615:(1959), were capable powered gliders but required a towing vehicle in order to take off and may not have been capable of generating sufficient lift for sustained flight. Hartman's ornithopter lacked the theoretical background of others based on the study of winged flight, but exemplified the idea of an ornithopter as a birdlike machine rather than a machine that directly copies birds' method of flight. The 1960s saw powered uncrewed ornithopters of various sizes capable of achieving and sustaining flight, providing valuable real-world examples of mechanical winged flight. In 1991, Harris and DeLaurier flew the first successful engine-powered remotely piloted ornithopter in Toronto, Canada. In 1999, a piloted ornithopter based on this design flew, capable of taking off from level pavement and executing sustained flight.
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275:) flew a distance of 250 to 300 metres (800–1,000 ft) after tow launch. Since a tow launch was used, some have questioned whether the aircraft was capable of flying on its own. Lippisch asserted that the aircraft was actually flying, not making an extended glide. (Precise measurement of altitude and velocity over time would be necessary to resolve this question.) Most of the subsequent human-powered ornithopters likewise used a tow launch, and flights were brief simply because human muscle power diminishes rapidly over time.
356:, balsa, and foam. The pilot sat in a small cockpit suspended below the wings and pumped a bar with his feet to operate a system of wires that flapped the wings up and down. Towed by a car until airborne, it then sustained flight for almost 20 seconds. It flew 145 metres (476 ft) with an average speed of 25.6 km/h (15.9 mph). Similar tow-launched flights were made in the past, but improved data collection verified that the ornithopter was capable of self-powered flight once aloft.
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with the spar sufficiently forward of the airfoil that the aerodynamic center is aft of the elastic axis of the wing, aeroelastic deformation causes the wing to move in a manner close to its ideal efficiency (in which pitching angles lag plunging displacements by approximately 90 degrees.) Flapping wings increase drag and are not as efficient as propeller-powered aircraft. Some designs achieve increased efficiency by applying more power on the down stroke than on the upstroke, as do most birds.
99:
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219:, also working in the 1930s, achieved great efficiency and realism in his work with ornithopters powered by rubber bands. He achieved perhaps the first success of an ornithopter with a bending wing, intended to imitate more closely the folding wing action of birds, although it was not a true variable-span wing such as those of birds.
264:, an aviation pioneer, became famous in Germany for his widely publicized and successful glider flights. Lilienthal also studied bird flight and conducted some related experiments. He constructed an ornithopter, although its complete development was prevented by his untimely death on 9 August 1896 in a glider accident.
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materials and empty space are used where possible. To minimize drag and maintain the desired shape, choice of a material for the wing surface is also important. In DeLaurier's experiments, a smooth aerodynamic surface with a double-surface airfoil is more efficient at producing lift than a single-surface airfoil.
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produce sufficient lift or thrust for flight. Alphonse Pénaud introduced the idea of a powered ornithopter in 1874. His design had limited power and was uncontrollable, causing it to be transformed into a toy for children. More recent vehicles, such as the human-powered ornithopters of
Lippisch (1929) and
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The rubber-band-powered model can be fairly simple in design and construction. Hobbyists compete for the longest flight times with these models. An introductory model can be fairly simple in design and construction, but the advanced competition designs are extremely delicate and challenging to build.
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for contributions to the field of aviation. Rousseau attempted his first human-muscle-powered flight with flapping wings in 1995. On 20 April 2006, at his 212th attempt, he succeeded in flying a distance of 64 metres (210 ft), observed by officials of the Aero Club de France. On his 213th flight
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The French engineer René Riout devoted himself for three decades to the realization of flapping wing ornithopters. In 1905 he invented his first models. In 1909 he won the gold medal in the Lépine competition for a reduced model. In 1913 he worked on the development of a model ordered by a pilot, the
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and Alex Caccia founded Animal
Dynamics Ltd in 2015, to develop a mechanical analogue of dragonflies to be used as a drone that will outperform quadcopters. The work is funded by the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, the research arm of the British Ministry of Defence, and the United States
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Around 1960, Percival
Spencer successfully flew a series of uncrewed ornithopters using internal combustion engines ranging from 0.020-to-0.80-cubic-inch (0.33 to 13.11 cm) displacement, and having wingspans up to 8 feet (2.4 m). In 1961, Percival Spencer and Jack Stephenson flew the first
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fly with fully extended wings, such flight is not feasible for an ornithopter. If an ornithopter wing were to fully extend and twist and flap in small movements it would cause a stall, and if it were to twist and flap in very large motions, it would act like a windmill causing an inefficient flying
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A team of engineers and researchers called "Fullwing" has created an ornithopter that has an average lift of over 8 pounds, an average thrust of 0.88 pounds, and a propulsive efficiency of 54%. The wings were tested in a low-speed wind tunnel measuring the aerodynamic performance, showing that the
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Leonardo's ornithopter designs were inspired by his study of birds, and conceived the use of flapping motion to generate thrust and provide the forward motion necessary for aerodynamic lift. However, using materials available at that time the craft would be too heavy and require too much energy to
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that flies by flapping its wings. Designers sought to imitate the flapping-wing flight of birds, bats, and insects. Though machines may differ in form, they are usually built on the same scale as flying animals. Larger, crewed ornithopters have also been built and some have been successful. Crewed
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An ornithopter's flapping wings and their motion through the air are designed to maximize the amount of lift generated within limits of weight, material strength and mechanical complexity. A flexible wing material can increase efficiency while keeping the driving mechanism simple. In wing designs
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As demonstrated by birds, flapping wings offer potential advantages in maneuverability and energy savings compared with fixed-wing aircraft, as well as potentially vertical take-off and landing. It has been suggested that these advantages are greatest at small sizes and low flying speeds, but the
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If future crewed motorized ornithopters cease to be "exotic", imaginary, unreal aircraft and start to serve humans as junior members of the aircraft family, designers and engineers will need to solve not only wing design problems but many other problems involved in making them safe and reliable
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began to study the flight of birds. He grasped that humans are too heavy, and not strong enough, to fly using wings simply attached to the arms. He, therefore, sketched a device in which the aviator lies down on a plank and works two large, membranous wings using hand levers, foot pedals, and a
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In order to achieve the desired flexibility and minimum weight, engineers and researchers have experimented with wings that require carbon fiber, plywood, fabric, and ribs, with a stiff, strong trailing edge. Any mass located aft of the empennage reduces the wing's performance, so lightweight
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Other ornithopters do not necessarily act like birds or bats in flight. Typically birds and bats have thin and cambered wings to produce lift and thrust. Ornithopters with thinner wings have a limited angle of attack but provide optimum minimum-drag performance for a single lift coefficient.
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Commercial radio-controlled designs stem from
Percival Spencer's engine-powered Seagulls, developed circa 1958, and Sean Kinkade's work in the late 1990s to present day. The wings are usually driven by an electric motor. Many hobbyists enjoy experimenting with their own new wing designs and
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In 1942, Adalbert Schmid made a much longer flight of a human-powered ornithopter at Munich-Laim. It travelled a distance of 900 metres (3,000 ft), maintaining a height of 20 metres (65 ft) throughout most of the flight. Later this same aircraft was fitted with a three-horsepower
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event list. The event ("Flying Bird") entailed building a self-propelled ornithopter to exacting specifications, with points awarded for high flight time and low weight. Bonus points were also awarded if the ornithopter happened to look like a real bird.
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mechanisms. The opportunity to interact with real birds in their own domain also adds great enjoyment to this hobby. Birds are often curious and will follow or investigate the model while it is flying. In a few cases, RC birds have been attacked by
223:
successful engine-powered, remotely piloted ornithopter, known as the
Spencer Orniplane. The Orniplane had a 90.7-inch (2,300 mm) wingspan, weighed 7.5 pounds (3.4 kg), and was powered by a 0.35-cubic-inch (5.7 cm)-displacement
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Some helpful resources for hobbyists include The
Ornithopter Design Manual, book written by Nathan Chronister, and The Ornithopter Zone web site, which includes a large amount of information about building and flying these models.
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of the ornithopter have a flapping or oscillating motion, instead of rotary. As with helicopters, the wings usually have a combined function of providing both lift and thrust. Theoretically, the flapping wing can be set to zero
1143:, partial translation:..."The so-called 'Horck', an electrical controllable bird is the newest means to scare birds. Because they can cause much damage to airplanes. (...) ...it is a design by Robert Musters, a falconer from
471:, the software "evolves" in response to feedback on how well it performs a given task. Although confined to a laboratory apparatus, their ornithopter evolved behavior for maximum sustained lift force and horizontal movement.
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aircraft. Some of these problems, such as stability, controllability, and durability, are necessary for all aircraft. Other problems specific to ornithopters will appear; optimizing flapping-wing design is only one of them.
291:, certainly the most successful piloted flapping wing ornithopter until the second decade of the 21st century. Unfortunately, the conclusions of the wind tunnel tests were not favorable to the continuation of the project.
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In 2012, RoBird (formerly Clear Flight
Solutions), a spin-off of the University of Twente, started making artificial birds of prey (called RoBird®) for airports and agricultural and waste-management industries.
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constructed and successfully flew a series of internal combustion-powered ornithopters, using
Hargrave's concept of small flapping wings, but with aerodynamic improvements resulting from the methodical study.
77:
Some early crewed flight attempts may have been intended to achieve flapping-wing flight, but probably only a glide was actually achieved. They include the purported flights of the 11th-century
Catholic monk
1269:
T.J. Mueller and J.D. DeLaurier, "An
Overview of Micro Air Vehicle Aerodynamics", Fixed and Flapping Wing Aerodynamics for Micro Air Vehicle Applications, Paul Zarchan, Editor-in-Chief, Volume 195, AIAA,
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also made rubber-powered ornithopters during the 1870s. Tatin's ornithopter was perhaps the first to use active torsion of the wings, and apparently it served as the basis for a commercial toy offered by
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In Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, GECCO 2002 (pp. 1279–1285). New York, 9–13 July 2002. Morgan Kaufmann. Awarded "Best Paper in Evolutionary Robotics" at GECCO 2002.
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made ornithopters starting in the 1870s; first models were powered by steam engines, then in the 1900s, an internal-combustion craft large enough for a person was built, though it did not fly.
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without alerting the enemies that they are under surveillance. Several ornithopters have been flown with video cameras on board, some of which can hover and maneuver in small spaces. In 2011,
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started using a realistic-looking mechanical hawk designed by falconer Robert Musters. The radio-controlled robot bird is used to scare away birds that could damage the engines of airplanes.
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181:. He introduced the use of small flapping wings providing the thrust for a larger fixed wing; this innovation eliminated the need for gear reduction, thereby simplifying the construction.
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279:(2.2 kW) Sachs motorcycle engine. With the engine, it made flights up to 15 minutes in duration. Schmid later constructed a 10-horsepower (7.5 kW) ornithopter, based on the
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was the first to use internal combustion, and his 1890 model flew a distance of 80 meters in a demonstration for the French Academy of Sciences. The wings were flapped by
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and featured a complex computerized autopilot control system, just as the full-sized pterosaur relied on its neuromuscular system to make constant adjustments in flight.
123:", attempted flying with a device described as an ornithopter ("flapping wings like those of a bird"). Refused by the authorities a permit to take off from the belfry of
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Crewed ornithopters fall into two general categories: Those powered by the muscular effort of the pilot (human-powered ornithopters), and those powered by an engine.
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development of comprehensive aerodynamic theory for flapping remains an outstanding problem due to the complex non-linear nature of such unsteady separating flows.
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made a jet-assisted takeoff and 14-second flight. According to DeLaurier, the jet was necessary for sustained flight, but the flapping wings did most of the work.
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Mueller, Thomas J. (2001). "Fixed and flapping wing aerodynamics for micro air vehicle applications". Virginia: American Inst. of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
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Bilstein, Roger E. Flight in America 1900–1983. First ed. Gliders and Airplanes. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984. (pages 8–9)
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I wouldn't say that this 'Dune' matches the vision I had when reading the book. It's better. The visuals surpass my imagination — those ornithopters!
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603:, the force (perpendicular to the direction of flight) that keeps the craft airborne. These forces must be strong enough to counter the effects of
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can build and fly their own ornithopters. These range from light-weight models powered by rubber bands, to larger models with radio control.
127:, he clandestinely climbed to the rooftop of the Dumrukhana (import tax head office) and took off, landing in a heap of snow, and surviving.
759:
1829:
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124:
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Azuma, Akira (2006). "The Biokinetics of Flying and Swimming". Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 2nd Edition.
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White, Lynn. "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition."
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Crouch, Tom D. Aircraft of the National Air and Space Museum. Fourth ed. Lilienthal Standard Glider. Smithsonian Institution, 1991.
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Buchner, A. J.; Honnery, D.; Soria, J. (2017). "Stability and three-dimensional evolution of a transitional dynamic stall vortex".
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For full-size aircraft with powered rotors the rotor is normally tilted to achieve thrust (e.g. in a helicopter). Some toys (e.g.
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Commercial free-flight rubber-band-powered toy ornithopters have long been available. The first of these was sold under the name
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478:. The device is called the "ornicopter" and was made by constructing the main rotor so that it would have no reaction torque.
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Roy White holds the United States national record for indoor rubber-powered, with his flight time of 21 minutes, 44 seconds.
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on the upstroke, so it passes easily through the air. Since typically the flapping airfoils produce both lift and thrust,
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Researchers hope to eliminate the motors and gears of current designs by more closely imitating animal flight muscles.
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Because ornithopters can be made to resemble birds or insects, they could be used for military applications such as
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658:, where they are the primary form of air transportation used by House Atreides in the desert climate of the planet
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333:, worked for several years on an engine-powered, piloted ornithopter. In July 2006, at the Bombardier Airfield at
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aircraft functions as an aeroplane during normal (horizontal) flight and as a helicopter during low-speed flight.
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Ornithopters were also of interest as the subject of one of the former events in the American nationwide
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583:-inducing structures are minimized. These two advantages potentially allow a high degree of efficiency.
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attempt, a gust of wind led to a wing breaking up, causing the pilot to be gravely injured and rendered
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in Paris in 1879. Later models were also sold as Tim Bird (made by G de Ruymbeke, France, since 1969).
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The complete book of model aircraft, spacecraft, and rockets − by Louis H. Hertz, Bonanza Books, 1968.
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demonstrated a remotely piloted ornithopter resembling a large hummingbird for possible spy missions.
1983:
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RC History Brought Back to Life: Spencer's Ornithopter, by Faye Stilley, Feb 1999 Model Airplane News
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Philippe Ricco, « L'Alérion Riout », L'Aviation Française Magazine, décembre 2005, p. 4-11
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On August 2, 2010, Todd Reichert of the same institution piloted a human-powered ornithopter named
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90:, writing in 1260, was also among the first to consider a technological means of flight. In 1485,
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Since 2002, Prof. Theo van Holten has been working on an ornithopter that is constructed like a
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Human-Powered Ornithoper Flight in Flapping Wings: The Ornithopter Zone Newsletter, Fall 2010.
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352:. The 32-metre (105 ft) wingspan, 42-kilogram (93 lb) aircraft was constructed from
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The first ornithopters capable of flight were constructed in France. Jobert in 1871 used a
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higher the frequency of the wing beat, the higher the average thrust of the ornithopter.
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sailplane, which was flown in 1947. The second aircraft had flapping outer wing panels.
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2227:) do have a powered rotor with no means to tilt the rotor to produce horizontal thrust.
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Large-Area Electrostatic-Valved Skins for Adaptive Flow Control on Ornithopter Wings
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Liger, Matthieu, Nick Pornsin-Sirirak, Yu-Chong Tai, Steve Ho, and Chih-Ming Ho. "
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1958:
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fame), AeroVironment developed a half-scale radio-controlled model of the giant
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742:"ЈЕДАН СРБИН ЈЕ ПОКУШАО ДА ЛЕТИ: Ово је прича о српском Икару, калфи Манојлу"
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have extended the market from dedicated hobbyists to the general toy market.
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1416:". American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 1–5. Web. 30 Nov 2010.
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1596:" American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 1–5. Web. 30 Nov 2010.
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in Sweden, built a flapping-wing robot that learned flight techniques. The
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Chanute, Octave. 1894, reprinted 1998. Progress in Flying Machines. Dover
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1968:
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Bruno Lange, Typenhandbuch der deutschen Luftfahrttechnik, Koblenz, 1986.
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227:. It had a biplane configuration, to reduce oscillation of the fuselage.
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First ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2003. (pages 44–53)
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Warrick, Douglas, Bret Tobalske, Donald Powers, and Michael Dickinson. "
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Warrick, Douglas, Bret Tobalske, Donald Powers, and Michael Dickinson. "
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Dubois-Riout. The tests were stopped in 1916. In 1937, he finalized the
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for use in microscale flapping-wing aircraft. Michelson uses the term "
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1078:"About Robert C. Michelson's Micro Air Vehicle "Entomopter" Project"
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Ornithopters have been depicted in fiction several times, including
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An effective ornithopter must have wings capable of generating both
1343:
Aeroelastic Design and Manufacture of an Efficient Ornithopter Wing
1051:"Look! Up in the sky! It's a bird, it's a plane it's a pterodactyl"
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Aircraft which use flapping movement of the wings to generate lift
1635:, two-minute flight of an eight-foot radio-controlled ornithopter
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Lawrence Hargrave: Explorer, Inventor & Aviation Experimenter
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The Development and Testing of a Full-Scale Piloted Ornithopter.
1329:" DeLaurier, James D. (1994), 10–18 (accessed November 30, 2010)
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built scores of ornithopters powered by rubber bands, springs,
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ornithopters are generally powered either by engines or by the
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A history of aerodynamics and its impact on flying machines.
730:, Volume 2, Issue 2, 1961, pp. 97–111 (97–99 resp. 100–101).
1396:" DeLaurier, J.D. (1993), 152–162, (accessed May 27, 2014)
1107:
Creation of a learning, flying robot by means of Evolution
1607:
Wings. A History of Aviation from Kites to the Space Age.
1383:" DeLaurier, J.D. (1993), 152–162 (accessed May 27, 2014)
397:
in the mid-1980s. It was built to star in the IMAX movie
538:, and even cats. More recent cheaper models such as the
82:(recorded in the 12th century) and the 9th-century poet
1177:"Effective Bird Control — Clear Flight Solutions"
1337:
1335:
972:"HPO Team News - Human Powered Ornithopter Project -"
809:. Ben & Sword Books. Pages 49–55 are about Frost.
1589:. 45. 2 (1999), 72–82. (accessed November 30, 2010).
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Dr. James DeLaurier's report on the Flapper's Flight
1916:
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1807:
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1449:" 40. 1 (1994), 10–18, (accessed November 30, 2010)
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1513:"Opinion | 'Dune' Is the Movie We Always Wanted"
1394:The development of an efficient ornithopter wing
1381:The development of an efficient ornithopter wing
599:, the force that propels the craft forward, and
437:that may also be used for flapping-wing flight.
267:In 1929, a man-powered ornithopter designed by
991:"Winged lizard takes to the air of California"
570:Unlike airplanes and helicopters, the driving
2046:
1654:
8:
1710:List of unmanned aerial vehicle applications
298:Riout 102T Alérion by René Riout France 1937
1830:Remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROUV)
950:University of Toronto ornithopter takes off
841:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vS4Yz-VcNes
41:Pteryx Skybird radio-controlled ornithopter
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1493:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
760:"Vremeplov: 100 godina avijacije u Srbiji"
463:technology known as a steady-state linear
2246:with novel thrust / lift solutions (e.g.
403:. The model had a 5.5-metre (18 ft)
2079:
1465:(Berkley Medallion ed.). New York.
2242:are not included in the table, nor are
1594:The Aerodynamics of Hummingbird Flight.
717:
1587:Canadian Aeronautics and Space Journal
1486:
1407:The Aerodynamics of Hummingbird Flight
360:Applications for uncrewed ornithopters
792:W. Hudson Shaw and Olaf Ruhen. 1977.
341:, Professor DeLaurier's machine, the
7:
1166:of the bird with English description
796:. Cassell Australia Ltd. pp. 53–160.
115:(journeyman), Manojlo, who "came to
1820:Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV)
839:Video provided by Jack Stephenson:
1693:Unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV)
30:For the genus of butterflies, see
25:
1815:Unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV)
989:Anderson, Ian (10 October 1985),
446:Chalmers University of Technology
2262:) or balloon-wing hybrids (e.g.
1616:Cambridge: United Kingdom, 1997.
890:"Riout 102T Alérion Ornithopter"
819:Rubber Band Powered Ornithopters
740:инфо, СРБИН (17 November 2014).
426:" for this type of ornithopter.
86:(recorded in the 17th century).
1788:Automatic train operation (ATO)
1436:" (2002): 247–250. 30 Nov 2010.
1363:"Project Ornithopter - History"
1022:"The Great Pterodactyl Project"
412:Georgia Tech Research Institute
327:Institute for Aerospace Studies
206:National Socialist Flyers Corps
1851:Unmanned surface vehicle (USV)
1778:Automated guided vehicle (AGV)
1551:The Ornithnopter Design Manual
888:Pearce, William (2017-11-20).
1:
1773:Unmanned ground vehicle (UGV)
1688:Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)
1244:Scientific American Frontiers
697:Micromechanical Flying Insect
607:and the weight of the craft.
420:reciprocating chemical muscle
242:on August 16, 1894, with his
189:E.P. Frost's 1902 ornithopter
151:
134:to power a small model bird.
1549:Chronister, Nathan. (1999).
1049:Schefter, Jim (March 1986),
821:at Ornithopter Zone web site
2140:Tethered (static or towed)
440:In 2002, Krister Wolff and
244:kleiner Schlagflügelapparat
2312:
2098:Lift: Lighter than air gas
1447:An Ornithopter Wing Design
1327:An Ornithopter Wing Design
1282:Journal of Fluid Mechanics
1213:"Animal Dynamics web-site"
1195:"Hannover Messe Challenge"
1097:New Scientist, August 2002
1095:Winged robot learns to fly
483:Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
273:Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet
29:
2201:
2090:
2082:
2077:
2007:
1029:Engineering & Science
140:Abel Hureau de Villeneuve
125:Saint Michael's Cathedral
1825:Intervention AUV (I-AUV)
1181:clearflightsolutions.com
390:Quetzalcoatlus northropi
2291:Aircraft configurations
1894:spaceflights to the ISS
1459:Herbert, Frank (1977).
1352:" Benedict, Moble. 3–4.
1239:"FLYING HIGH: Bird Man"
395:Smithsonian Institution
308:Paul Tissandier Diploma
253:Schmid 1942 Ornithopter
2236:Ground-effect vehicles
2112:Unpowered free flight
1994:Remote control vehicle
1989:Radio-controlled model
805:Kelly, Maurice. 2006.
727:Technology and Culture
682:Human-powered aircraft
509:
467:. Inspired by natural
465:evolutionary algorithm
343:UTIAS Ornithopter No.1
329:, headed by Professor
299:
254:
246:
191:
109:In 1841, an ironsmith
106:
42:
2244:experimental aircraft
2104:Lift: Unpowered rotor
1999:Remote control animal
1581:DeLaurier, James D. "
1445:DeLaurier, James D. "
918:July 7, 2007, at the
507:
456:design was driven by
366:aerial reconnaissance
324:University of Toronto
297:
252:
238:
187:
162:charges activating a
105:'s ornithopter design
101:
40:
2158:(None – see note 2)
2135:(None – see note 2)
2107:Lift: Powered rotor
1984:Autonomous logistics
1555:The Ornithopter Zone
1302:10.1017/jfm.2017.305
707:Rotary-wing aircraft
80:Eilmer of Malmesbury
1867:Uncrewed spacecraft
1367:www.ornithopter.net
1294:2017JFM...823..166B
1199:Universiteit Twente
1139:in Dutch newspaper
976:hpo.ornithopter.net
416:Robert C. Michelson
95:system of pulleys.
2225:balloon helicopter
1612:Anderson, John D.
1517:The New York Times
1432:2006-03-19 at the
1412:2011-07-20 at the
1348:2011-03-04 at the
1219:on 7 November 2017
1162:2009-06-14 at the
1124:2006-05-25 at the
1119:Ornicopter project
936:2007-08-13 at the
866:2007-02-22 at the
510:
435:artificial muscles
381:Gossamer Albatross
300:
289:Riout 102T Alérion
269:Alexander Lippisch
255:
247:
202:Alexander Lippisch
192:
107:
43:
2278:
2277:
2260:flettner airplane
2196:
2195:
2028:
2027:
2020:Unmanned vehicles
1835:Underwater glider
1803:
1802:
1674:uncrewed vehicles
1020:(November 1985),
894:Old Machine Press
692:Micro air vehicle
428:SRI International
377:Paul B. MacCready
310:, awarded by the
271:(designer of the
225:two-stroke engine
171:Lawrence Hargrave
103:Leonardo da Vinci
92:Leonardo da Vinci
16:(Redirected from
2303:
2271:
2228:
2216:
2144:Tethered balloon
2101:Lift: Fixed wing
2080:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2032:
1979:Autonomous robot
1974:Robot locomotion
1889:Cargo spacecraft
1882:list of orbiters
1783:Self-driving car
1728:
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1260:
1258:
1257:
1248:. Archived from
1235:
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1215:. Archived from
1209:
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1191:
1185:
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1154:
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1134:
1128:
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1085:
1082:angel-strike.com
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807:Steam in the Air
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767:
756:
750:
749:
737:
731:
722:
702:Nano Hummingbird
555:Science Olympiad
458:machine learning
418:is developing a
153:
84:Abbas Ibn Firnas
21:
2311:
2310:
2306:
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2252:Flying Bedstead
2234:
2222:
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2197:
2073:
2059:
2029:
2024:
2003:
1912:
1901:Space telescope
1877:list by program
1855:
1839:
1799:
1761:
1719:
1676:
1667:
1627:
1623:
1605:Crouch, Tom D.
1553:. Published by
1546:
1544:Further reading
1541:
1529:
1527:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1485:
1473:
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1126:Wayback Machine
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1056:Popular Science
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1018:MacCready, Paul
1016:
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715:
668:
645:
589:
577:angle of attack
564:
508:Skyonme Spybird
502:
362:
331:James DeLaurier
281:Grunau-Baby IIa
262:Otto Lilienthal
240:Otto Lilienthal
233:
217:Erich von Holst
190:
136:Alphonse Pénaud
75:
35:
28:
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15:
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2268:hybrid airship
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2065:by methods of
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1874:
1872:list of probes
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1511:(2021-10-26).
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687:Insectothopter
684:
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588:
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430:is developing
361:
358:
335:Downsview Park
322:A team at the
306:was given the
232:
229:
200:In the 1930s,
188:
179:compressed air
169:From 1884 on,
156:Gustave Trouvé
74:
71:
60:'wing') is an
54:ornis, ornith-
26:
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2015:Radio control
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1954:BEAM robotics
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1566:1-56347-517-0
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1510:
1509:Krugman, Paul
1504:
1501:
1496:
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1472:0-425-03698-7
1468:
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1252:on 2007-02-10
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996:New Scientist
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952:July 31, 2006
951:
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914:
913:FAI web site.
909:
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782:0-486-29981-3
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649:Frank Herbert
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613:Emiel Hartman
608:
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584:
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541:
537:
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532:birds of prey
527:
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493:Adrian Thomas
490:
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370:AeroVironment
367:
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344:
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328:
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313:
309:
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304:Yves Rousseau
296:
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284:
282:
276:
274:
270:
265:
263:
260:Around 1894,
258:
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245:
241:
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231:Crewed flight
230:
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89:
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81:
73:Early history
72:
70:
68:
63:
59:
55:
52:
48:
39:
33:
19:
2296:Ornithopters
2175:
2131:autorotation
1964:Nanorobotics
1949:Agricultural
1714:
1613:
1606:
1550:
1534:
1528:. Retrieved
1516:
1503:
1461:
1454:
1441:
1421:
1401:
1388:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1265:
1254:. Retrieved
1250:the original
1242:
1233:
1221:. Retrieved
1217:the original
1207:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1171:
1152:
1132:
1114:
1102:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1061:, retrieved
1059:: 78–79, 124
1054:
1044:
1033:, retrieved
1028:
1012:
1001:, retrieved
994:
984:
975:
966:
957:
945:
940:July 8, 2006
926:
908:
897:. Retrieved
893:
883:
874:
856:
847:
835:
826:
814:
806:
801:
793:
788:
772:
764:Vesti online
763:
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745:
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720:
653:
646:
637:
632:hummingbirds
629:
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621:
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609:
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569:
565:
562:Aerodynamics
552:
548:
528:
523:
521:
517:
511:
491:
487:
480:
473:
442:Peter Nordin
439:
409:
398:
388:
374:
363:
354:carbon fibre
347:
321:
301:
285:
277:
266:
259:
256:
243:
221:
215:
210:Nazi Germany
199:
193:
168:
164:Bourdon tube
144:Victor Tatin
129:
110:
108:
76:
57:
53:
46:
44:
32:Ornithoptera
2176:ornithopter
1959:Microbotics
1715:Ornithopter
1288:: 166–197.
635:situation.
587:Wing design
496:Air Force.
400:On the Wing
195:E. P. Frost
149:Pichancourt
132:rubber band
88:Roger Bacon
56:'bird' and
47:ornithopter
2285:Categories
2240:hovercraft
2191:helicopter
2154:Rotor kite
2129:, etc. in
2127:Helicopter
2011:Categories
1944:Disability
1808:Underwater
1530:2022-01-09
1256:2007-10-26
1223:7 November
1063:20 October
1035:20 October
1003:20 October
999:(1477): 31
899:2024-03-15
746:СРБИН.ИНФО
713:References
643:In fiction
476:helicopter
424:entomopter
393:, for the
317:paraplegic
2248:coleopter
2213:tiltrotor
2061:Types of
1525:0362-4331
1489:cite book
1310:125937677
1157:A picture
677:Gyroplane
672:Cyclogyro
630:Although
540:Dragonfly
513:Hobbyists
481:In 2008,
469:evolution
385:pterosaur
302:In 2005,
160:gunpowder
121:Vojvodina
2233:Note 3:
2221:Note 2:
2209:tiltwing
2205:Note 1:
2187:Gyrodyne
2182:Autogyro
2172:Airplane
2163:Powered
2092:Aerodyne
2087:Aerostat
2063:aircraft
1969:Robotics
1929:Military
1924:Domestic
1740:Humanoid
1430:Archived
1410:Archived
1346:Archived
1160:Archived
1145:Enschede
1122:Archived
934:Archived
916:Archived
864:Archived
666:See also
572:airfoils
524:Tim Bird
461:software
405:wingspan
350:Snowbird
204:and the
117:Belgrade
62:aircraft
18:Tim-bird
2256:Avrocar
2167:Airship
2117:balloon
2115:(Free)
2083:
1939:Medical
1844:Surface
1750:Hexapod
1745:Android
1732:Walking
1705:Helicam
1700:Aerobot
1633:YouTube
1628:SKYBIRD
1481:3582161
1290:Bibcode
1246:Archive
1137:Article
1031:: 18–24
660:Arrakis
432:polymer
375:Led by
339:Toronto
2264:kytoon
2178:, etc.
2122:Glider
2067:thrust
1934:Rescue
1724:Ground
1681:Aerial
1574:
1564:
1523:
1479:
1469:
1308:
780:
656:series
597:thrust
544:WowWee
154:1889.
142:, and
58:pteron
49:(from
1917:Other
1860:Space
1766:Other
1306:S2CID
1141:Trouw
1025:(PDF)
542:from
536:crows
500:Hobby
450:balsa
177:, or
175:steam
119:from
112:kalfa
67:pilot
51:Greek
2266:and
2258:and
2238:and
2149:Kite
2071:lift
2069:and
1906:list
1793:list
1755:list
1672:and
1572:ISBN
1562:ISBN
1521:ISSN
1495:link
1477:OCLC
1467:ISBN
1462:Dune
1270:2001
1225:2017
1065:2010
1037:2010
1005:2010
778:ISBN
654:Dune
605:drag
601:lift
581:drag
454:wood
379:(of
2211:or
1631:on
1298:doi
1286:823
651:'s
444:of
414:'s
337:in
312:FAI
208:of
45:An
2287::
2270:).
2254:,
2250:,
2207:A
2189:,
2174:,
1585:"
1533:.
1519:.
1515:.
1491:}}
1487:{{
1475:.
1365:.
1334:^
1318:^
1304:.
1296:.
1284:.
1241:.
1197:.
1179:.
1080:.
1053:,
1027:,
993:,
974:.
892:.
762:.
744:.
662:.
534:,
387:,
319:.
166:.
152:c.
138:,
69:.
2054:e
2047:t
2040:v
1662:e
1655:t
1648:v
1578:.
1557:.
1497:)
1483:.
1392:"
1379:"
1369:.
1341:"
1325:"
1312:.
1300::
1292::
1259:.
1227:.
1201:.
1183:.
1147:"
1084:.
978:.
902:.
766:.
748:.
452:-
34:.
20:)
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