Terengganu
1809:Carolyn Cowan (21 July 2023).
1602:Giang, Do Truong (June 2016).
1318:2. Cata Ferry - cataferry.com
1253:Non-governmental organisations
586:Air Batang - also known as ABC
1:
2880:Bandar Al-Muktafi Billah Shah
1849:Ashley Yeong (13 June 2024).
1399:FM 88.3 Minnal FM - owned by
456:on the island, including the
2861:Universiti Malaysia Kelantan
1912:travel guide from Wikivoyage
1417:FM 92.1 Johor FM - owned by
2931:Kuala Terengganu Drawbridge
2841:Sultan Ismail Petra Airport
2821:Palekbang-Kota Bharu Bridge
1944:Raffles Bulletin of Zoology
1632:"Jungle trekking in Tioman"
1509:List of islands of Malaysia
1114:Average precipitation days
900:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
760:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
231:1,038 m (3406 ft)
223:245 km (152.2 mi)
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3146:Endau-Rompin National Park
3122:Universiti Malaysia Pahang
2784:East Coast Economic Region
2208:Cameron Highlands District
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500:Kajang slender litter frog
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2003:
1429:Radio Televisyen Malaysia
1419:Radio Televisyen Malaysia
1413:Radio Televisyen Malaysia
1407:Radio Televisyen Malaysia
1405:FM 89.1 Ai FM - owned by
1401:Radio Televisyen Malaysia
1395:From Malaysian mainland:
1378:Radio Televisyen Malaysia
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3010:Bandar Tun Razak, Jengka
2961:Second East–West Highway
2836:Second East–West Highway
2603:Bandar Damansara Kuantan
1385:FM 103.2 (Airport radio)
443:Apart from its diverse
3015:Bandar Tun Abdul Razak
2302:Bandar Tun Abdul Razak
1657:Leptolalax kajangensis
1653:Stuart, Simon (2006).
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1286:The island houses the
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1229:including the town of
579:Golden City - part of
482:brush-tailed porcupine
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341:, making it a popular
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228:Highest elevation
3045:East Coast Expressway
3000:Bandar Indera Mahkota
2966:Sultan Mahmud Airport
2905:Islamic Heritage Park
2895:East Coast Expressway
2679:FELDA Kota Gelanggi 2
2608:Bandar Indera Mahkota
2115:Flag and coat of arms
1942:(Supplement 6 of the
1671:: e.T61840A12566282.
1617:10.4000/moussons.3521
1566:Abdul, Jasmi (1999).
1335:
1312:1. Bluewater Ferry -
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3050:East Coast Rail Link
2900:East Coast Rail Link
2885:Bandar Ketengah Jaya
2806:East Coast Rail Link
1382:FM 100.7 Nasional FM
1356:Radio and television
1321:3. Jetty Location -
690:Record high °C (°F)
470:black giant squirrel
392:, and often Chinese
43:improve this article
3005:Bandar Muadzam Shah
2598:Bandar Baru Chendor
2122:Tourist attractions
970:Record low °C (°F)
830:Daily mean °C (°F)
541:Tourist attractions
462:long-tailed macaque
192: /
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3030:Central Spine Road
2946:Perhentian Islands
2801:Central Spine Road
1955:2021-03-04 at the
1938:2013-10-19 at the
1921:2015-06-21 at the
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1290:with flights from
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1247:Perikatan Nasional
407:navies during the
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292:2023 (2016 Census)
236:Highest point
16:Island in Malaysia
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3066:Genting Highlands
3025:Cameron Highlands
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2654:FELDA New Zealand
2271:Genting Highlands
2248:Temerloh District
2213:Jerantut District
1882:on 19 August 2008
1727:978-93-86291-88-2
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1160:relative humidity
486:common palm civet
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196:2.817°N 104.183°E
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1838:. 17 June 2022.
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58:"Tioman Island"
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570:Asah Waterfall
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552:Tioman Airport
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511:
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433:
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3192:Tioman Island
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3167:
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3147:
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3117:Tioman Island
3115:
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3110:
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2956:Redang Island
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2700:Tioman Island
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2649:FELDA Mempaga
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2552:Tanjung Gemok
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2377:Fraser's Hill
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2238:Raub District
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2229:
2226:
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2209:
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2203:Bera District
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2038:Old Sultanate
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2016:
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1910:Tioman Island
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1610:(27): 59–82.
1609:
1605:
1598:
1595:
1584:on 2013-10-19
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1427:) - owned by
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1376:) - owned by
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1042:precipitation
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1007:
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626:Chebeh Island
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591:Around Tioman
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569:
566:
564:Tekek Village
563:
561:
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546:Tioman Island
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315:Tioman Island
308:
299:
297:Ethnic groups
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177:
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145:Tioman Island
142:
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128:Native name:
125:
122:Tioman Island
113:
110:
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91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3116:
3112:Taman Negara
3092:Kuantan Port
2971:Taman Negara
2951:Rantau Abang
2846:Taman Negara
2699:
2669:Kampung Awah
2623:Gohtong Jaya
2618:Bandar Putra
2437:Kuala Rompin
2432:Kuala Pahang
2357:Cherok Paloh
2352:Bukit Tinggi
2281:Muadzam Shah
2258:Subdistricts
2153:Demographics
2045:Constitution
1884:. Retrieved
1880:the original
1870:
1858:. Retrieved
1854:
1844:
1830:
1818:. Retrieved
1814:
1785:
1771:
1757:
1745:
1736:
1716:
1707:
1694:
1682:. Retrieved
1668:
1662:
1656:
1648:
1636:. Retrieved
1626:
1607:
1597:
1586:. Retrieved
1579:the original
1574:
1542:. Retrieved
1485:
1482:- Channel 40
1458:- Channel 32
1394:
1364:
1350:
1339:
1320:
1317:
1314:bluewater.my
1311:
1307:
1299:
1296:
1285:
1231:Kuala Rompin
1220:
1044:mm (inches)
623:Labas Island
620:Sepoi Island
613:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
504:
495:Clarias batu
493:
442:
435:
427:
421:
414:
398:
378:Austronesian
375:
355:
343:scuba diving
323:Pulau Tioman
314:
313:
284:Demographics
254:
132:ڤولاو تياومن
130:Pulau Tioman
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3156:Sibu Island
3078:(abandoned)
2936:Kuala Nerus
2922:(abandoned)
2910:Kenyir Lake
2851:Tanah Merah
2542:Sungai Ruan
2502:Paloh Hinai
2467:Lurah Bilut
2442:Kuala Tahan
2427:Kuala Lipis
2297:Bandar Bera
2075:Legislative
2054:Government
2033:Old Kingdom
1684:27 December
1493:- Channel 5
1480:TV Alhijrah
1476:- Channel 9
1470:- Channel 7
490:frigatebird
445:marine life
347:snorkelling
339:coral reefs
199: /
175:Coordinates
3181:Categories
3040:Chini Lake
2872:Terengganu
2816:Kota Bharu
2811:Gua Musang
2742:Wikisource
2664:Janda Baik
2613:Bandar MEC
2547:Tanah Rata
2462:Lubuk Paku
2422:Kuala Krau
2347:Bukit Ibam
2317:Batu Talam
2312:Batu Hitam
2102:Pahangites
1886:13 October
1638:19 October
1588:2012-12-10
1544:19 October
1520:References
1438:Television
1323:Google Map
597:Pulo Jehat
556:Panuba Bay
535:Ghost nets
478:mouse deer
466:slow loris
449:rainforest
289:Population
69:newspapers
3035:Cherating
3020:Bera Lake
2684:Ulu Cheka
2644:Cherating
2591:Townships
2482:Mengkuang
2477:Mengkarak
2342:Brinchang
2322:Belimbing
2191:Districts
2184:divisions
2163:Education
2087:Judiciary
2082:Geography
2058:Executive
2050:Elections
2005:Capital:
1423:FM 92.9 (
1374:Pahang FM
1372:FM 96.8 (
1342:Singapore
1109:(107.02)
458:binturong
394:porcelain
220:Coastline
160:Geography
99:July 2013
3071:Jerantut
2856:Tok Bali
2793:Kelantan
2722:Category
2674:Sri Jaya
2637:Villages
2582:Tringkap
2572:Temerloh
2532:Sempalit
2507:Panching
2487:Mentakab
2452:Lanchang
2392:Jerantut
2173:Language
2168:Politics
2106:Symbols
2029:History
1953:Archived
1936:Archived
1919:Archived
1855:Mongabay
1815:Mongabay
1608:Moussons
1498:See also
1425:TraXX FM
1391:FM 104.1
1217:Politics
1206:Source:
1158:Average
1104:(24.61)
1099:(14.22)
1049:(13.07)
1040:Average
405:Japanese
403:and the
335:Malaysia
274:District
256:Malaysia
187:104°11′E
165:Location
3161:Segamat
3151:Mersing
3087:Kuantan
3082:KotaSAS
3062:(MCKIP)
3055:Gambang
2732:Commons
2628:KotaSAS
2577:Teriang
2527:Ringlet
2492:Merapoh
2457:Lentang
2402:Kemayan
2382:Gambang
2362:Chendor
2337:Beserah
2332:Bentong
2158:Economy
2148:Cuisine
2138:Culture
2131:Society
2007:Kuantan
1860:25 June
1820:31 July
1486:Local:
1369:FM 90.0
1243:BERSATU
1107:2,718.4
1094:(7.93)
1089:(6.68)
1084:(6.94)
1079:(6.48)
1074:(5.70)
1069:(5.51)
1064:(4.78)
1059:(5.54)
1054:(5.56)
1035:(65.5)
1030:(68.7)
1025:(68.9)
1020:(68.7)
1015:(68.0)
1010:(67.6)
1005:(67.5)
1000:(68.9)
995:(69.1)
990:(68.9)
985:(66.0)
980:(65.5)
975:(65.5)
965:(73.5)
960:(73.9)
955:(73.2)
950:(72.9)
945:(72.5)
940:(72.7)
935:(72.7)
930:(73.4)
925:(73.8)
920:(73.6)
915:(74.1)
910:(74.8)
905:(74.7)
895:(79.1)
890:(78.1)
885:(78.3)
880:(78.6)
875:(78.4)
870:(78.6)
865:(78.8)
860:(79.5)
855:(80.1)
850:(80.4)
845:(80.2)
840:(79.5)
835:(78.6)
825:(86.9)
820:(83.3)
815:(85.6)
810:(88.2)
805:(88.0)
800:(87.8)
795:(88.0)
790:(88.7)
785:(89.8)
780:(89.1)
775:(86.9)
770:(84.7)
765:(83.1)
755:(97.5)
750:(91.8)
745:(93.7)
740:(97.2)
735:(93.7)
730:(94.6)
725:(93.7)
720:(95.0)
715:(97.5)
710:(95.2)
705:(94.6)
700:(92.3)
695:(90.5)
633:Climate
583:village
510:Impacts
454:mammals
415:Repulse
401:British
382:Chinese
364:History
358:Mersing
351:surfing
83:scholar
3060:Gebeng
2992:Pahang
2915:Kerteh
2890:Chukai
2693:Island
2497:Nenasi
2412:Ketari
2407:Kerdau
2372:Cheroh
2367:Chenor
2266:Gebeng
2110:Anthem
2063:Sultan
2018:Topics
1997:Pahang
1725:
1328:Legend
1292:Subang
1223:Tioman
646:Month
581:Salang
560:Salang
484:, and
432:Nature
390:Champa
349:, and
331:Pahang
278:Rompin
268:Pahang
184:2°49′N
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3166:Labis
3141:Endau
3133:Johor
3131:ECER
3102:Pekan
2990:ECER
2870:ECER
2791:ECER
2517:Penor
2512:Pekan
2472:Maran
2397:Karak
2327:Benta
2290:Towns
2276:Jelai
2143:Crime
2097:Music
2025:Index
2011:Pekan
1993:State
1582:(PDF)
1571:(PDF)
1361:Radio
1304:Water
1102:625.0
1097:361.3
1092:201.4
1087:169.6
1082:176.4
1077:164.5
1072:144.8
1067:140.0
1062:121.5
1057:140.7
1052:141.1
1047:332.1
685:Year
319:Malay
264:State
90:JSTOR
76:books
2941:Paka
2522:Raub
1888:2019
1862:2024
1822:2023
1723:ISBN
1686:2017
1669:2006
1640:2013
1546:2013
1462:NTV7
1235:UMNO
1162:(%)
1153:186
1033:18.6
1028:20.4
1023:20.5
1018:20.4
1013:20.0
1008:19.8
1003:19.7
998:20.5
993:20.6
988:20.5
983:18.9
978:18.6
973:18.6
963:23.1
958:23.3
953:22.9
948:22.7
943:22.5
938:22.6
933:22.6
928:23.0
923:23.2
918:23.1
913:23.4
908:23.8
903:23.7
893:26.2
888:25.6
883:25.7
878:25.9
873:25.8
868:25.9
863:26.0
858:26.4
853:26.7
848:26.9
843:26.8
838:26.4
833:25.9
823:30.5
818:28.5
813:29.8
808:31.2
803:31.1
798:31.0
793:31.1
788:31.5
783:32.1
778:31.7
773:30.5
768:29.3
763:28.4
753:36.4
748:33.2
743:34.3
738:36.2
733:34.3
728:34.8
723:34.3
718:35.0
713:36.4
708:35.1
703:34.8
698:33.5
693:32.5
682:Dec
679:Nov
676:Oct
673:Sep
670:Aug
667:Jul
664:Jun
661:May
658:Apr
655:Mar
652:Feb
649:Jan
420:HMS
418:and
413:HMS
386:Arab
241:Ribu
212:Area
62:news
2092:Law
1995:of
1673:doi
1612:doi
1491:TV5
1474:TV9
1468:8TV
1456:TV3
1450:TV2
1444:TV1
1282:Air
1201:86
1198:87
1195:88
1192:87
1189:88
1186:88
1183:87
1180:87
1177:87
1174:86
1171:83
1168:82
1165:83
1150:23
1147:22
1144:17
1141:15
1138:16
1135:15
1132:14
1129:14
1126:12
1123:11
1120:11
1117:16
45:by
3183::
1853:.
1813:.
1799:^
1667:.
1661:.
1606:.
1573:.
1554:^
1528:^
1294:.
1249:.
480:,
476:,
472:,
468:,
464:,
460:,
440:.
425:.
384:,
345:,
333:,
329:,
321::
2776:e
2769:t
2762:v
1985:e
1978:t
1971:v
1946:)
1890:.
1864:.
1824:.
1779:.
1688:.
1675::
1659:"
1655:"
1642:.
1620:.
1614::
1591:.
1548:.
1464:-
1277:.
1245:-
1237:-
317:(
243:)
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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