604:(1959), were capable powered gliders but required a towing vehicle in order to take off and may not have been capable of generating sufficient lift for sustained flight. Hartman's ornithopter lacked the theoretical background of others based on the study of winged flight, but exemplified the idea of an ornithopter as a birdlike machine rather than a machine that directly copies birds' method of flight. The 1960s saw powered uncrewed ornithopters of various sizes capable of achieving and sustaining flight, providing valuable real-world examples of mechanical winged flight. In 1991, Harris and DeLaurier flew the first successful engine-powered remotely piloted ornithopter in Toronto, Canada. In 1999, a piloted ornithopter based on this design flew, capable of taking off from level pavement and executing sustained flight.
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264:) flew a distance of 250 to 300 metres (800–1,000 ft) after tow launch. Since a tow launch was used, some have questioned whether the aircraft was capable of flying on its own. Lippisch asserted that the aircraft was actually flying, not making an extended glide. (Precise measurement of altitude and velocity over time would be necessary to resolve this question.) Most of the subsequent human-powered ornithopters likewise used a tow launch, and flights were brief simply because human muscle power diminishes rapidly over time.
345:, balsa, and foam. The pilot sat in a small cockpit suspended below the wings and pumped a bar with his feet to operate a system of wires that flapped the wings up and down. Towed by a car until airborne, it then sustained flight for almost 20 seconds. It flew 145 metres (476 ft) with an average speed of 25.6 km/h (15.9 mph). Similar tow-launched flights were made in the past, but improved data collection verified that the ornithopter was capable of self-powered flight once aloft.
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with the spar sufficiently forward of the airfoil that the aerodynamic center is aft of the elastic axis of the wing, aeroelastic deformation causes the wing to move in a manner close to its ideal efficiency (in which pitching angles lag plunging displacements by approximately 90 degrees.) Flapping wings increase drag and are not as efficient as propeller-powered aircraft. Some designs achieve increased efficiency by applying more power on the down stroke than on the upstroke, as do most birds.
88:
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208:, also working in the 1930s, achieved great efficiency and realism in his work with ornithopters powered by rubber bands. He achieved perhaps the first success of an ornithopter with a bending wing, intended to imitate more closely the folding wing action of birds, although it was not a true variable-span wing such as those of birds.
253:, an aviation pioneer, became famous in Germany for his widely publicized and successful glider flights. Lilienthal also studied bird flight and conducted some related experiments. He constructed an ornithopter, although its complete development was prevented by his untimely death on 9 August 1896 in a glider accident.
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materials and empty space are used where possible. To minimize drag and maintain the desired shape, choice of a material for the wing surface is also important. In DeLaurier's experiments, a smooth aerodynamic surface with a double-surface airfoil is more efficient at producing lift than a single-surface airfoil.
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produce sufficient lift or thrust for flight. Alphonse Pénaud introduced the idea of a powered ornithopter in 1874. His design had limited power and was uncontrollable, causing it to be transformed into a toy for children. More recent vehicles, such as the human-powered ornithopters of
Lippisch (1929) and
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The rubber-band-powered model can be fairly simple in design and construction. Hobbyists compete for the longest flight times with these models. An introductory model can be fairly simple in design and construction, but the advanced competition designs are extremely delicate and challenging to build.
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for contributions to the field of aviation. Rousseau attempted his first human-muscle-powered flight with flapping wings in 1995. On 20 April 2006, at his 212th attempt, he succeeded in flying a distance of 64 metres (210 ft), observed by officials of the Aero Club de France. On his 213th flight
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The French engineer René Riout devoted himself for three decades to the realization of flapping wing ornithopters. In 1905 he invented his first models. In 1909 he won the gold medal in the Lépine competition for a reduced model. In 1913 he worked on the development of a model ordered by a pilot, the
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and Alex Caccia founded Animal
Dynamics Ltd in 2015, to develop a mechanical analogue of dragonflies to be used as a drone that will outperform quadcopters. The work is funded by the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, the research arm of the British Ministry of Defence, and the United States
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Around 1960, Percival
Spencer successfully flew a series of uncrewed ornithopters using internal combustion engines ranging from 0.020-to-0.80-cubic-inch (0.33 to 13.11 cm) displacement, and having wingspans up to 8 feet (2.4 m). In 1961, Percival Spencer and Jack Stephenson flew the first
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fly with fully extended wings, such flight is not feasible for an ornithopter. If an ornithopter wing were to fully extend and twist and flap in small movements it would cause a stall, and if it were to twist and flap in very large motions, it would act like a windmill causing an inefficient flying
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A team of engineers and researchers called "Fullwing" has created an ornithopter that has an average lift of over 8 pounds, an average thrust of 0.88 pounds, and a propulsive efficiency of 54%. The wings were tested in a low-speed wind tunnel measuring the aerodynamic performance, showing that the
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Leonardo's ornithopter designs were inspired by his study of birds, and conceived the use of flapping motion to generate thrust and provide the forward motion necessary for aerodynamic lift. However, using materials available at that time the craft would be too heavy and require too much energy to
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that flies by flapping its wings. Designers sought to imitate the flapping-wing flight of birds, bats, and insects. Though machines may differ in form, they are usually built on the same scale as flying animals. Larger, crewed ornithopters have also been built and some have been successful. Crewed
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An ornithopter's flapping wings and their motion through the air are designed to maximize the amount of lift generated within limits of weight, material strength and mechanical complexity. A flexible wing material can increase efficiency while keeping the driving mechanism simple. In wing designs
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As demonstrated by birds, flapping wings offer potential advantages in maneuverability and energy savings compared with fixed-wing aircraft, as well as potentially vertical take-off and landing. It has been suggested that these advantages are greatest at small sizes and low flying speeds, but the
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If future crewed motorized ornithopters cease to be "exotic", imaginary, unreal aircraft and start to serve humans as junior members of the aircraft family, designers and engineers will need to solve not only wing design problems but many other problems involved in making them safe and reliable
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began to study the flight of birds. He grasped that humans are too heavy, and not strong enough, to fly using wings simply attached to the arms. He, therefore, sketched a device in which the aviator lies down on a plank and works two large, membranous wings using hand levers, foot pedals, and a
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In order to achieve the desired flexibility and minimum weight, engineers and researchers have experimented with wings that require carbon fiber, plywood, fabric, and ribs, with a stiff, strong trailing edge. Any mass located aft of the empennage reduces the wing's performance, so lightweight
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Other ornithopters do not necessarily act like birds or bats in flight. Typically birds and bats have thin and cambered wings to produce lift and thrust. Ornithopters with thinner wings have a limited angle of attack but provide optimum minimum-drag performance for a single lift coefficient.
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Commercial radio-controlled designs stem from
Percival Spencer's engine-powered Seagulls, developed circa 1958, and Sean Kinkade's work in the late 1990s to present day. The wings are usually driven by an electric motor. Many hobbyists enjoy experimenting with their own new wing designs and
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In 1942, Adalbert Schmid made a much longer flight of a human-powered ornithopter at Munich-Laim. It travelled a distance of 900 metres (3,000 ft), maintaining a height of 20 metres (65 ft) throughout most of the flight. Later this same aircraft was fitted with a three-horsepower
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event list. The event ("Flying Bird") entailed building a self-propelled ornithopter to exacting specifications, with points awarded for high flight time and low weight. Bonus points were also awarded if the ornithopter happened to look like a real bird.
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mechanisms. The opportunity to interact with real birds in their own domain also adds great enjoyment to this hobby. Birds are often curious and will follow or investigate the model while it is flying. In a few cases, RC birds have been attacked by
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successful engine-powered, remotely piloted ornithopter, known as the
Spencer Orniplane. The Orniplane had a 90.7-inch (2,300 mm) wingspan, weighed 7.5 pounds (3.4 kg), and was powered by a 0.35-cubic-inch (5.7 cm)-displacement
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Some helpful resources for hobbyists include The
Ornithopter Design Manual, book written by Nathan Chronister, and The Ornithopter Zone web site, which includes a large amount of information about building and flying these models.
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of the ornithopter have a flapping or oscillating motion, instead of rotary. As with helicopters, the wings usually have a combined function of providing both lift and thrust. Theoretically, the flapping wing can be set to zero
1132:, partial translation:..."The so-called 'Horck', an electrical controllable bird is the newest means to scare birds. Because they can cause much damage to airplanes. (...) ...it is a design by Robert Musters, a falconer from
460:, the software "evolves" in response to feedback on how well it performs a given task. Although confined to a laboratory apparatus, their ornithopter evolved behavior for maximum sustained lift force and horizontal movement.
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aircraft. Some of these problems, such as stability, controllability, and durability, are necessary for all aircraft. Other problems specific to ornithopters will appear; optimizing flapping-wing design is only one of them.
280:, certainly the most successful piloted flapping wing ornithopter until the second decade of the 21st century. Unfortunately, the conclusions of the wind tunnel tests were not favorable to the continuation of the project.
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In 2012, RoBird (formerly Clear Flight
Solutions), a spin-off of the University of Twente, started making artificial birds of prey (called RoBird®) for airports and agricultural and waste-management industries.
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constructed and successfully flew a series of internal combustion-powered ornithopters, using
Hargrave's concept of small flapping wings, but with aerodynamic improvements resulting from the methodical study.
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Some early crewed flight attempts may have been intended to achieve flapping-wing flight, but probably only a glide was actually achieved. They include the purported flights of the 11th-century
Catholic monk
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T.J. Mueller and J.D. DeLaurier, "An
Overview of Micro Air Vehicle Aerodynamics", Fixed and Flapping Wing Aerodynamics for Micro Air Vehicle Applications, Paul Zarchan, Editor-in-Chief, Volume 195, AIAA,
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also made rubber-powered ornithopters during the 1870s. Tatin's ornithopter was perhaps the first to use active torsion of the wings, and apparently it served as the basis for a commercial toy offered by
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In Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, GECCO 2002 (pp. 1279–1285). New York, 9–13 July 2002. Morgan Kaufmann. Awarded "Best Paper in Evolutionary Robotics" at GECCO 2002.
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made ornithopters starting in the 1870s; first models were powered by steam engines, then in the 1900s, an internal-combustion craft large enough for a person was built, though it did not fly.
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without alerting the enemies that they are under surveillance. Several ornithopters have been flown with video cameras on board, some of which can hover and maneuver in small spaces. In 2011,
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started using a realistic-looking mechanical hawk designed by falconer Robert Musters. The radio-controlled robot bird is used to scare away birds that could damage the engines of airplanes.
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170:. He introduced the use of small flapping wings providing the thrust for a larger fixed wing; this innovation eliminated the need for gear reduction, thereby simplifying the construction.
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268:(2.2 kW) Sachs motorcycle engine. With the engine, it made flights up to 15 minutes in duration. Schmid later constructed a 10-horsepower (7.5 kW) ornithopter, based on the
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was the first to use internal combustion, and his 1890 model flew a distance of 80 meters in a demonstration for the French Academy of Sciences. The wings were flapped by
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and featured a complex computerized autopilot control system, just as the full-sized pterosaur relied on its neuromuscular system to make constant adjustments in flight.
112:", attempted flying with a device described as an ornithopter ("flapping wings like those of a bird"). Refused by the authorities a permit to take off from the belfry of
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Crewed ornithopters fall into two general categories: Those powered by the muscular effort of the pilot (human-powered ornithopters), and those powered by an engine.
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development of comprehensive aerodynamic theory for flapping remains an outstanding problem due to the complex non-linear nature of such unsteady separating flows.
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made a jet-assisted takeoff and 14-second flight. According to DeLaurier, the jet was necessary for sustained flight, but the flapping wings did most of the work.
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Mueller, Thomas J. (2001). "Fixed and flapping wing aerodynamics for micro air vehicle applications". Virginia: American Inst. of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
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Bilstein, Roger E. Flight in America 1900–1983. First ed. Gliders and Airplanes. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984. (pages 8–9)
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I wouldn't say that this 'Dune' matches the vision I had when reading the book. It's better. The visuals surpass my imagination — those ornithopters!
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592:, the force (perpendicular to the direction of flight) that keeps the craft airborne. These forces must be strong enough to counter the effects of
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can build and fly their own ornithopters. These range from light-weight models powered by rubber bands, to larger models with radio control.
116:, he clandestinely climbed to the rooftop of the Dumrukhana (import tax head office) and took off, landing in a heap of snow, and surviving.
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Azuma, Akira (2006). "The Biokinetics of Flying and Swimming". Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 2nd Edition.
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White, Lynn. "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition."
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Crouch, Tom D. Aircraft of the National Air and Space Museum. Fourth ed. Lilienthal Standard Glider. Smithsonian Institution, 1991.
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Buchner, A. J.; Honnery, D.; Soria, J. (2017). "Stability and three-dimensional evolution of a transitional dynamic stall vortex".
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For full-size aircraft with powered rotors the rotor is normally tilted to achieve thrust (e.g. in a helicopter). Some toys (e.g.
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Commercial free-flight rubber-band-powered toy ornithopters have long been available. The first of these was sold under the name
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467:. The device is called the "ornicopter" and was made by constructing the main rotor so that it would have no reaction torque.
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Roy White holds the United States national record for indoor rubber-powered, with his flight time of 21 minutes, 44 seconds.
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on the upstroke, so it passes easily through the air. Since typically the flapping airfoils produce both lift and thrust,
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Researchers hope to eliminate the motors and gears of current designs by more closely imitating animal flight muscles.
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Because ornithopters can be made to resemble birds or insects, they could be used for military applications such as
2008:
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647:, where they are the primary form of air transportation used by House Atreides in the desert climate of the planet
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322:, worked for several years on an engine-powered, piloted ornithopter. In July 2006, at the Bombardier Airfield at
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aircraft functions as an aeroplane during normal (horizontal) flight and as a helicopter during low-speed flight.
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Ornithopters were also of interest as the subject of one of the former events in the American nationwide
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572:-inducing structures are minimized. These two advantages potentially allow a high degree of efficiency.
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attempt, a gust of wind led to a wing breaking up, causing the pilot to be gravely injured and rendered
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in Paris in 1879. Later models were also sold as Tim Bird (made by G de Ruymbeke, France, since 1969).
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The complete book of model aircraft, spacecraft, and rockets − by Louis H. Hertz, Bonanza Books, 1968.
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demonstrated a remotely piloted ornithopter resembling a large hummingbird for possible spy missions.
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RC History Brought Back to Life: Spencer's Ornithopter, by Faye Stilley, Feb 1999 Model Airplane News
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Philippe Ricco, « L'Alérion Riout », L'Aviation Française Magazine, décembre 2005, p. 4-11
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On August 2, 2010, Todd Reichert of the same institution piloted a human-powered ornithopter named
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79:, writing in 1260, was also among the first to consider a technological means of flight. In 1485,
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Since 2002, Prof. Theo van Holten has been working on an ornithopter that is constructed like a
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Human-Powered Ornithoper Flight in Flapping Wings: The Ornithopter Zone Newsletter, Fall 2010.
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341:. The 32-metre (105 ft) wingspan, 42-kilogram (93 lb) aircraft was constructed from
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The first ornithopters capable of flight were constructed in France. Jobert in 1871 used a
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higher the frequency of the wing beat, the higher the average thrust of the ornithopter.
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sailplane, which was flown in 1947. The second aircraft had flapping outer wing panels.
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2216:) do have a powered rotor with no means to tilt the rotor to produce horizontal thrust.
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Large-Area Electrostatic-Valved Skins for Adaptive Flow Control on Ornithopter Wings
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Liger, Matthieu, Nick Pornsin-Sirirak, Yu-Chong Tai, Steve Ho, and Chih-Ming Ho. "
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fame), AeroVironment developed a half-scale radio-controlled model of the giant
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731:"ЈЕДАН СРБИН ЈЕ ПОКУШАО ДА ЛЕТИ: Ово је прича о српском Икару, калфи Манојлу"
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have extended the market from dedicated hobbyists to the general toy market.
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1405:". American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 1–5. Web. 30 Nov 2010.
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1585:" American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 1–5. Web. 30 Nov 2010.
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in Sweden, built a flapping-wing robot that learned flight techniques. The
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Chanute, Octave. 1894, reprinted 1998. Progress in Flying Machines. Dover
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1957:
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Bruno Lange, Typenhandbuch der deutschen Luftfahrttechnik, Koblenz, 1986.
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216:. It had a biplane configuration, to reduce oscillation of the fuselage.
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First ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2003. (pages 44–53)
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Warrick, Douglas, Bret Tobalske, Donald Powers, and Michael Dickinson. "
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Warrick, Douglas, Bret Tobalske, Donald Powers, and Michael Dickinson. "
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Dubois-Riout. The tests were stopped in 1916. In 1937, he finalized the
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for use in microscale flapping-wing aircraft. Michelson uses the term "
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1067:"About Robert C. Michelson's Micro Air Vehicle "Entomopter" Project"
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Ornithopters have been depicted in fiction several times, including
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An effective ornithopter must have wings capable of generating both
1332:
Aeroelastic Design and Manufacture of an Efficient Ornithopter Wing
1040:"Look! Up in the sky! It's a bird, it's a plane it's a pterodactyl"
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Aircraft which use flapping movement of the wings to generate lift
1624:, two-minute flight of an eight-foot radio-controlled ornithopter
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Lawrence Hargrave: Explorer, Inventor & Aviation Experimenter
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The Development and Testing of a Full-Scale Piloted Ornithopter.
1318:" DeLaurier, James D. (1994), 10–18 (accessed November 30, 2010)
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built scores of ornithopters powered by rubber bands, springs,
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ornithopters are generally powered either by engines or by the
960:
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A history of aerodynamics and its impact on flying machines.
719:, Volume 2, Issue 2, 1961, pp. 97–111 (97–99 resp. 100–101).
1385:" DeLaurier, J.D. (1993), 152–162, (accessed May 27, 2014)
1096:
Creation of a learning, flying robot by means of Evolution
1596:
Wings. A History of Aviation from Kites to the Space Age.
1372:" DeLaurier, J.D. (1993), 152–162 (accessed May 27, 2014)
386:
in the mid-1980s. It was built to star in the IMAX movie
527:, and even cats. More recent cheaper models such as the
71:(recorded in the 12th century) and the 9th-century poet
1166:"Effective Bird Control — Clear Flight Solutions"
1326:
1324:
961:"HPO Team News - Human Powered Ornithopter Project -"
798:. Ben & Sword Books. Pages 49–55 are about Frost.
1578:. 45. 2 (1999), 72–82. (accessed November 30, 2010).
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Dr. James DeLaurier's report on the Flapper's Flight
1905:
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1438:" 40. 1 (1994), 10–18, (accessed November 30, 2010)
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1502:"Opinion | 'Dune' Is the Movie We Always Wanted"
1383:The development of an efficient ornithopter wing
1370:The development of an efficient ornithopter wing
588:, the force that propels the craft forward, and
426:that may also be used for flapping-wing flight.
256:In 1929, a man-powered ornithopter designed by
980:"Winged lizard takes to the air of California"
559:Unlike airplanes and helicopters, the driving
2035:
1643:
8:
1699:List of unmanned aerial vehicle applications
287:Riout 102T Alérion by René Riout France 1937
1819:Remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROUV)
939:University of Toronto ornithopter takes off
830:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vS4Yz-VcNes
30:Pteryx Skybird radio-controlled ornithopter
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2020:
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1482:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
749:"Vremeplov: 100 godina avijacije u Srbiji"
452:technology known as a steady-state linear
2235:with novel thrust / lift solutions (e.g.
392:. The model had a 5.5-metre (18 ft)
2068:
1454:(Berkley Medallion ed.). New York.
2231:are not included in the table, nor are
1583:The Aerodynamics of Hummingbird Flight.
706:
1576:Canadian Aeronautics and Space Journal
1475:
1396:The Aerodynamics of Hummingbird Flight
349:Applications for uncrewed ornithopters
781:W. Hudson Shaw and Olaf Ruhen. 1977.
330:, Professor DeLaurier's machine, the
7:
1155:of the bird with English description
785:. Cassell Australia Ltd. pp. 53–160.
104:(journeyman), Manojlo, who "came to
1809:Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV)
828:Video provided by Jack Stephenson:
1682:Unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV)
19:For the genus of butterflies, see
14:
1804:Unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV)
978:Anderson, Ian (10 October 1985),
435:Chalmers University of Technology
2251:) or balloon-wing hybrids (e.g.
1605:Cambridge: United Kingdom, 1997.
879:"Riout 102T Alérion Ornithopter"
808:Rubber Band Powered Ornithopters
729:инфо, СРБИН (17 November 2014).
415:" for this type of ornithopter.
75:(recorded in the 17th century).
1777:Automatic train operation (ATO)
1425:" (2002): 247–250. 30 Nov 2010.
1352:"Project Ornithopter - History"
1011:"The Great Pterodactyl Project"
401:Georgia Tech Research Institute
316:Institute for Aerospace Studies
195:National Socialist Flyers Corps
1840:Unmanned surface vehicle (USV)
1767:Automated guided vehicle (AGV)
1540:The Ornithnopter Design Manual
877:Pearce, William (2017-11-20).
1:
1762:Unmanned ground vehicle (UGV)
1677:Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)
1233:Scientific American Frontiers
686:Micromechanical Flying Insect
596:and the weight of the craft.
409:reciprocating chemical muscle
231:on August 16, 1894, with his
178:E.P. Frost's 1902 ornithopter
140:
123:to power a small model bird.
1538:Chronister, Nathan. (1999).
1038:Schefter, Jim (March 1986),
810:at Ornithopter Zone web site
2129:Tethered (static or towed)
429:In 2002, Krister Wolff and
233:kleiner Schlagflügelapparat
2301:
2087:Lift: Lighter than air gas
1436:An Ornithopter Wing Design
1316:An Ornithopter Wing Design
1271:Journal of Fluid Mechanics
1202:"Animal Dynamics web-site"
1184:"Hannover Messe Challenge"
1086:New Scientist, August 2002
1084:Winged robot learns to fly
472:Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
262:Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet
18:
2190:
2079:
2071:
2066:
1996:
1018:Engineering & Science
129:Abel Hureau de Villeneuve
114:Saint Michael's Cathedral
1814:Intervention AUV (I-AUV)
1170:clearflightsolutions.com
379:Quetzalcoatlus northropi
2280:Aircraft configurations
1883:spaceflights to the ISS
1448:Herbert, Frank (1977).
1341:" Benedict, Moble. 3–4.
1228:"FLYING HIGH: Bird Man"
384:Smithsonian Institution
297:Paul Tissandier Diploma
242:Schmid 1942 Ornithopter
2225:Ground-effect vehicles
2101:Unpowered free flight
1983:Remote control vehicle
1978:Radio-controlled model
794:Kelly, Maurice. 2006.
716:Technology and Culture
671:Human-powered aircraft
498:
456:. Inspired by natural
454:evolutionary algorithm
332:UTIAS Ornithopter No.1
318:, headed by Professor
288:
243:
235:
180:
98:In 1841, an ironsmith
95:
31:
2233:experimental aircraft
2093:Lift: Unpowered rotor
1988:Remote control animal
1570:DeLaurier, James D. "
1434:DeLaurier, James D. "
907:July 7, 2007, at the
496:
445:design was driven by
355:aerial reconnaissance
313:University of Toronto
286:
241:
227:
176:
151:charges activating a
94:'s ornithopter design
90:
29:
2147:(None – see note 2)
2124:(None – see note 2)
2096:Lift: Powered rotor
1973:Autonomous logistics
1544:The Ornithopter Zone
1291:10.1017/jfm.2017.305
696:Rotary-wing aircraft
69:Eilmer of Malmesbury
1856:Uncrewed spacecraft
1356:www.ornithopter.net
1283:2017JFM...823..166B
1188:Universiteit Twente
1128:in Dutch newspaper
965:hpo.ornithopter.net
405:Robert C. Michelson
84:system of pulleys.
2214:balloon helicopter
1601:Anderson, John D.
1506:The New York Times
1421:2006-03-19 at the
1401:2011-07-20 at the
1337:2011-03-04 at the
1208:on 7 November 2017
1151:2009-06-14 at the
1113:2006-05-25 at the
1108:Ornicopter project
925:2007-08-13 at the
855:2007-02-22 at the
499:
424:artificial muscles
370:Gossamer Albatross
289:
278:Riout 102T Alérion
258:Alexander Lippisch
244:
236:
191:Alexander Lippisch
181:
96:
32:
2267:
2266:
2249:flettner airplane
2185:
2184:
2017:
2016:
2009:Unmanned vehicles
1824:Underwater glider
1792:
1791:
1663:uncrewed vehicles
1009:(November 1985),
883:Old Machine Press
681:Micro air vehicle
417:SRI International
366:Paul B. MacCready
299:, awarded by the
260:(designer of the
214:two-stroke engine
160:Lawrence Hargrave
92:Leonardo da Vinci
81:Leonardo da Vinci
2292:
2260:
2217:
2205:
2133:Tethered balloon
2090:Lift: Fixed wing
2069:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2021:
1968:Autonomous robot
1963:Robot locomotion
1878:Cargo spacecraft
1871:list of orbiters
1772:Self-driving car
1717:
1652:
1645:
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1266:
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1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1237:. Archived from
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1204:. Archived from
1198:
1192:
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1180:
1174:
1173:
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1143:
1137:
1123:
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1105:
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1074:
1071:angel-strike.com
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796:Steam in the Air
792:
786:
779:
773:
763:
757:
756:
745:
739:
738:
726:
720:
711:
691:Nano Hummingbird
544:Science Olympiad
447:machine learning
407:is developing a
142:
73:Abbas Ibn Firnas
2300:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2293:
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2289:
2270:
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2268:
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2241:Flying Bedstead
2223:
2211:
2195:
2186:
2062:
2048:
2018:
2013:
1992:
1901:
1890:Space telescope
1866:list by program
1844:
1828:
1788:
1750:
1708:
1665:
1656:
1616:
1612:
1594:Crouch, Tom D.
1542:. Published by
1535:
1533:Further reading
1530:
1518:
1516:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1474:
1462:
1447:
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1423:Wayback Machine
1413:
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1403:Wayback Machine
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1153:Wayback Machine
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1115:Wayback Machine
1106:
1102:
1094:
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1082:
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1065:
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1060:
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1049:
1045:Popular Science
1037:
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1021:
1013:
1007:MacCready, Paul
1005:
1004:
1000:
991:
989:
977:
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918:
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909:Wayback Machine
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857:Wayback Machine
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723:
712:
708:
704:
657:
634:
578:
566:angle of attack
553:
497:Skyonme Spybird
491:
351:
320:James DeLaurier
270:Grunau-Baby IIa
251:Otto Lilienthal
229:Otto Lilienthal
222:
206:Erich von Holst
179:
125:Alphonse Pénaud
64:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2298:
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2257:hybrid airship
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2073:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2054:by methods of
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2015:
2014:
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1863:
1861:list of probes
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1610:External links
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676:Insectothopter
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419:is developing
350:
347:
324:Downsview Park
311:A team at the
295:was given the
221:
218:
189:In the 1930s,
177:
168:compressed air
158:From 1884 on,
145:Gustave Trouvé
63:
60:
49:'wing') is an
43:ornis, ornith-
15:
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2004:Radio control
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1943:BEAM robotics
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1659:Mobile robots
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1555:1-56347-517-0
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1503:
1499:
1498:Krugman, Paul
1493:
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1467:
1463:
1461:0-425-03698-7
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1241:on 2007-02-10
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986:
985:New Scientist
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956:
953:
947:
944:
941:July 31, 2006
940:
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906:
903:
902:FAI web site.
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771:0-486-29981-3
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650:
646:
644:
639:
638:Frank Herbert
631:
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602:Emiel Hartman
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550:
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545:
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536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
521:birds of prey
516:
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509:
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482:Adrian Thomas
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359:AeroVironment
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302:
298:
294:
293:Yves Rousseau
285:
281:
279:
273:
271:
265:
263:
259:
254:
252:
249:Around 1894,
247:
240:
234:
230:
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220:Crewed flight
219:
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196:
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93:
89:
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82:
78:
74:
70:
62:Early history
61:
59:
57:
52:
48:
44:
41:
37:
28:
22:
2285:Ornithopters
2164:
2120:autorotation
1953:Nanorobotics
1938:Agricultural
1703:
1602:
1595:
1539:
1523:
1517:. Retrieved
1505:
1492:
1450:
1443:
1430:
1410:
1390:
1377:
1364:
1355:
1346:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1254:
1243:. Retrieved
1239:the original
1231:
1222:
1210:. Retrieved
1206:the original
1196:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1141:
1121:
1103:
1091:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1050:, retrieved
1048:: 78–79, 124
1043:
1033:
1022:, retrieved
1017:
1001:
990:, retrieved
983:
973:
964:
955:
946:
934:
929:July 8, 2006
915:
897:
886:. Retrieved
882:
872:
863:
845:
836:
824:
815:
803:
795:
790:
782:
777:
761:
753:Vesti online
752:
743:
734:
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709:
642:
635:
626:
621:hummingbirds
618:
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610:
606:
598:
583:
579:
558:
554:
551:Aerodynamics
541:
537:
517:
512:
510:
506:
500:
480:
476:
469:
462:
431:Peter Nordin
428:
398:
387:
377:
363:
352:
343:carbon fibre
336:
310:
290:
274:
266:
255:
248:
245:
232:
210:
204:
199:Nazi Germany
188:
182:
157:
153:Bourdon tube
133:Victor Tatin
118:
99:
97:
65:
46:
42:
35:
33:
21:Ornithoptera
2165:ornithopter
1948:Microbotics
1704:Ornithopter
1277:: 166–197.
624:situation.
576:Wing design
485:Air Force.
389:On the Wing
184:E. P. Frost
138:Pichancourt
121:rubber band
77:Roger Bacon
45:'bird' and
36:ornithopter
2274:Categories
2229:hovercraft
2180:helicopter
2143:Rotor kite
2118:, etc. in
2116:Helicopter
2000:Categories
1933:Disability
1797:Underwater
1519:2022-01-09
1245:2007-10-26
1212:7 November
1052:20 October
1024:20 October
992:20 October
988:(1477): 31
888:2024-03-15
735:СРБИН.ИНФО
702:References
632:In fiction
465:helicopter
413:entomopter
382:, for the
306:paraplegic
2237:coleopter
2202:tiltrotor
2050:Types of
1514:0362-4331
1478:cite book
1299:125937677
1146:A picture
666:Gyroplane
661:Cyclogyro
619:Although
529:Dragonfly
502:Hobbyists
470:In 2008,
458:evolution
374:pterosaur
291:In 2005,
149:gunpowder
110:Vojvodina
2222:Note 3:
2210:Note 2:
2198:tiltwing
2194:Note 1:
2176:Gyrodyne
2171:Autogyro
2161:Airplane
2152:Powered
2081:Aerodyne
2076:Aerostat
2052:aircraft
1958:Robotics
1918:Military
1913:Domestic
1729:Humanoid
1419:Archived
1399:Archived
1335:Archived
1149:Archived
1134:Enschede
1111:Archived
923:Archived
905:Archived
853:Archived
655:See also
561:airfoils
513:Tim Bird
450:software
394:wingspan
339:Snowbird
193:and the
106:Belgrade
51:aircraft
2245:Avrocar
2156:Airship
2106:balloon
2104:(Free)
2072:
1928:Medical
1833:Surface
1739:Hexapod
1734:Android
1721:Walking
1694:Helicam
1689:Aerobot
1622:YouTube
1617:SKYBIRD
1470:3582161
1279:Bibcode
1235:Archive
1126:Article
1020:: 18–24
649:Arrakis
421:polymer
364:Led by
328:Toronto
2253:kytoon
2167:, etc.
2111:Glider
2056:thrust
1923:Rescue
1713:Ground
1670:Aerial
1563:
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769:
645:series
586:thrust
533:WowWee
143:1889.
131:, and
47:pteron
38:(from
1906:Other
1849:Space
1755:Other
1295:S2CID
1130:Trouw
1014:(PDF)
531:from
525:crows
489:Hobby
439:balsa
166:, or
164:steam
108:from
101:kalfa
56:pilot
40:Greek
2255:and
2247:and
2227:and
2138:Kite
2060:lift
2058:and
1895:list
1782:list
1744:list
1661:and
1561:ISBN
1551:ISBN
1510:ISSN
1484:link
1466:OCLC
1456:ISBN
1451:Dune
1259:2001
1214:2017
1054:2010
1026:2010
994:2010
767:ISBN
643:Dune
594:drag
590:lift
570:drag
443:wood
368:(of
2200:or
1620:on
1287:doi
1275:823
640:'s
433:of
403:'s
326:in
301:FAI
197:of
34:An
2276::
2259:).
2243:,
2239:,
2196:A
2178:,
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