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287:. Twenty-eight people in an un-reinforced training room in the back of the building survived. According to a study of the collapse, the tornado hit the south corner of the store and lifted the roof up causing the west walls to collapse into the store. The walls on the east side (where the people survived) collapsed out. Only two walls remained standing. Engineers said that stronger roof-to-wall connections might have tempered the collapse. Two other big box stores at the corner that had
299:) lost their roofs but the walls remained intact. Those buildings were not directly hit by the tornado but the Home Depot building suffered a direct hit. Three people died in the Walmart, but 200 survived. The engineers told the Star that when concrete blocks fail they usually break apart, and do not come down in huge slabs. Home Depot, which has hundreds of stores built with tilt-up, said it disagreed with the finding and that it would use tilt-up when it rebuilt the Joplin store.
91:
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60:; this normally requires the building floor as a building form but may be a temporary concrete casting surface near the building footprint. After the concrete has cured, the elements are "tilted" to the vertical position with a crane and braced into position until the remaining building structural components (roofs, intermediate floors and walls) are secured.
302:
Shortly after publication of the Kansas City Star article, the technical committee of the Tilt-Up
Concrete Association (TCA) formed a task force to investigate the claims presented in the article. With the cooperation of Home Depot, the task group performed detailed engineering calculations, research
252:
The Tilt-Up
Concrete Association (TCA) is the international trade association for tilt-up concrete construction. TCA is a membership-based association, with nearly 500 members worldwide. TCA members can be contractors (general contractors or tilt-up subcontractors), engineers, architects, developers,
131:
Concrete is then poured, filling the desired thickness and surrounding all steel inserts, embedded features and rebar. The concrete is then settled through vibration to prevent any voids or honeycomb effects. The forms are removed when the concrete is cured; rigging is attached and a crane tilts the
119:
Next, a chemically reactive bondbreaker is sprayed on the form's surfaces to prevent the cast concrete from bonding with the slab. This allows the cast element to separate from the casting surface once it has cured. This is a critical step, as improper chemical selection or application will prevent
144:
Concrete tilt-up walls can be very heavy, sometimes over 300,000 pounds (140 t). Most tilt-up wall panels are engineered to work with the roof structure and/or floor structures to resist all forces; that is, to function as load-bearing walls. The connections to the roof and floors are usually
335:
One of the conclusions of the Task Force's report was "Recommend to ICC and direct to building owners the use of storm shelters in lieu of designing buildings for high winds. The TCA should develop specific Tilt-Up based storm shelter designs for winds of up to 200 MPH that would compete against
234:
Many finish options are available to the tilt-up contractor, from paints and stains to pigmented concrete, cast-in features like brick and stone to aggressive erosion finishes like sandblasting and acid-etching. Shapes are also a feature that have become dominant in the tilt-up market, with many
102:
Tilt-up construction requires significant organization and collaboration on the building site. The chronological steps that need to be taken for a tilt-up project are: site evaluation, engineering, footings and floor slabs, forming tilt-up panels, steel placement, embeds and inserts, concrete
307:" buildings. The final report was published on January 12, 2012. "The information provided in these findings will help Association efforts to promote the benefits of site cast Tilt-Up construction and dispute many of the claims presented in The Kansas City Star article."
320:
The failure started in the structural steel, steel joist and wide-rib deck roof system. This roof system is one of the most commonly used systems in commercial buildings, including those with masonry walls, precast concrete walls, and almost all forms of wall
132:
panel or lifts the element into place. In circumstances when space is at a premium, concrete elements can be cast one on top of the other, or stack cast. Quite often a separate casting pad is poured for this purpose and is removed when the panels are erected.
242:
The school's architectural design highlights the flexibility offered by tilt-up concrete construction. The building's tilt-up panels include brick veneer and concrete finishes that incorporate recessed images of children's artwork. Public School, Ottawa,
395:
135:
Cranes are used to tilt the concrete elements from the casting slab to a vertical position. The slabs are then most often set onto a foundation and secured with braces until the structural steel and the roof diaphragm is in place.
111:
work from engineered drawings designed for each panel or element to construct on site. They incorporate all door and window openings, as well as architectural features and other desired shapes that can be molded into the concrete.
127:
grid is constructed inside the forms, after the form release is applied, spaced off the casting surface the desired distance with plastic "chairs". The rebar size and spacing is generally specified by the engineer of record.
347:
256:
TCA offers primarily educational, networking and exposure benefits to its members. TCA also offers an
Achievement Awards program annually, recognizing the best examples of tilt-up construction over a variety of end uses.
116:, gussets and attachment plates are located within the form for embedding in the concrete. The forms are usually anchored to the casting surface with masonry nails or otherwise adhered to prevent damage to the floor slab.
209:. Today the method is used in nearly every type of building from schools to office structures, houses to hotels. They range from single story to more than seven and can be more than 29 metres (96 feet) in height.
235:
panels configured with circular or elliptical openings, panel tops that are pedimented or curved, facades that are curved or segmented and featured with significant areas of glazing or other materials.
303:
and investigation of the claims posed in the article. This task force consisted of a nationwide group of practicing structural engineers with a diverse range of experience in tilt-up construction and "
330:
The perception that the nearby Wal-Mart store performed better because it was concrete masonry is false. The Wal-Mart took a glancing blow from the storm and the Home Depot took a direct hit."
198:. Early erection was done using tilt tables, but the development of the mobile crane and truck mixers allowed tilt-up construction to grow. Tilt-up gained widespread popularity in the post
145:
steel plates with headed studs that were secured into the forms prior to concrete placement. These attachment points are bolted or welded. The upper attachment points are made to the roof
71:. It is not significantly used in Europe or the northern two thirds of Asia. It is gaining popularity in southern Asia, the Middle East, parts of Africa, Central and South America.
107:
are built on top. Dimensional lumber, a high quality plywood or fiber board that has at least one smooth face is typically used, although aluminum or steel forms are also common.
940:
863:
324:
The Tilt-Up concrete panels performed very well and survived the extreme loads of the EF-5 event only to collapse after the roof failed due to lack of bracing mechanism.
997:
401:
Base detail of tilt-slab sat on strip footings. Finished floor level will be approx. 75mm higher than blue inserts. Inserts take threaded rebar into floor slab.
969:
743:
664:
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Tilt-up was first used in
America circa 1905. In 1908 Robert Akin patented the tilt-slab method of concrete construction used in the construction of the
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812:
540:
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Insulation can be applied to either side of the panels or cast as an integral part of the panel between two layers of concrete to create
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claimed that with the assistance of a small hand-operated crane, just two workmen were needed to raise and attach the tilt-up walls.
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Cast panel on temporary casting pad (foreground), with panels being erected in background. Small retail shop, Northern
Australia.
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alternative masonry, precast, or cast-in-place designs. Storm shelter design is addressed in 2009 IBC, section 423 and ICC-500."
231:
Early tilt-up architecture was very minimalist and boxy. Recent techniques have expanded the range of appearance and shape.
171:. In addition, wall panels can be designed to sag inward when damaged, which minimizes collapse (this can also be done with
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149:. Interior walls may be present for additional stiffness in the building structure as necessary, known as shear walls.
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panels. Concrete has the ability to absorb and store energy and is high mass, which regulates interior temperature (
56:
With the tilt-up method, concrete elements (walls, columns, structural supports, etc.) are formed horizontally on a
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A tilt-up building during construction. A cast wall section is being righted. Other sections are visible in their
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63:
Tilt-up construction is a common method of construction throughout North
America, several Caribbean nations,
238:
910:
168:
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78:, or plant cast construction, in that all elements are constructed on the job site. This eliminates the
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placement, panel erection and panel finishing. Once the pad (casting surface or floor slab) has cured,
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74:
Concrete elements can also be formed at factories away from the building site. Tilt-up differs from
266:
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45:. Though it is a cost-effective technique with a shorter completion time, poor performance in
212:
An early example of this method is found in the innovative
Schindler House, built in 1922 in
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50:
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when the 100,000-pound (45 t) panel walls collapsed after the store was hit by an
172:
90:
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38:
19:
740:"Tilt-up Construction: An Old Idea for General Contractors With New Innovations"
68:
709:
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206:
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construction boom. Tilt-up was not used successfully in
Australia until 1969.
46:
458:
860:"Ontario's First Concrete Tilt-Up Built Home, the Future for Home Builders?"
447:
Proceedings of the
Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings
412:
113:
108:
64:
283:
criticized the practice. They said that once one wall falls, it creates a
937:"Experts challenge Home Depot building design, codes after Joplin tornado"
153:
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the lifting of the panels, and will entail costly demolition and rework.
104:
42:
34:
296:
253:
consultants, suppliers, specialty trade firms, educators and students.
146:
440:"Wall panel renaissance: the benefit of tilt-up concrete construction"
223:
The first tilt-up built home in
Ontario, Canada was built in 2017.
884:
237:
182:
124:
89:
18:
914:
562:
Collins, J (2002). "Tilt-up dominates Australian construction".
82:
by transporting elements from a factory to the project site.
789:
Davis, Malcolm (2005). "Tilt-up development in Australia".
327:
Tilt-Up construction methods played no role in the failure.
1016:
623:, Woodland Construction Co., Forming Tilt-Up Panels, 2010
885:"History of the TCA | Tilt-up Concrete Association"
765:"The basics of Tilt-Up construction - The Korte Company"
597:, Woodland Construction Co., The Tilt-Up Process, 2010.
167:
Like all concrete construction, tilt-up buildings are
1026:
900:, Tilt-Up Concrete Association, History 21 Oct. 2010
669:, CON/STEEL, The Tilt-Up Construction Process, 2010
482:
Earthquakes and Engineers: An International History
695:, Woodland Construction Co., Panel Erection, 2010
190:is an early example of tilt-up house construction
314:
8:
316:"The Task Force's findings to date include:
926:, Tilt-Up Concrete Association, 21 Oct 2010
16:Type of building and construction technique
988:
986:
433:
431:
429:
427:
911:"About the Tilt-Up Concrete Association"
824:, CON/STEEL, Tilt-Up History 21 Oct 2010
485:. Reston, VA: ASCE Press. p. 347.
423:
343:
277:, engineers in an article published in
269:in which seven people were killed in a
663:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
656:
7:
962:"Task Force Completes Investigation"
377:Panel being hoisted into position.
205:Most early tilt-up buildings were
14:
53:requirements in older buildings.
1032:Tilt Up Panels Safety Procedures
526:, Woodland Construction Co. 2010
394:
389:Extruded aluminium form section.
382:
370:
358:
346:
972:from the original on 2013-11-11
943:from the original on 2011-06-27
891:from the original on 2009-11-21
866:from the original on 2017-11-05
815:from the original on 2012-03-14
746:from the original on 2007-09-29
680:"Woodland Construction Company"
646:from the original on 2012-03-14
608:"Woodland Construction Company"
582:"Woodland Construction Company"
543:from the original on 2009-03-25
511:"Woodland Construction Company"
1:
809:"CON/STEEL - Tilt-Up History"
1017:Tilt-Up Concrete Association
968:. Tilt-up.org. 2011-12-19.
537:"CON/STEEL - About Tilt-Up"
479:Reitherman, Robert (2012).
23:A finished tilt-up building
1078:
311:Findings of the Task Force
214:West Hollywood, California
33:or tilt-wall is a type of
994:Tilt-Up Task Force Report
438:Glass, J. (August 2000).
293:Academy Sports + Outdoors
49:has mandated significant
706:"Heaviest Tilt-Up Panel"
459:10.1680/istbu.2000.32599
564:London Concrete Society
80:size limitation imposed
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22:
1047:Building engineering
791:Concrete Engineering
280:The Kansas City Star
267:2011 Joplin tornado
265:In the wake of the
1000:2016-03-04 at the
939:. KansasCity.com.
365:Stack-cast panels.
245:
192:
100:
25:
1052:Structural system
841:on March 26, 2007
712:on March 26, 2007
291:construction (an
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218:Rudolf Schindler
164:and durability.
51:seismic retrofit
41:technique using
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570:(3): 36–37.
275:EF5 tornado
248:Association
69:New Zealand
47:earthquakes
1041:Categories
1027:Tiltup.com
1022:TCA Awards
976:2014-04-25
947:2011-06-28
921:2009-10-24
895:2009-10-24
870:2017-03-02
845:2007-06-13
819:2009-10-24
775:2023-07-07
750:2007-06-13
716:2007-06-13
690:2009-10-24
650:2009-10-24
618:2009-10-24
592:2009-10-24
547:2009-10-24
521:2009-10-24
453:(3): 277.
419:References
271:Home Depot
227:Appearance
207:warehouses
109:Carpenters
413:Lift slab
175:panels).
140:Structure
65:Australia
31:tilt-slab
1062:Concrete
1057:Building
998:Archived
970:Archived
941:Archived
889:Archived
864:Archived
813:Archived
744:Archived
659:cite web
641:Archived
541:Archived
407:See also
154:sandwich
43:concrete
35:building
28:Tilt-up,
340:Gallery
305:big box
297:Walmart
147:trusses
489:
67:, and
37:and a
644:(PDF)
637:(PDF)
466:(PDF)
443:(PDF)
261:Risks
125:rebar
114:Studs
105:forms
96:forms
797:(1).
665:link
487:ISBN
295:and
179:Uses
455:doi
451:140
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
