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under Dawes, insofar as he owned a house, paid taxes, made charitable contributions, and, generally "lived like a white person." Judge Thomas Reed ruled that Dawes preempted the 1915 Citizenship Act. Effectively, this meant that the territorial government could not add procedures such as endorsement by white citizens, testing, or obtaining a certificate of citizenship if the requirements for citizenship under Dawes were met. Tillie Paul
Tamaree and Charlie Jones were acquitted.
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It only recognized Native people as citizens under strict conditions, including the endorsement of at least five white citizens, certain testing requirements, as well as proof that they had "adopted the habits of civilization." William Paul argued that Jones fulfilled the requirements of citizenship
212:
In
November 1922, Tillie assisted a Tlingit relative, Charlie Jones, to vote, after he was refused by election officials in Wrangell. Both were charged with felonies: Charlie Jones for "falsely swearing to be a citizen" and voting illegally and Tillie for aiding and abetting him. Her son William, by
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and Louis Paul, were leaders in the ANB as were many of the students Tillie taught at the Sitka school. While her sons are generally given credit for transforming the ANB from a service organization to a political one, Tillie's influence in shaping these leaders was recognized by her contemporaries.
255:
In 1882, Tillie Kinnon married Louis
Francis Paul, with whom she had three sons. In 1887, Tille was widowed. In 1905, Tillied married again to William Tamaree, with whom she had three daughters. In 1924, Tillie's son, William became the first Alaska Native elected to the territorial legislature. In
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and lectured on
Tlingit culture in Sitka as a member of the Society of Alaskan Natural History and Ethnology. Tillie also learned to play the organ, becoming proficient enough to accompany school and church events. Some of her translated hymns and prayers are still in use among Tlingit Christians
259:
In 1979, an infirmary building on the campus of
Sheldon Jackson College was named for Tillie Paul. In 1997, her daughter-in-law, Frances Lackey Paul, published a children's book, Kahtahah, based on her mother-in-law's early life. In 2001, the Sheldon Jackson School was designated a
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In 1905, Tillie founded the New
Covenant Legion, a Christian temperance organization intended to reach Native communities considered especially at risk from alcohol abuse, with George Beck, a student at the Sitka school. The New Covenant Legion in turn became the
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with the understanding that no marriage would take place against her will. After her decision not to marry, when she was no longer under the care of the
Tsimishian, she went to live with a Methodist minister and his wife, missionaries at
229:
In his ruling, Judge Reed wrote that "if you find that the defendant
Charley (sic) Jones was born within the limits of the United States, then you must conclude that the said Charley Jones was born under and within the terms of the
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Tillie traveled on behalf of the
Presbyterian Church, attending its General Assembly in New York City at least twice. In 1902, she was invited to address the Assembly on the subject of women's role in the church.
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conferred citizenship on all Native
Americans born within the United States and its territories, extending the franchise, but not completely eradicating further attempts to limit Native Americans' right to vote.
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In 2020, Tillie's civil rights work and the charges brought against her in 1922 for “inducing an Indian not entitled to vote to vote at an election” were featured in the Alaska State Museum Exhibit,
156:. There, she performed a range of tasks, acting as an interpreter, supervising sewing classes, serving as a nurse in the boy's hospital ward, and eventually becoming matron of the girl's dormitory.
129:, the school served 64 men and women; Tillie and her husband visited homes three times a week, sharing just twelve textbooks among their students. The couple opened a second school in the
70:, she arranged to bring Tillie and her sister north to be raised by Tlingit relatives. Aided by a member of her Tlingit clan, Kut-Xoox traveled by canoe with her two daughters along the
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163:, to create a writing system for Tlingit language and together they compiled a Tlingit dictionary. She published several articles about Tlingit culture in the Presbyterian newspaper,
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region of Alaska, where Paul's family lived. Paul died in 1886, presumably drowned while scouting for a new school location. However, a contemporary biographer of Tillie Paul's,
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In 2015, Tillie Paul's great-granddaughter, Debra O'Gara, was named Tribal Court Presiding Judge by the Central Council of the Tlingit and Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska.
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446:"Female Native Teachers in Southeast Alaska: Sarah Dickinson, Tillie Paul, and Frances Willard," in Margaret Connell Szasz, ed., Between Indian and White Worlds
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chief, Abraham Lincoln. Her uncle consented to the marriage, but Tillie was ambivalent. They arranged that she would travel south to Lincoln's home in
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74:, a journey of 600 miles. After her mother's death, young Tillie was raised by a maternal aunt, Xoon-sel-ut, and her uncle, Chief Snook of the
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221:. That act required Native people to sever tribal ties in order to be recognized as citizens. By 1915, the Alaska Territory had passed the
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in and around Wrangell. She married Louis Francis Paul and in 1882 the two became the first Native couple to be commissioned by the
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in 1923. The case hinged on the definition of Native citizenship, which, until 1915, had been determined by the
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Tillie lived in Wrangell until she was 12 years old, when she received a marriage proposal from a Christian
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Wise women: from Pocahontas to Sarah Winnemucca, remarkable stories of Native American trailblazers
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of the Presbyterian Church, in the first year that Presbyterian women could be so ordained.
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729:"Criminal case file for USA vs. Tillie Paul Tamaree for inducing an Indian to vote (1923)"
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Presbyterian Home and School for Girls, where she started using the name "Tillie Kinnon."
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102:, British Columbia. There, she relearned English and was schooled in Christian worship.
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A Dangerous Idea: The Alaska Native Brotherhood and the Struggle for Indigenous Rights
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Paul's death left Tillie with three young sons to care for on her own. She moved to
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86:. Her adoptive family gave her the name Katliyud, soon shortened to "Kah-tah-ah."
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31:
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While at the McFarland School, Tillie worked as an interpreter for clergyman
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The Battle Over Bilingual Ballots: Language Minorities and Political Access
200:(ANB) and Alaska Native Sisterhood, the first advocacy organizations for
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this time an attorney, defended them both at a trial that took place in
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Her family arranged for her return to Wrangell and she was admitted to
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In 1931, Tillie Paul was the first woman ordained as an elder in the
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During her years in Sitka, she worked with a fellow teacher,
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Dauenhauer, Nora Marks and Richard Dauenhauer, eds. (1994).
638:, University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections.
520:
Cultural Politics and the Mass Media: Alaska Native Voices
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1952, Tillie Paul died at a hospital in Wrangell, age 90.
152:, a missionary and the General Agent of Education for the
620:"Tlingit Civil Rights Hero William Paul Sr. Remembered"
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Haa k̲usteeyĂ, our culture : Tlingit life stories
545:"William Paul Was The "Father of Native Land Claims""
713:"Debra O'Gara Hired as Tribal Court Presiding Judge"
648:"SJ Names Place to Honor Tlingit Woman, Tillie Paul"
699:"Sheldon Jackson School National Historic Landmark"
62:father named James Kinnon, who was employed by the
522:. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
335:. Juneau, Alaska: University of Washington Press.
137:, suggests that his death was a suspicious one.
518:Daley, Patrick J. and Beverly A. James (2004).
838:Presbyterian missionaries in the United States
733:Alaska District Court First Division (Juneau)
309:More Than Petticoats: Remarkable Alaska Women
125:to found a new missionary school. Located in
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27:(January 18, 1863 – August 20, 1952) was a
735:– via Alaska State Archives, Juneau.
420:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
368:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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823:People from Victoria, British Columbia
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305:"Matilda Kinnon 'Tillie' Paul Tamaree"
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25:Matilda Kinnon "Tillie"' Paul Tamaree
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475:. Boston: W. A. Wilde Co. pp.
123:Presbyterian Board of Home Missions
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793:Canadian Presbyterian missionaries
543:Kiffer, Dave (February 16, 2009).
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883:20th-century Canadian translators
798:19th-century Canadian translators
768:20th-century First Nations people
763:19th-century First Nations people
490:"Tlingit Baskets to be Displayed"
232:1st Section of the 14th Amendment
833:People from pre-statehood Alaska
808:Christian missionaries in Alaska
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448:. University of Oklahoma Press.
146:Sitka Industrial Training School
66:. When her mother fell ill with
469:Davis, Mary (Caldwell) (1931).
191:Tillie Paul and her son William
95:Prince Rupert, British Columbia
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813:Female Christian missionaries
778:20th-century Native Americans
773:19th-century Native Americans
675:Kahtahah, Frances Lackey Paul
572:Tucker, James Thomas (2016).
559:"1915 Alaska Citizenship Act"
828:People from Wrangell, Alaska
311:(Globe Pequot 2014): 11-20.
113:Teaching and missionary work
873:Native American suffragists
868:First Nations women writers
858:20th-century American women
653:(October 19, 1979): 5. via
54:Matilda Kinnon was born in
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383:Turner, Erin, ed. (2009).
262:National Historic Landmark
56:Victoria, British Columbia
818:People from Sitka, Alaska
636:William Lewis Paul Papers
198:Alaska Native Brotherhood
495:(March 7, 1997): 6. via
444:Wyatt, Victoria (1994).
387:. Guilford, CT: TwoDot.
243:Personal life and legacy
50:Early life and education
878:Suffragists from Alaska
576:. New York: Routledge.
272:Alaska's Suffrage Stars
223:Alaska Citizenship Act.
204:rights. Tillie's sons,
803:Christians from Alaska
783:American Presbyterians
673:Paul, Frances (1976).
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236:Indian Citizenship Act
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177:Alaska Northwest Synod
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848:Tlingit women writers
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183:Civil rights advocacy
36:civil rights advocate
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863:Missionary linguists
651:Daily Sitka Sentinel
493:Sitka Daily Sentinel
64:Hudson's Bay Company
788:Alaska Native women
718:(October 29, 2015).
303:Cherry Lyon Jones,
716:Alaska Native News
413:has generic name (
361:has generic name (
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411:|last=
359:|last=
144:to work at
76:Naanya.aayi
20:Tillie Paul
747:Categories
278:References
91:Tsimishian
32:translator
403:cite book
351:cite book
60:Scottish
40:educator
168:today.
131:Tongass
82:, near
29:Tlingit
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679:ISBN
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
