263:, were produced domestically, and used domestically made components. In particular, they had to achieve a minimum of 20%, 40% and 60% local content by the end of, respectively the first, second and third year of operation. The production facilities used for the manufacturing of these automobiles had to be fully owned by Indonesian interests and the eventual co-operation agreements with foreign automakers must not include commitments limiting the possibility to export. 'Pioneer' companies were exempted from duties on imported components (at 65%) and their products were exempted from
468:
1731:
231:
306:
assembled in South Korea by
Indonesian migrant workers. Between June 1996 and July 1997, a total of 39,715 cars were imported by TPN from Kia Motors. The cars were then distributed nationally through PT Timor Distributor Nasional. In 1997, TPN held 35.82 percent of market share in the compact sedan segment.
395:
As the Timor's retail price significantly undercut its competitors, it quickly gained market share while at the same time hurt competitors' sales and market share. The Timor was priced around Rp 35 million, around half of the price of its competitors in the same segment. For comparison, the similarly
331:
By early 1998, 15,000 out of the nearly 40,000 cars imported were reported still sitting unsold in
Jakarta— only 2,493 units were sold in 1998 compared to 19,471 units in the previous year. The drop in sales was in line with the overall automotive sales in the country which fell from almost 400,000
378:
protested the national car program and privilege of Timor cars. A lawsuit was then brought to the World Trade
Organization (WTO). The program was declared incompatible with WTO rules by Dispute Settlement Body of WTO in 1998. It was proved that the “national car program” violated the World Trade
305:
as the local manufacturing plant was not built yet. In order to smooth out the import plan, Suharto issued
Presidential Decree No. 42 of 1996 which allowed PT TPN to import national cars without being subject to import duties. When the public questioned the practice, Tommy claimed the car was
317:, the US$ 1 billion plant was planned to be built and operated by PT Kia Timor Motors, a joint venture owned 70% by TPN and 30% by Kia Motors and would have the capacity to produce 50,000 cars per year. The component manufacturing plant would be operated by Timor Industri Komponen.
259:, and the State Minister for Mobilization of Investment Funds to immediately realize the national car industry. The presidential decree mentioned that companies could be granted a 'national car pioneer' status if their products were branded under their own, Indonesian-owned
548:, but between the looming WTO lawsuit and the collapse of Kia and the Suharto regime this never materialized. The car is an SUV (referred as a 'Jip/Jeep' in Indonesia), thus the 'J' letter. As the name suggests, the car would be powered by a 2.0 L engine like the Sportage.
475:
Timor S5 series are the first range of products released by TPN. It is a rebadged version of Kia Sephia. 'S' stands for sedan while the '5' is an identifier to differentiate it with the future cancelled product, the Timor S2 series. The range consisted of the S515 (SOHC
34:
358:
After being inactive, the company encountered numerous lawsuits, mostly with the
Indonesian government. The company officially ceased to exist on 5 November 2021 after all of its assets were confiscated by the government following a legal decision on Tommy Suharto.
274:. TPN would be granted the 'pioneer' status and the financial support from the government if the company fulfilled the requirement requested by the Minister of Economy to produce 15,000 cars by September 1996. Tommy then quickly explored options to initiate a
286:
was under consideration, but eventually Tommy picked Kia Motors as TPN's partner. TPN stated that the company chose Kia because unlike other manufacturers, the South Korean manufacturer allows TPN to produce, modify, rebadge and export its vehicles.
515:, Central Java. It is based on the S516i. This item is now considered rare and highly priced by the car enthusiasts, however at the time it was officially sold in Timor dealers. TPN planned to build 50 SW516i, however only 30 was actually built.
235:
232:
339:. Dealers that still had thousands of Timor cars unsold after the crisis had to rebrand themselves by changing the signage colour while keeping the Timor name as an attempt to distance themselves from Suharto and Cendana family.
379:
Organization
Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Duties because the exemption from taxes is a subsidy contingent upon the use of domestic goods. As the result, the company had to cease operating per presidential decree (
267:(35% for sedan vehicles) for a period of four years. Later, it was revealed that the Indonesian government approved TPN's production of automobiles in Indonesia more than three months before the announcement in February 1996.
234:
435:, Millard Design and Orbital Engineering (Australia). It also sparked a conflict between Tommy and his brother Bambang Trihatmodjo, as Bambang already started a similar project called Bimantara Motor and partnered with
342:
In 2000, Kia considered reviving the Timor by restructuring Timor Putra
Nasional. Kia planned to invest to TPN and finish the Cikampek factory, with a condition from the South Korean Minister of Trade Affairs,
1028:
2191:
1719:
2181:
408:
had to pull their investment from
Indonesia, claiming their products wouldn't compete with the government-subsidized Timor. At the time, Ford was planning to locally assemble the
1053:
2186:
233:
563:
that was developed in-house by TPN. The development was conceived and supervised by
Soeparto Soejatmo, the engineering director of TPN. The exterior design was done by
335:
During the May 1998 riots in Java, Timor owners would remove the 'T' logos in the hope that they would not be targeted by protesters in order not to be associated with
1101:
1712:
1140:
1330:
1697:
2196:
1705:
1502:
920:
1960:
1239:
270:
The 'pioneer' status was then granted to TPN, a company that was 99 percent owned and controlled by Tommy
Suharto, youngest son of then-president
1166:
750:
420:
which had already operated a manufacturing plant in the country announced in June 1996 that it would put their future investment plans on hold.
1558:
1530:
1212:
1910:
985:
873:
837:
309:
On 24 February 1997, construction of the assembly plant and component manufacturing plant started. Located in Mandala Putra Industrial Area,
1281:
890:
182:) regarding the development of the national car industry. The Indonesian government then appointed TPN as a sole 'national car pioneer'.
1474:
240:
219:
2140:
1449:
1061:
2135:
400:
was priced around Rp 70 million. By the end of the first semester of 1997, Timor cars had gained 26% of passenger car market share.
1735:
252:
1789:
256:
1029:"Hanya Dapat Warisan Dosa, Perusahaan Mobil Ini Menyesal Sudah Mendompleng Kekuasaan Dua Pangeran Cendana, Simak Pengakuannya"
214:('People's Car Industrial Power/Technology'), although several sources said the Timor name was also chosen as a homage to the
2150:
1586:
511:
Some very limited numbers of 'SW516i' station wagons were manufactured by New Armada, a local car body manufacturer based in
827:
596:
1611:
1076:
859:
1935:
1115:
491:
Compared to the Kia Sephia, the Timor S5 series is equipped with less features to cut prices. It did not come with an
1424:
1256:
443:, but TPN which had no manufacturing plant was instead appointed by the government as the 'national car pioneer'.
975:
1315:
571:
engine with power output around 82 hp mated with a 5-speed manual transmission. The rear suspension is an
500:
198:
1031:[These car manufacturers regretted riding the power of two Cendana 'princes', see their confessions].
167:
2160:
2051:
1985:
1756:
572:
492:
423:
The establishment of Timor also led to the cancellation of the government's own national car project, the
20:
949:
251:) No. 2 1996 on 28 February 1996 regarding the development of the national car industry, instructing the
2155:
2114:
436:
347:
that TPN must be clear from any influence of Tommy Suharto. The investment was not realized as Kia used
205:
1355:
1236:
2031:
2010:
1975:
1905:
1865:
1809:
1779:
1751:
1688:
928:
409:
375:
1143:[Sri Mulyani defeated Tommy Soeharto, taking away Rp 1,2 trillion PT Timor Putra Nasional].
467:
320:
On 11 April 1997, TPN introduced the S515i, the fuel injection version of the S515. On 15 May 1997,
2201:
2089:
1915:
1832:
1774:
1746:
222:
at the time was still ongoing, while 'Putra Nasional' means 'national son' or 'son of the nation'.
2119:
2104:
2094:
2061:
1990:
1380:
805:
401:
1191:
1995:
1870:
1095:
981:
869:
833:
797:
588:
893:[Reminiscing the Timor national car brand that was gaining popularity in Indonesia].
1920:
789:
427:-designed M3 Maleo (Mobil Murah Masyarakat Maleo). This was a joint venture project between
291:
175:
33:
1950:
1847:
1827:
1804:
1784:
1692:
1243:
348:
1141:"Sri Mulyani Kalahkan Tommy Soeharto, Rampas Rp 1,2 Triliun dari PT Timor Putra Nasional"
1306:
809:
503:
unlike the global version of Sephia. It is also converted into right hand drive layout.
19:
This article is about a defunct Indonesian automotive manufacturer. For other uses, see
2099:
1955:
568:
532:
sedan prototype based on the S516i. It featured six doors and only one copy was built.
481:
417:
397:
352:
321:
194:
190:
171:
977:
Developmentalism and Dependency in Southeast Asia: The Case of the Automotive Industry
324:
of the Timor S515i started in an assembly plant owned by PT Indauda Putra Nasional in
2175:
1890:
432:
413:
371:
275:
72:
1259:[Korean-tasted national cars and the rivalry between Tommy vs Bambang Tri].
1450:"Indonesia 1996-1997: Toyota Kijang and Isuzu Panther on top, Timor brand launches"
541:
344:
1308:
Indonesia – Certain Measures Affecting the Automobile Industry (Panel Report)
1118:[Attorney general office is investigating the Timor Putra Nasional case].
2066:
2036:
1980:
1900:
1503:"Indonesia 1999: Market bounces back up 59%, Mitsubishi up to #2 thanks to Kuda"
592:
591:
SUV. The badge-engineering job was achievable since Tommy also owned a stake in
576:
302:
283:
118:
383:) No 20 1998 issued on 21 January 1998. TPN was also ordered to pay the unpaid
2145:
2046:
1970:
1965:
1945:
1930:
1012:
1000:
600:
477:
462:
384:
298:
264:
186:
133:
44:
801:
793:
587:
Timor Borneo was allegedly planned to be a rebadged version of the cancelled
2000:
1837:
1730:
560:
557:
529:
314:
295:
86:
780:
Hale, Christopher D. (2001). "Indonesia's National Car Project Revisited".
1612:"Indonesia 2006: Toyota Avanza ends 28 year-reign of Toyota Kijang/Innova"
1925:
1880:
1659:
1167:"Satgas BLBI Sita 4 Aset Tanah Milik PT Timor Putra Nasional di Karawang"
512:
485:
405:
336:
310:
2084:
2005:
271:
247:
The company was created as a response to the presidential instruction (
82:
1559:"Indonesia 2000-2002: Market back to pre-crisis levels, Suzuki strong"
1531:"Indonesia 2000-2002: Market back to pre-crisis levels, Suzuki strong"
1318:, 2 July 1998, p. 155, WT/DS54/R, WT/DS55/R, WT/DS59/R, WT/DS64/R
2056:
1940:
1799:
1794:
564:
496:
440:
424:
325:
1475:"Indonesia 1998: Timor S515 up to #4 in annihilated market (-84.1%)"
290:
On 8 July 1996, TPN introduced Timor S515 as their first product in
891:"Melirik Kiprah Mobil Merek Nasional Timor yang Sempat Laris di RI"
1895:
1885:
1213:"Review Timor S515 1996: Sejarah Mobil Nasional Terbaik di Eranya"
466:
367:
260:
229:
215:
753:[When president Soeharto killed the Timor national car].
170:
operating between 1996 and 2000 originally formed by businessman
2026:
1635:
1282:"Kini Limited Edition, Mobil Langka Ini Hanya Dijual Rp 45 Juta"
751:"Ketika Presiden Soeharto Mengakhiri Nyawa Mobil Nasional Timor"
599:. Borneo was a reference to the Borneo island, locally known as
279:
201:
ruled the national car program was incompatible with WTO rules.
1701:
387:
back when they imported the cars tax-free for US$ 1.3 billion.
2109:
2041:
1875:
1331:"Mengenang Timor, Mobil Nasional yang Mati sebelum Berkembang"
484:), and S516i LE (sports-oriented limited edition, licensed by
1284:[Now limited, this rare car is only Rp 45 million].
1257:"Mobnas Rasa Korea dan Persaingan Tommy Versus Bambang Tri"
1192:"Asia Beckons America: The Case of the Automobile Industry"
1685:
829:
Dispute Settlement Reports 1998: Volume 6, Pages 2199-2752
1383:[Indonesian hatchback car concept, Timor S213i].
954:
Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia
540:
Timor had also planned to rebadge the first generation
1079:[PT Timor Putra Nasional assets is executed].
197:
import route. TPN had to end its operations after the
1054:"Kia plans to continue with Timor car project: Kalla"
185:
Throughout its operations, TPN imported cars made by
1587:"Indonesia 2005: Toyota Kijang Innova strong leader"
243:
report of the special tax exemptions given to Timor.
2192:
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1996
2128:
2075:
2019:
1856:
1818:
1765:
1237:
Indonesian National Car Maleo to use Orbital Engine
775:
773:
771:
132:
124:
114:
102:
92:
78:
68:
50:
40:
1660:"Masuk » Indonesian Automobile Industry Data"
1636:"Masuk » Indonesian Automobile Industry Data"
1427:[Timor Borneo LM003, Lambo-tasted Timor].
2182:Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Indonesia
952:[Repeating the affordable car history].
209:
1381:"Konsep Mobil Hatchback Indonesia, Timor S213i"
1077:"Aset PT Timor Putra Nasional Mulai Dieksekusi"
218:which was fully controlled by Indonesia as the
1116:"Kejagung Selidiki Kasus Timor Putra Nasional"
567:, and the car was powered by a 1.3 L 16V DOHC
471:Timor S515 with its Timor badge swapped to Kia
1713:
556:Timor S2 series, specifically the S213i is a
174:. The company was created as a response to a
8:
858:TEMPO, Pusat Data dan Analisa (2019-01-07).
26:
1100:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1720:
1706:
1698:
32:
25:
2141:Indonesia International Motor Show (IIMS)
2136:Indonesia International Auto Show (GIIAS)
1916:Inchcape Indomobil Distribution Indonesia
868:] (in Indonesian). Tempo Publishing.
412:, while Chrysler was planning to produce
2187:Manufacturing companies based in Jakarta
826:Organization, World Trade (2001-01-25).
610:
110:Soeparto Soejatmo (engineering director)
1961:Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia
742:
150:Timor Rekayasa Rancang-bangun (R&D)
1425:"Timor Borneo LM003, Timor Rasa Lambo"
1093:
579:. The prototype was finished in 2000.
211:Tenaga/Teknologi Industri Mobil Rakyat
108:Tommy Suharto (founder & chairman)
1891:Daimler Commercial Vehicles Indonesia
1580:
1578:
1552:
1550:
1524:
1522:
1496:
1494:
1023:
1021:
923:[History & Information].
431:(Indonesian Car Consortium) owned by
16:Defunct Indonesian automotive company
7:
2011:Yamaha Indonesia Motor Manufacturing
915:
913:
911:
853:
851:
849:
821:
819:
1901:Hino Motors Manufacturing Indonesia
1404:Mobilmotor magazine (27 May 2002).
241:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1329:Kompasiana.com (19 January 2016).
1060:. 16 February 2000. Archived from
457:Timor S5 series (S515/S515i/S516i)
439:to build a manufacturing plant in
391:Effects on the automotive industry
14:
1410:This is what an Indonesian car is
1165:Rahma, Andita (8 November 2021).
861:Mimpi Mobil Nasional : Timor
332:in 1997 to about 53,000 in 1998.
2197:1996 establishments in Indonesia
1736:Automotive industry in Indonesia
1729:
301:and was initially imported from
2161:Roads and highways of Indonesia
1790:Kreasi Mandiri Wintor Indonesia
974:Abbott, Jason P. (2003-08-29).
950:"Mengulang Sejarah Mobil Murah"
351:'s National Assembler plant to
189:from South Korea, both through
1931:Indomobil National Distributor
1921:Inchcape Indomobil Energi Baru
1211:Pratama, Franky (2019-10-27).
832:. Cambridge University Press.
519:Prototype and concept vehicles
253:Minister of Industry and Trade
199:World Trade Organization (WTO)
1:
2076:Defunct foreign/joint venture
866:The national car dream: Timor
160:PT Timor Putra Nasional (TPN)
2006:VinFast Automobile Indonesia
1610:Gasnier, Matt (2007-01-04).
1585:Gasnier, Matt (2006-01-09).
1557:Gasnier, Matt (2003-01-20).
1529:Gasnier, Matt (2003-01-20).
1501:Gasnier, Matt (2000-01-19).
1473:Gasnier, Matt (1999-01-19).
1448:Gasnier, Matt (1998-01-19).
278:with foreign manufacturers.
2078:manufacturers and importers
1996:TVS Motor Company Indonesia
1936:Isuzu Astra Motor Indonesia
1075:Liputan6.com (2001-07-06).
2218:
460:
429:Konsorsium Mobil Indonesia
180:Inpres, Instruksi Presiden
144:Timor Distributor Nasional
18:
2151:Low Cost Green Car (LCGC)
1742:
921:"Sejarah & Informasi"
292:Sarinah Building, Jakarta
31:
2100:General Motors Indonesia
2001:UD Astra Motor Indonesia
1951:Kawasaki Motor Indonesia
1946:JIO Distribusi Indonesia
1911:Hyundai Motors Indonesia
1896:Eurokars Motor Indonesia
1848:Wahana Perkasa Auto Jaya
1406:Ini Baru Mobil Indonesia
1316:World Trade Organization
810:10.1525/as.2001.41.4.629
794:10.1525/as.2001.41.4.629
176:presidential instruction
2047:Leading Vision Otomotif
1242:15 October 2009 at the
353:assemble cars from kits
168:automobile manufacturer
147:Timor Industri Komponen
27:PT Timor Putra Nasional
2052:Nissan Motor Indonesia
1986:Suzuki Indomobil Motor
1956:Krama Yudha Ratu Motor
1941:Jetour Motor Indonesia
1795:Solo Manufaktur Kreasi
1757:Transport in Indonesia
1616:Best Selling Cars Blog
1591:Best Selling Cars Blog
1563:Best Selling Cars Blog
1535:Best Selling Cars Blog
1507:Best Selling Cars Blog
1479:Best Selling Cars Blog
1454:Best Selling Cars Blog
1412:]. pp. 14–16.
573:independent suspension
493:automatic transmission
472:
416:from kits. Meanwhile,
244:
210:
141:KIA Timor Motors (69%)
56:; 29 years ago
21:Timor (disambiguation)
2115:Mazda Motor Indonesia
2067:Tata Motors Indonesia
1926:Indomobil Energi Baru
1886:Chery Motor Indonesia
1857:Foreign/joint venture
470:
238:
220:East Timor occupation
206:syllabic abbreviation
2095:Ford Motor Indonesia
2032:Garuda Mataram Motor
1981:Sokonindo Automobile
1976:SGMW Motor Indonesia
1971:SAIC Motor Indonesia
1906:Honda Prospect Motor
1866:Astra Daihatsu Motor
1843:Timor Putra Nasional
1810:Viar Motor Indonesia
1780:Fin Komodo Teknologi
1752:Economy of Indonesia
1686:Timor Putra Nasional
1664:files.gaikindo.or.id
1640:files.gaikindo.or.id
1356:"Timor S2 by Zagato"
376:European Communities
166:, was an Indonesian
162:, commonly known as
2110:Kia Mobil Indonesia
2090:Auto Euro Indonesia
2027:DAS Indonesia Motor
1966:Neta Auto Indonesia
1881:BYD Motor Indonesia
1775:Astra International
1747:Automotive industry
1064:on 19 January 2011.
612:
452:Production vehicles
322:knock-down assembly
257:Minister of Finance
54:25 August 1995
28:
2120:Unicor Prima Motor
2105:Indobuana Autoraya
1991:Toyota Astra Motor
1819:Defunct Indonesian
1691:2007-06-23 at the
611:
528:Timor SL516i is a
473:
402:Ford Motor Company
385:luxury goods taxes
245:
2169:
2168:
2037:Gaya Makmur Mobil
1871:Astra Honda Motor
1766:Active Indonesian
987:978-1-134-52098-5
875:978-623-207-451-4
839:978-0-521-80502-5
735:
734:
589:Lamborghini LM003
355:locally instead.
236:
157:
156:
2209:
2042:Kreta Indo Artha
2020:Active importers
1734:
1733:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1699:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1554:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1526:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1498:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1429:Mobil Motor Lama
1420:
1414:
1413:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1385:Mobil Motor Lama
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1252:
1246:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1058:The Jakarta Post
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1025:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
991:
971:
965:
964:
962:
961:
956:. 3 October 2013
946:
940:
939:
937:
936:
927:. Archived from
917:
906:
905:
903:
902:
886:
880:
879:
855:
844:
843:
823:
814:
813:
777:
766:
765:
763:
762:
747:
613:
552:Timor S2 (S213i)
536:Timor J5 (J520i)
480:), S515i (DOHC,
296:badge-engineered
237:
213:
64:
62:
57:
36:
29:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2124:
2077:
2071:
2057:Plaza Auto Mega
2015:
1858:
1852:
1820:
1814:
1805:United Tractors
1785:Indomobil Group
1767:
1761:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1693:Wayback Machine
1682:
1677:
1668:
1666:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1644:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1620:
1618:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1595:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1567:
1565:
1556:
1555:
1548:
1539:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1511:
1509:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1483:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1458:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1433:
1431:
1423:Alfan, Charis.
1422:
1421:
1417:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1389:
1387:
1379:Alfan, Charis.
1378:
1377:
1373:
1364:
1362:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1338:
1337:(in Indonesian)
1328:
1327:
1323:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1291:
1289:
1288:(in Indonesian)
1280:
1279:
1275:
1266:
1264:
1263:(in Indonesian)
1254:
1253:
1249:
1244:Wayback Machine
1235:
1231:
1222:
1220:
1219:(in Indonesian)
1210:
1209:
1205:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1150:
1148:
1147:(in Indonesian)
1139:
1138:
1134:
1125:
1123:
1122:(in Indonesian)
1114:
1113:
1109:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1083:(in Indonesian)
1074:
1073:
1069:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1038:
1036:
1035:(in Indonesian)
1027:
1026:
1019:
1011:
1007:
999:
995:
988:
973:
972:
968:
959:
957:
948:
947:
943:
934:
932:
919:
918:
909:
900:
898:
897:(in Indonesian)
889:Rayanti, Dina.
888:
887:
883:
876:
857:
856:
847:
840:
825:
824:
817:
779:
778:
769:
760:
758:
757:(in Indonesian)
749:
748:
744:
740:
609:
585:
554:
538:
526:
521:
509:
465:
459:
454:
449:
393:
365:
294:. The car is a
230:
228:
191:built-up import
153:
109:
105:
95:
60:
58:
55:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2215:
2213:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2174:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2129:Related topics
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1681:
1680:External links
1678:
1676:
1675:
1651:
1627:
1602:
1574:
1546:
1518:
1490:
1465:
1440:
1415:
1396:
1371:
1347:
1321:
1298:
1273:
1247:
1229:
1203:
1183:
1157:
1132:
1107:
1067:
1045:
1017:
1005:
993:
986:
966:
941:
907:
881:
874:
845:
838:
815:
788:(4): 629–645.
767:
755:Tribunnews.com
741:
739:
736:
733:
732:
729:
725:
724:
721:
717:
716:
713:
709:
708:
705:
701:
700:
697:
693:
692:
689:
685:
684:
681:
677:
676:
673:
669:
668:
665:
661:
660:
657:
653:
652:
649:
645:
644:
641:
637:
636:
633:
629:
628:
625:
621:
620:
617:
608:
605:
584:
581:
575:with a single
569:fuel injection
553:
550:
537:
534:
525:
522:
520:
517:
508:
505:
461:Main article:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
418:General Motors
398:Toyota Corolla
392:
389:
364:
361:
326:Tambun, Bekasi
227:
224:
195:knock-down kit
155:
154:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
138:
136:
130:
129:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
52:
48:
47:
42:
38:
37:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2214:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2085:Astra Peugeot
2083:
2082:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2062:RMA Indonesia
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1876:BMW Indonesia
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:manufacturers
1855:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:manufacturers
1817:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:manufacturers
1764:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1603:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1397:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1299:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1230:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1204:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1158:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1015:, pp. 636–637
1014:
1009:
1006:
1002:
997:
994:
989:
983:
980:. Routledge.
979:
978:
970:
967:
955:
951:
945:
942:
931:on 2005-12-05
930:
926:
922:
916:
914:
912:
908:
896:
892:
885:
882:
877:
871:
867:
863:
862:
854:
852:
850:
846:
841:
835:
831:
830:
822:
820:
816:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
776:
774:
772:
768:
756:
752:
746:
743:
737:
730:
727:
726:
722:
719:
718:
714:
711:
710:
706:
703:
702:
698:
695:
694:
690:
687:
686:
682:
679:
678:
674:
671:
670:
666:
663:
662:
658:
655:
654:
650:
647:
646:
642:
639:
638:
634:
631:
630:
626:
623:
622:
618:
615:
614:
607:Sales figures
606:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
582:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
559:
551:
549:
547:
543:
535:
533:
531:
523:
518:
516:
514:
506:
504:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
482:fuel injected
479:
469:
464:
456:
451:
446:
444:
442:
438:
437:Hyundai Motor
434:
433:B. J. Habibie
430:
426:
421:
419:
415:
414:Chrysler Neon
411:
407:
403:
399:
390:
388:
386:
382:
377:
373:
372:United States
369:
362:
360:
356:
354:
350:
346:
340:
338:
333:
329:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
307:
304:
300:
297:
293:
288:
285:
281:
277:
276:joint venture
273:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
242:
225:
223:
221:
217:
212:
207:
204:'Timor' is a
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
183:
181:
177:
173:
172:Tommy Suharto
169:
165:
161:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
107:
101:
97:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
73:Tommy Suharto
71:
67:
53:
49:
46:
43:
39:
35:
30:
22:
1842:
1667:. Retrieved
1663:
1654:
1643:. Retrieved
1639:
1630:
1619:. Retrieved
1615:
1605:
1594:. Retrieved
1590:
1566:. Retrieved
1562:
1538:. Retrieved
1534:
1510:. Retrieved
1506:
1482:. Retrieved
1478:
1468:
1457:. Retrieved
1453:
1443:
1432:. Retrieved
1428:
1418:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1388:. Retrieved
1384:
1374:
1363:. Retrieved
1359:
1350:
1339:. Retrieved
1334:
1324:
1307:
1301:
1290:. Retrieved
1286:Tribun Timur
1285:
1276:
1265:. Retrieved
1260:
1250:
1232:
1221:. Retrieved
1216:
1206:
1195:. Retrieved
1186:
1174:. Retrieved
1170:
1160:
1149:. Retrieved
1145:Tribun Medan
1144:
1135:
1124:. Retrieved
1119:
1110:
1085:. Retrieved
1081:liputan6.com
1080:
1070:
1062:the original
1057:
1048:
1037:. Retrieved
1032:
1008:
996:
976:
969:
958:. Retrieved
953:
944:
933:. Retrieved
929:the original
924:
899:. Retrieved
894:
884:
865:
860:
828:
785:
782:Asian Survey
781:
759:. Retrieved
754:
745:
586:
583:Timor Borneo
555:
545:
542:Kia Sportage
539:
527:
524:Timor SL516i
510:
507:Timor SW516i
490:
474:
428:
422:
394:
380:
366:
357:
345:Han Duck-soo
341:
334:
330:
319:
308:
289:
269:
248:
246:
216:Timor island
203:
184:
179:
163:
159:
158:
134:Subsidiaries
79:Headquarters
1176:18 February
593:Lamborghini
577:leaf spring
546:Timor J520i
410:Ford Escort
363:WTO dispute
303:South Korea
284:Iran Khodro
119:Automobiles
94:Area served
2202:Car brands
2176:Categories
2146:ASEAN NCAP
1669:2020-10-18
1645:2020-10-03
1621:2020-10-03
1596:2020-10-03
1568:2020-10-03
1540:2020-10-03
1512:2020-10-03
1484:2020-10-03
1459:2020-10-03
1434:2020-03-31
1390:2020-03-31
1365:2020-03-31
1341:2020-03-31
1335:KOMPASIANA
1292:2020-03-31
1267:2020-03-31
1255:Suhendra.
1223:2020-03-31
1217:Cintamobil
1197:2020-03-31
1151:2020-05-24
1126:2020-05-24
1087:2020-05-24
1039:2020-03-31
960:2020-03-31
935:2022-10-31
901:2020-03-31
761:2020-03-31
738:References
601:Kalimantan
478:carbureted
463:Kia Sephia
374:, and the
299:Kia Sephia
265:luxury tax
187:Kia Motors
104:Key people
61:1995-08-25
45:Automotive
2156:Rural car
1828:Bimantara
1120:detiknews
802:0004-4687
561:prototype
558:hatchback
530:limousine
349:Indomobil
315:West Java
98:Indonesia
87:Indonesia
1689:Archived
1261:tirto.id
1240:Archived
1096:cite web
1033:Intisari
1003:, p. 635
895:detikoto
597:Megatech
595:through
513:Magelang
495:option,
486:Prodrive
447:Products
406:Chrysler
311:Cikampek
115:Products
41:Industry
731:43,269
635:19,471
544:as the
497:airbags
381:Keppres
337:Suharto
272:Suharto
226:History
83:Jakarta
69:Founder
59: (
51:Founded
1800:Pindad
984:
872:
836:
808:
800:
728:Total
667:2,045
659:8,530
651:3,087
643:2,493
627:6,042
619:Sales
565:Zagato
441:Bekasi
425:Zagato
396:sized
370:, the
261:marque
255:, the
249:Inpres
125:Brands
1838:Tawon
1408:[
1312:(PDF)
1171:Tempo
925:Timor
864:[
806:JSTOR
720:2008
712:2007
704:2006
696:2005
688:2004
680:2003
672:2002
664:2001
656:2000
648:1999
640:1998
632:1997
624:1996
616:Year
368:Japan
239:1996
164:Timor
128:Timor
1833:INKA
1178:2023
1102:link
1013:Hale
1001:Hale
982:ISBN
870:ISBN
834:ISBN
798:ISSN
715:242
707:150
699:239
691:265
683:306
675:395
404:and
282:and
280:Lada
193:and
1360:ACI
790:doi
501:ABS
499:or
488:).
208:of
2178::
1662:.
1638:.
1614:.
1589:.
1577:^
1561:.
1549:^
1533:.
1521:^
1505:.
1493:^
1477:.
1452:.
1358:.
1333:.
1314:,
1215:.
1169:.
1098:}}
1094:{{
1056:.
1020:^
910:^
848:^
818:^
804:.
796:.
786:41
784:.
770:^
723:4
603:.
328:.
313:,
85:,
1721:e
1714:t
1707:v
1672:.
1648:.
1624:.
1599:.
1571:.
1543:.
1515:.
1487:.
1462:.
1437:.
1393:.
1368:.
1344:.
1295:.
1270:.
1226:.
1200:.
1180:.
1154:.
1129:.
1104:)
1090:.
1042:.
990:.
963:.
938:.
904:.
878:.
842:.
812:.
792::
764:.
178:(
63:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
