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585:(OSL) to date mining activity in the area of the "Merkavot", or "Chariot" rock drawings. Multiple forms of mining technology are exhibited there and span a period of approximately 6,000 years. No dateable material culture was found in or around most of the mines, necessitating a new type of research technology to establish dating for each technique.
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574:. These include the history of copper production technology and the introduction of iron, historical issues concerning the nature of 13th- to 9th-century BCE desert societies and the impact of the intense copper production on social processes, regional and global political interactions and the economy of the southern Levant at that period.
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to share
Rothenberg's findings with the public, and there are around 20 different walking trails and some roads in the park to lead visitors to the various attractions. The Jewish National Fund, a non-profit organization, funded the creation of many of the non-historic tourist and family attractions
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Research and excavations during the first two seasons focused on smelting camp Site 34 ("The Slaves' Hill", "Giv'at Ha'avadim) and two mining areas in the park. The team secured dating of major copper production at Site 34 to the early Iron Age (11th–9th centuries BCE) as well, confirming a larger
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camps with furnaces, rock drawings, geological features, shrines, temples, an
Egyptian mining sanctuary, jewellery, and other artifacts never before found anywhere in the world. His excavation and restoration of the area allowed for the reconstruction of Timna Valley's long and complex history of
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caused a surge of attention for the pillars in the 1930s. He claimed that the pillars were related to King
Solomon and gave them the name "Solomon's Pillars". Although his hypothesis lacked support and has not been accepted, the name stuck, and the claim gave the valley the attention that helped
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In 1969, an excavation took place at Site 200 (also dubbed the "Egyptian sanctuary") that allowed for researchers to debate a new chronological framework. The framework was imposed on the entire Iron Age smelting sites throughout the valley of Timna. However, Site 200 was known to present
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formed by erosion, as well, and can be seen along the western cliff of the valley. Arches are not as rare as
Solomon's Pillars and the Mushroom, and similar structures can be found in elsewhere in the world. The walking trail that goes to the Arches also goes past the copper mine shafts.
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The dates currently given to mining and smelting operations in the southern Arabah produce a number of chronological anomalies and tensions. Taken together these suggest the need for lower dates for New
Kingdom Egypt, which would in turn allow a lower date for the Late Bronze/Iron Age
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showed that major smelting activity occurred in the early Iron Age (11th–9th centuries BCE). This distinction is extremely important as the dating shift puts activity in the time of the United
Monarchy of Israel—often referred to as the time of Kings David and Solomon.
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in the 13th century BCE, with a larger courtyard and more elaborate walls and floors. The dimensions of the original shrine were 15 by 15 metres, and it was faced with white sandstone that was found only at the mining site, several kilometres away. The
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Archaeologists used the carvings to learn about the rituals and lifestyles of the various cultures that once ruled the area. They also provide information about the plants and animals of the area, in addition to the life and work of the people.
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The copper mines at Timna were considered by most archaeologists to be earlier than the
Solomonic period until an archaeological excavation led by Erez Ben-Yosef of Tel Aviv University found evidence indicating that this area was being mined by
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are found throughout the valley that were created in the time of the different ruling empires over time. The
Egyptians carved the most famous drawing, of chariots, consisting of Egyptian warriors holding axes and shields while driving ox-drawn
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examined smelting camp Site 30. This site was first excavated by
Rothenberg and dated to the Late Bronze Age (14th–12th centuries BCE) based on findings at the Shrine of Hathor; however, new results obtained using high precision
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Timna Valley is notable for its uncommon stone formations and sand. Although predominantly red, the sand can be yellow, orange, grey, dark brown, or black. Light green or blue sand occurs near the copper mines. Water and wind
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and a bench of offerings on both sides of the entrance. They turned the temple into a tented desert shrine and filled it with
Midianite pottery and metal jewellery. A bronze serpent also was found near the sanctuary.
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The current dating came into being with a new understanding regarding nomads and their ability for an advanced polity and advanced technologies, shrugging off years of architectural bias among archaeologists.
570:), which began in 2013, continues this previous work and "includes new excavations and surveys designed to address a number of critical issues in the Late Bronze and Iron Age archaeology of the southern
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The recent excavations dating copper mining to the 10th century BCE also discovered what may be the earliest camel bones with signs of domestication found in Israel or even anywhere outside the
592:, as a critique noting the limitations of archaeological methods frequently relied upon to interpret findings in that region, and asserting how they affect understanding of the subject matter.
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dates of smelting sites, together with radiocarbon dates from other sites with Qurayyah Painted Ware (QPW) that were assigned a later date led researchers, Bimson and Tebes to conclude that: "
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period. According to Ben-Yosef, "The mines are definitely from the period of King Solomon." And yet he believes that the mines were used by his rivals the Edomites, rather than by Solomon.
297:. The mushroom shape was caused by wind, humidity, and water erosion over centuries. The Mushroom is surrounded by copper ore smelting sites from between the 14th and 12th centuries BCE.
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also began mining copper on the eastern edge of the valley in 1955, but ceased in 1976. The mine was reopened in 1980. The mine was named Timnah after a Biblical chief.
678:, sculptures, and jewellery found in the temple totalled several thousand artifacts, have provided a lot of important information for archaeologists. A rock carving of
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The most well-known formation in Timna Valley are Solomon's Pillars. The pillars are natural structures that were formed by centuries of water erosion through
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attributed the copper mining at Timna to King Solomon (10th century BCE) and named the site "King Solomon's Mines". His dating would later be proven wrong.
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continued using the temple. They erased the evidence of the Egyptian cult, effaced the images of Hathor and the Egyptian hieroglyphics, and built a row of
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855:
1581:"A Land whose Stones are Iron, and out of whose Hills You can Dig Copper": The Exploitation and Circulation of Copper in the Iron Age Negev and Edom
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373:, published the results of their excavations at a copper smelting site known as "Slaves' Hill" in the Timna Valley. This is a location in Israel's
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still roam the area, but an image of these animals with ostriches found on a high ridge of sand suggests that ostriches once lived here, as well.
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were written or rewritten after this time, seeing that the Biblical books frequently reference travelling with caravans of domesticated camels.
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The complex stratigraphy of Site 200 for dating usages created confusion and irregularities during the study and excavations. Consensus about
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light-and-sound show. The park is used as the location for open-air concerts and cliff-climbing events. Because the park is not part of the
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Institute of Archaeology. The expedition included a deep excavation of Timna Valley, and by 1990 he discovered 10,000 copper mines and
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A large section of the valley, containing ancient remnants of copper mining and ancient worship, is encompassed in a recreation park.
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This article is about the copper mining district in Israel's Negev. For other places called Timna, Timnah, Timnath, see
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The pillars are known as the backdrop for evening concerts and dance performances the park presents in the summer.
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719:. There is a road that leads visitors to the Chariots, located about two miles from the mines in a narrow valley.
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complications and inconsistencies even though it was used for correlations and to date smelting and mining sites.
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Renewed archaeological investigations of copper exploitation at Timna began in 2009 when a team from UCSD led by
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of Israel, there has been controversy over construction of hotels and a large tourist reserve in the area.
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2012:
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1962:
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1600:, article includes photographs and extended details about the ancient Egyptian shrine of Hathor at Timna
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at the end of the 14th century BCE, for the Egyptian miners. The shrine housed an open courtyard with a
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1423:
Unearthing the Wilderness: Studies on the History and Archaeology of the Negev and Edom in the Iron Age
944:. The article includes an extensive bibliography. At 'Unforbidden Geology', a former GeoCities website.
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and activities in the park. The park includes a visitors recreation area with an artificial lake and a
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in Timna Valley were declared a nature reserve, ending all mining activity within the reserve's area.
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1365:"Back to Solomon's Era: Results of the First Excavations at "Slaves' Hill" (Site 34, Timna, Israel)"
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with Hathor is located at the top of a flight of steps carved into the stone next to the shrine.
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1052:"The Introduction of Domestic Camels to the Southern Levant: Evidence from the Aravah Valley"
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451:, dating to around 930 BCE. This is seen as evidence by the excavators that the stories of
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An Archaeological Dig Reignites the Debate Over the Old Testament’s Historical Accuracy
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Carta's official guide to Israel: and complete gazetteer to all sites in the Holy Land
377:. According to the archaeologists, their excavations indicate that these copper mines
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Copper has been mined in the area since the 6th or 5th millennium BCE (during the
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from 1995 till 2010 (Hebrew, The Israeli Society for Protection of Nature website)
1289:"King Solomon-Era Mines Were Misattributed To Ancient Egyptians, Researchers Say"
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1202:"A New Chronological Framework for Iron Age Copper Production at Timna (Israel)"
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to the 10th century BCE. Thus, these mines probably belonged to the Kingdom of
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1157:"Archaeological Sites in Israel – Timna: Valley of the Ancient Copper Mines"
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When the Egyptians left the area in the middle of the 12th century BCE, the
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1336:"The Central Timna Valley Project: Research Design and Preliminary Results"
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Photos of Pillars of Solomon’s Mines at the National Park of Timna, Israel
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210:. During early antiquity, the area would have been part of the Kingdom of
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Scientific attention and public interest was aroused in the 1930s, when
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Also there is speculation that the mines belonged to the biblical King
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have created several unusual formations that are only found in similar
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cliff until it became a series of distinct, pillar-shaped structures.
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3D Model of Chalcolithic Copper ore mine "Mine T," Timna Park, Israel
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who is believed to have lived in the 10th century BCE, during the
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959:"Reality check on King Solomon's mines: Right era, wrong kingdom"
542:, a group who the Bible says were frequently at war with Israel.
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Sandstone cliffs in Timna Valley featuring King Solomon's Pillars
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1103:. State of Israel, Ministry of Defence Pub. House. p. 462.
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The Central Timna Valley project (also directed by Ben-Yosef of
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508:, director of the Institute for Archeo-Metallurgical Studies at
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to build in order to have a transportable sanctuary during the
1452:(in Hebrew). Israel Nature and Parks Authority. Archived from
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Mining for Ancient Copper: Essays in Memory of Beno Rothenberg
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856:"Construction on Israel's New International Airport Takes off"
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199:
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Ben-Yosef, Erez; Shaar, Ron; Tauxe, Lisa; Hagai, Rom (2012).
1263:"Date and olive pits dispel mystery of King Solomon's mines"
293:, mushroom-shaped, red sandstone rock formation known as a
1159:
Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
988:"The Architectural Bias in Current Biblical Archaeology"
187:, approximately 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of the
270:
bring about the excavations and current national park.
590:
The Architectural Bias in Current Biblical Archaeology
1369:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
1206:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
1133:"New Evidence For Solomon's Mines Surfaces in Israel"
1479:"Timna Park - Attraction / Jewish National Fund USA"
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used copper for ornaments, but more importantly for
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221:is located near the entrance to the Timna Valley.
327:From the Neolithic to modern times; copper mining
1538:About the campaign against construction in Timna
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588:In 2019, Ben-Yosef published a paper entitled,
443:Oldest regional findings of domesticated camels
1598:Shrine of Hathor (Timna) - Madain Project (en)
512:, led the Arabah Expedition, sponsored by the
2301:Protected areas of Southern District (Israel)
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8:
1447:"List of National Parks and Nature Reserves"
1287:Bennett-Smith, Meredith (6 September 2013).
1246:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1170:"Proof of Solomon's mines found in Israel"
1029:"Proof of Solomon's mines found in Israel"
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1050:Sapir-Hen, Lidar; Erez Ben-Yosef (2013).
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921:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 583.
727:Nature reserve and archaeological park
439:, until the copper ore became scarce.
2004:Dor Beach and Ma'agan Michael Islands
1550:Court stymies Timna hotel development
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942:Ancient Egyptian copper slabbing saws
596:Chronological framework issues (1969)
362:, as saws, in conjunction with sand.
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7:
1342:. Penn State Press. pp. 28–63.
1131:Lundin, Elizabeth (12 August 2023).
888:Official site. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
796:A life-size replica of the biblical
775:Timna Valley Park was opened by the
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1567:Bible Places. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
760:Tourist group at Timna park in 1964
554:of short-lived organic samples and
431:, and then, after the 7th-century
25:
1381:10.5615/bullamerschoorie.376.0169
1218:10.5615/bullamerschoorie.367.0031
854:Rosenblum, Keshet (29 May 2013).
706:Rock drawing of Egyptian Chariots
583:optically stimulated luminescence
525:copper production, from the Late
500:Rothenberg expedition (1959-1990)
1261:Hasson, Nir (3 September 2013).
1068:10.1179/033443513x13753505864089
957:Boyle, Alan (5 September 2013).
905:Frommer's. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
68:
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1616:Timna Archaeological Expedition
1504:the Timna Park official website
1421:. In Tebes, Juan Manuel (ed.).
1419:"Egyptian Timna – Reconsidered"
147:
2286:Archaeological sites in Israel
162:Panoramic view of Timna Valley
27:Archaeological sites in Israel
1:
2311:World Heritage Tentative List
1425:. Peeters. pp. 103–162.
533:Ben-Yosef expeditions (2009-)
365:In 2013, archaeologists from
1407:, Smithsonian, December 2021
1338:. In Ben-Yosef, Erez (ed.).
423:, i.e. 10th-6th c. BCE) and
1604:Park Timna official website
918:A Dictionary of Archaeology
804:is said to have instructed
607:copper mine in Timna Valley
529:period to the Middle Ages.
289:The Mushroom is an unusual
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903:"Timna Valley Park Review"
510:University College, London
483:Archaeological exploration
183:in the southwestern Arava/
152:2002 (as a nature reserve)
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2291:Nature reserves in Israel
2243:
1674:Nature reserves of Israel
1004:10.1163/15685330-12341370
792:Replica of the tabernacle
385:, and were worked by the
206:since the 5th millennium
179:) is located in southern
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44:
1609:19 February 2014 at the
1509:19 February 2014 at the
1363:Ben-Yosef, Erez (2016).
1334:Ben-Yosef, Erez (2018).
986:Ben-Yosef, Erez (2019).
415:Mining continued by the
265:American archaeologist
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2212:Judea and Samaria Area
1626:7 October 2007 at the
1621:Photos of Timna Valley
1527:tabernacle stake holes
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556:archaeomagnetic dating
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233:King Solomon's Pillars
195:. The area is rich in
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1097:Karṭa (Firm) (1993).
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488:Nelson Glueck (1930s)
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172:Hebrew pronunciation:
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125:29.78778°N 34.98889°E
777:Jewish National Fund
633:Archaeological sites
475:The modern state of
1963:Shamir-Nahal Rachum
1417:Avner, Uzi (2014).
581:The team also used
568:Tel Aviv University
518:Tel Aviv University
514:Eretz Israel Museum
504:In 1959, Professor
367:Tel Aviv University
225:Geological features
176:[timˈna(ʕ)]
121: /
2167:HaMakhtesh HaKatan
2162:HaMakhtesh HaGadol
1682:Jerusalem District
1565:"Tabernacle Model"
1523:Timna copper snake
1176:. 8 September 2013
915:Shaw, Ian (2002).
812:from Egypt to the
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552:radiocarbon dating
547:Dr. Erez Ben-Yosef
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130:29.78778; 34.98889
77:Location in Israel
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2296:Regions of Israel
2281:Tourism in Israel
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2096:Southern District
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1555:article from 2009
1459:on 7 October 2009
1432:978-90-429-2973-9
1401:Friedman, Matti,
1349:978-1-57506-964-7
1110:978-965-220-186-7
992:Vetus Testamentum
928:978-0-631-23583-5
752:Timna Valley Park
671:Pharaoh Ramses II
449:Arabian peninsula
437:Umayyad Caliphate
356:ancient Egyptians
250:Solomon's Pillars
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16:(Redirected from
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1123:
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1062:(2): 277–285.
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998:(3): 361–387.
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663:Pharaoh Seti I
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375:Aravah Desert
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202:and has been
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189:Gulf of Aqaba
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144:42,000 dunams
143:
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90:Aravah Desert
88:
64:
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2225:Einot Tzukim
2177:Timna Valley
2176:
2066:Neot Kedumim
2051:Bitan Aharon
2028:Tel Shikmona
2018:Mount Carmel
1924:Nahal Dishon
1919:Nahal Betzet
1848:Mount Gilboa
1810:Nahal Hermon
1772:Rosh HaNikra
1767:Nahal Yehiam
1725:Te'omim Cave
1584:
1579:J.M. Tebes,
1560:
1545:
1533:
1517:
1498:
1486:. Retrieved
1482:
1473:
1463:27 September
1461:. Retrieved
1454:the original
1441:
1422:
1412:
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1397:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1339:
1329:
1320:
1296:. Retrieved
1292:
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1270:. Retrieved
1266:
1256:
1242:cite journal
1209:
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1180:17 September
1178:. Retrieved
1173:
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1136:
1126:
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1099:
1092:
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962:
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917:
910:
859:
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605:Chalcolithic
589:
587:
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576:
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544:
536:
503:
491:
474:
446:
429:Roman period
414:
410:
406:Iron Age IIA
399:
393:foes of the
379:carbon-dated
364:
353:
346:
343:Mining tools
312:
288:
285:The Mushroom
272:
264:
253:
236:
216:
168:Timna Valley
167:
165:
40:Timna Valley
18:Timna valley
2152:Coral Beach
2126:Mevo Ashdod
2081:Tel Yitzhak
2071:Nahal Poleg
2008:Ein Nymphit
1953:Mount Meron
1943:Hurshat Tal
1938:Hula Valley
1886:Mount Arbel
1858:Nahal Tavor
1853:Mount Tabor
1838:Gilboa Iris
1828:Alonei Abba
1757:Nahal Gamal
1715:Nahal Sorek
1525:and of the
1375:: 169–198.
1298:18 February
1272:18 February
1035:29 November
968:16 February
836:Wadi Feynan
622:New Kingdom
421:Iron Age II
170:(תִּמְנָע,
149:Established
128: /
104:Coordinates
2270:Categories
2147:Nahal Abuv
2131:Yam Shikma
1958:Pa'ar Cave
1928:Ein Avazim
1914:Nahal Ayun
1909:Nahal Amud
1762:Nahal Kziv
1587:6/1 (2007)
1585:DavarLogos
1488:5 November
1116:1 November
1031:. Phys.org
886:Timna Park
842:References
798:tabernacle
769:Tabernacle
687:Midianites
680:Ramses III
627:transition
516:, and the
425:Nabataeans
417:Israelites
395:Israelites
309:The Arches
291:monolithic
116:34°59′20″E
113:29°47′16″N
2254:West Bank
2140:Beersheba
2046:Bnei Zion
1968:Tel Anafa
1934:Ein Te'oh
1833:Balfouria
1700:Ein Hemed
1389:0003-097X
1234:163828512
1226:0003-097X
1212:: 31–71.
1142:9 January
1076:0334-4355
1012:0042-4935
826:Tel Masos
814:Holy Land
527:Neolithic
435:, by the
369:, led by
260:sandstone
256:fractures
2157:Ein Gedi
2104:Ashkelon
1995:Ein Afek
1931:Ein Elah
1873:Kinneret
1705:HaMasrek
1624:Archived
1607:Archived
1507:Archived
1084:44282748
1056:Tel Aviv
963:NBC News
820:See also
742:Gazelles
717:chariots
612:Site 200
540:Edomites
522:smelting
391:biblical
387:Edomites
277:Mushroom
244:climates
86:Location
2235:Wadi Og
2056:Hadasim
1973:Tel Dan
1881:Ein Nun
1863:Shimron
1820:Jezreel
1690:Adullam
1483:jnf.org
1267:Haaretz
860:Haaretz
782:4D film
771:replica
453:Abraham
402:Solomon
322:History
258:in the
240:erosion
32:Timnath
2316:Hathor
2191:Eshkol
1800:Hermon
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1010:
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810:Exodus
738:dunams
691:stelae
659:Hathor
572:Levant
477:Israel
457:Joseph
301:Arches
295:hoodoo
197:copper
185:Arabah
181:Israel
98:Israel
2013:Gador
1901:Safed
1790:Gamla
1782:Golan
1710:Lifta
1457:(PDF)
1450:(PDF)
1317:"CTV"
1230:S2CID
1080:S2CID
831:Punon
806:Moses
710:Many
667:cella
461:Jacob
204:mined
193:Eilat
2252:and
2086:Udim
1744:Acre
1502:See
1490:2023
1465:2010
1427:ISBN
1385:ISSN
1344:ISBN
1300:2014
1274:2014
1248:link
1222:ISSN
1182:2013
1144:2024
1118:2010
1105:ISBN
1072:ISSN
1037:2013
1008:ISSN
970:2014
923:ISBN
746:ibex
744:and
560:slag
465:Esau
463:and
383:Edom
354:The
212:Edom
166:The
141:Area
1377:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
