87:
These newfound relationships allowed for a more accurate assessment of wood types and yields of much larger forests. By 1891, these surveys were conducted through sample-based methods involving statistical averages and more sophisticated measuring devices were implemented. In the 20th century, the statistical method of sampling had become well established and commonly used. Further developments, such as unequal probability sampling, arose. As the 20th century progressed, an understanding of co-efficients of error became clearer and the new technology of computers combined with the availability of aerial as well as satellite photography, further refined the process.
1684:
256:(Growth class) and properly should be the size of the tree (Size class), which may be limited by shade over it and not necessarily the biological and thus physiological age of the tree. This distinction is important if tree growth over time is expected by an owner or forester to produce timber, as a small old tree will grow differently from a small young tree. Commonly these age classes are split into: Seedling, Sapling, Pole, Mature Tree (subdivided into Weak wood, Middle wood and Strong wood stages), Old / Senescent Tree. Sometimes it is called size class or a
186:: The most common type of inventory is one that uses a stratified random sampling technique. In includes first grouping by age classes or soil characteristics or slope elevation. And then plots are chosen from each grouping by another sampling technique. It requires some knowledge of the land first and also trust that the groupings have been done properly. In forestry it may be done to separate plantation areas from mixed forest for example and reduce the amount of sampling time needed.
208:, the forester finds the center of a plot and every tree within a certain fixed distance away from that point is measured. Sample measurements are taken so that they are a fraction of the entire timber stand. This means that the numbers are all proportional to the actual stand values and that by multiplying by the correct corresponding value you can obtain the actual tract values. These plots are taken randomly so that each sample point has an equal probability of being included in the
368:
1712:
151:, volume and other measured attributes of a forest system can then be used for various purposes. For example, in British Columbia the sale of Crown timber is a business proposition and both the buyer and the Ministry of Forests and Range (seller) must know the quantity and the quality of timber being sold. Generally a timber cruise includes measurements or estimates of timber volume by forest product sort (and sometimes grade),
451:– a set of open-source software tools that assist countries in gathering, producing and disseminating reliable information on the state of forest resources. The tools support the entire inventory lifecycle, from needs assessment, design, planning, field data collection and management, estimation analysis, and dissemination. Remote sensing image processing tools are included, as well as tools for international reporting for
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196:, there may be some knowledge about the forest where it can be said that small groupings are possible. These small groupings of plots if they are near to each other form a cluster. These clusters are then randomly sampled with the belief that they are representing the actual mix of the forest. As they are close to each other there is less walking needed and so it is more efficient.
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169:: A computer or calculator random number generator is used to assign plots to be sampled. Here random means an equal chance of any plot being selected out of all of the plots available. It does not mean haphazard. Often it is modified to avoid sampling roads, ensure coverage of unsampled areas and for logistics of actually getting to the plots.
86:
that were individually estimated by visual inspection. These estimates were related together to figure out the entire forest's available resources. As the 19th century progressed so did the measurement techniques. New relationships between diameter, height, and volume were discovered and exploited.
57:
and the risk of fire. The results of this type of inventory can be used in preventive actions and also awareness. Wildlife surveys can be undertaken in conjunction with timber inventory to determine the number and type of wildlife within a forest. The aim of the statistical forest inventory is to
343:
Volume can be calculated from the metrics recorded in a plot sample. For example, if a tree was measured to be 20m tall and with a DBH of 19 cm using previous measured tree data a volume could be approximated according to species. Such a table has been constructed by Josef
Pollanschütz in
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contains. These measurements are collected at sample locations called plots, quadrants, or strips. Each of these individual sample areas is one observation in a series of observations called a sample. These sample areas are generally laid out in some random fashion usually in the form of a
82:(the main source of fuel) would run out. The first information was organized into maps used to plan out usage. In the early 19th century forest harvesters estimated the volume and dispersal of trees within smaller forests with their eyes. More diverse and larger forests were divided into
147:. Depending on the size of the plot and the number of plots measured, the data gathered from these plots can then be manipulated to achieve varying levels of certainty for an estimate that can be applied to the entire timber stand. This estimate of stand conditions,
275:
Form factor – the shape of the tree, based on recorded trees and commonly then given for calculating tree volumes for a given species. It is usually related to DBH or age class. It is distinct from taper. So it can be conical or paraboloid for
219:
plot is more dependent of the size of the trees. The tract is measured on a series of points and the trees are tallied for being in or out depending on their size and location relevant to the plot center. Usually an
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over a map of the area to be sampled. This grid will have preassigned plot areas to be sampled. It means more efficient logistics and removes some of the human bias that may be there with simple random sampling.
53:, the volume of trees in an area, and the value of the timber. Inventories can be done for other reasons than just calculating the value. A forest can be cruised to visually assess timber and determine potential
327:– a measure of the stocking of a stand of trees based on the number of trees per unit area and DBH of the tree of average basal area, based on historical records and is particular to site type and species
426:
Data collector – an electronic device used to quickly enter sample data, geo-locate the data, and, in more modern times, to also access reference, web and historic materials while timber cruising.
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both terrestrially and aerially are now used alongside more manual methods. As a result, sampling accuracy and assessment values became more accurate and allowed for modern practices to arise.
282:– an expression of tree taper calculated as the ratio of diameter inside the bark at 16 feet above ground to that outside bark at DBH, primary expression of tree form used in the United States
437:
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A forest inventory does not only record the trees height, DBH and number for tree yield calculations. It also records the conditions of the forest, which might include (for example)
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are arbitrarily determined lines (to prevent sampling bias) through a stand employed as a linear form of sample plot. They are sometimes referred to as "strip lines."
272:(DBH) – measurement of a tree's girth standardized with different countries having different standards they are often at 1.3 meters (about 4.5 feet) above the ground
423:– a small glass wedge that refracts light to create visible offsets in order to be able to choose which trees at a sampling point should be included in the sample.
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432:– a device used to retrieve a cylindrical sample of wood material orthogonally from the stem while doing as little damage as possible to the remaining tissues.
1992:
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321:– a quantitative measure of the area occupied by trees relative to an optimum or desired level of density, which will vary according to management purpose
778:
520:
L. J. Moores; B. Pittman; G. Kitchen (1996), "Forest ecological classification and mapping: their application for ecosystem management in
Newfoundland",
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To scale this up to a hectare level the result would have to be multiplied by the number of trees of that size. This is called the blow up factor.
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212:. Often, circular plots are used because it only requires measuring the radius. Commonly, tenth acre plots are used (37.2 ft radius).
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308:– the degree to which a tree's stem or bole decreases in diameter as a function of height above ground. So it can be sharp or gradual.
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is the systematic collection of data and forest information for assessment or analysis. An estimate of the value and possible uses of
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294:– a species specific measure of site productivity and management options, reported as the height of dominant and co-dominant trees (
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are used to gather data for this type of plot. This allows for a very quick estimate of the volume and species of a given tract.
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389:– two prongs connected to a measuring tape or stick are placed around the most average part of the bole to determine diameter
333:– a chart based on volume equations that uses correlations between certain aspects of a tree to estimate the standing volume
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266:– defines the area of a given section of land that is occupied by the cross-section of tree trunks and stems at their base
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395:– multiple-use tool that is able to find tree height, basal area, and tree diameter anywhere along the bole
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Plots are samples of the forest being inventoried and so are selected according to what is looked for.
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49:, age, and defects. From the data collected one can calculate the number of trees per acre, the
41:. When taking forest inventory the following are important things to measure and note: species,
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provide comprehensive information about the state and dynamics of forests for strategic and
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So f pollanschütz would be derived from the table and is properly called the Form Factor.
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used with computer software to calculate the metrics from the collected data by use of
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Systematic collection of information about a forested area for assessment or analysis
407:– used to estimate the number of pieces of lumber yielded by a given piece of timber
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613:"Treemetrics.com | Treemetrics | Cutting Edge Forest Optimization"
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339:– model that uses current stand density to project future stand composition
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657:. UANews. 16 January 2013. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013
383:– cloth or metal tape that is wrapped around the bole, scaled to diameter
248:
The amount of standing timber that a forest contains is determined from:
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and partners, with the support of the
Government of Finland, launched
365:– utilizes ocular trigonometry to quickly measure diameter and height
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401:– common tool used to measure changes in elevation and tree height
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109:
583:. Imperial Forestry Institute Paper No. 32, University of Oxford.
288:– diameter of the tree that coordinates to the stand's basal area
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Age class (Size class). This is a misnomer as in German it is
115:
634:"Forest Metrix – Forest Inventory and Timber Cruise Software"
486:
Reducing
Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
175:: Commonly this is done by a random point and then laying a
37:
is an important part of the broader information required to
707:
62:. Merely looking at the forest for assessment is called
596:"Tree Form Quotients as Variables in Volume Estimation"
438:
Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
260:. There are differences between countries and forests.
114:
Example of hardware equipment for forest inventories:
74:
Surveying and taking inventory of trees originated in
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1991:
1901:
1821:
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655:"Keepers of Prometheus: The World's Oldest Tree"
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563:"Scopus preview - Scopus - Welcome to Scopus"
192:: When it is not possible to make strata for
130:A timber cruise is a sample measurement of a
8:
1799:
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730:
716:
708:
601:. United States Department of Agriculture.
302:at a base age such as 25, 50 and 100 years
578:"The form and taper of forest-tree stems"
347:Volume of tree = BA X h x f pollanschutz
2553:Habitat management equipment and methods
457:FAO's Global Forest Resource Assessments
134:used to estimate the amount of standing
522:Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
512:
667:
84:smaller sections of similar type trees
7:
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703:National Forest Inventory (Canada)
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1004:Global Forest Information Service
122:for mapping connected to a field
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698:Common forest inventory metrics.
371:Figure demonstrating the ocular
337:Stand density management diagram
1761:
76:Europe in the late 18th century
636:. Forestmetrix.com. 2013-06-16
184:Systematic stratified sampling
1:
492:Inventaire forestier national
190:Systematic clustered sampling
497:(National forest inventory)
2584:
1115:Growth and yield modelling
375:behind the Biltmore stick.
102:and other forest factors.
2404:
1941:Hemispherical photography
1890:
1689:Earth sciences portal
1675:Climate change portal
1650:
1256:Great Green Wall (Africa)
745:
674:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
615:. Treemetrics. 2013-01-22
270:Diameter at breast height
43:diameter at breast height
2501:Machine and metalworking
2246:Lombard Steam Log Hauler
1261:Great Green Wall (China)
834:Close to nature forestry
373:trigonometric principles
2511:Measuring and alignment
1295:Million Tree Initiative
357:Tools used in inventory
286:Quadratic mean diameter
1717:Environment portal
1149:Sustainable management
1044:Trillion Tree Campaign
693:Forest inventory wiki.
376:
167:Simple random sampling
127:
1642:Wood process engineer
1346:Urban forest inequity
370:
200:Types of sample plots
113:
2476:Cutting and abrasive
2458:WikiProject Forestry
1305:Shifting cultivation
1246:Forest fragmentation
1216:Carbon sequestration
1086:Woodland Carbon Code
1051:Forest certification
959:Even-aged management
874:Sustainable forestry
2001:Aerial firefighting
1110:Formally designated
954:Ecological thinning
864:Plantation forestry
772:Research institutes
576:Gray, H.R. (1956).
325:Stand Density Index
194:stratified sampling
173:Systematic sampling
149:species composition
98:, site conditions,
78:out of a fear that
60:management planning
2341:Hydraulic debarker
2316:Firewood processor
1703:Ecology portal
1236:Forest degradation
1231:Ecosystem services
839:Community forestry
534:10.1007/bf00396169
476:Forest informatics
462:2015-08-14 at the
447:2022-10-06 at the
377:
128:
39:sustain ecosystems
2558:Forest management
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2346:Log house moulder
1872:Tree planting bar
1847:Groasis Waterboxx
1774:
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1731:Plants portal
1517:green woodworking
481:Forest management
313:Volume estimation
280:Girard form class
228:, Tunagmetor, or
206:fixed radius plot
120:laser rangefinder
16:(Redirected from
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2548:Forest modelling
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2326:Forestry mulcher
2276:Washington Winch
2178:Portable sawmill
1993:Fire suppression
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436:In 2014, the
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411:LASER Scanner
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19:
18:Timber cruise
2435:
2413:
2331:Hand compass
2283:Steam donkey
2168:Lumber edger
2153:Crosscut saw
2098:Log splitter
2023:Fire flapper
1978:Tree caliper
1946:Inclinometer
1931:Cruising rod
1880:(Tuley tube)
1878:Tree shelter
1874:(dibble bar)
1862:Root trainer
1736:
1722:
1708:
1694:
1680:
1666:
1659:
1637:Tree planter
1631:
1617:Resin tapper
1597:Truck driver
1592:River driver
1341:Tree hugging
1326:
1309:
1276:timber mafia
1266:High grading
1251:Ghost forest
1221:Clearcutting
1144:Silviculture
1120:Horticulture
988:
964:Fire ecology
879:Urban forest
854:Mycoforestry
814:
810:Agroforestry
791:
784:
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758:Forest areas
756:
749:
659:. Retrieved
649:
638:. Retrieved
628:
617:. Retrieved
607:
589:
571:
557:
525:
521:
515:
435:
405:Cruising rod
387:Tree caliper
352:
349:
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342:
331:Volume table
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214:
205:
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189:
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165:
162:
129:
93:
73:
55:fire hazards
47:site quality
30:
29:
2568:Measurement
2526:Woodworking
2396:Woodchipper
2188:Two-man saw
2103:Marking axe
2084:(shake axe)
1983:Wedge prism
1956:Rangefinder
1916:Angle gauge
1903:Mensuration
1836:Caulk boots
1661:WikiProject
1585:smokejumper
1565:Firefighter
1528:Occupations
1512:Woodworking
1093:Forestation
1024:restoration
979:informatics
844:Ecoforestry
495:(in French)
421:Wedge prism
226:wedge prism
222:angle gauge
100:tree health
2542:Categories
2414:Categories
2236:Helicopter
2077:Brush hook
1911:3D scanner
1884:Tree spade
1857:Pottiputki
1607:Lumberjack
1602:Log scaler
1485:engineered
1436:non-timber
1409:sawmilling
1361:Industries
1328:svedjebruk
1039:transition
1019:protection
1009:old-growth
994:governance
949:Dendrology
899:management
765:Ministries
661:2013-10-04
640:2013-10-04
619:2013-10-04
507:References
442:Open Foris
399:Clinometer
306:Tree taper
296:site trees
292:Site index
264:Basal area
254:Wuchsklass
153:log defect
51:basal area
2446:equipment
2424:equipment
2376:Tree tyer
2356:Log flume
2336:Hand hook
2266:Skid cone
2261:Pike pole
2256:Pickaroon
2241:Log truck
2231:Harvester
2221:Forwarder
2211:Cant hook
2045:(rakehoe)
2028:Fire rake
2018:Driptorch
1973:Relascope
1968:Microtome
1867:Seed trap
1815:equipment
1555:Ecologist
1468:Tree farm
1369:Coppicing
1311:chitemene
1211:Acid rain
1159:allometry
1081:SmartWood
1029:secondary
1014:pathology
989:inventory
927:driftwood
793:Arbor Day
550:206779166
393:Relascope
344:Austria.
237:Transects
230:Relascope
138:that the
2481:Forestry
2471:Cleaning
2351:Log pond
2311:Denailer
2226:Go-devil
2163:Head saw
2136:Chainsaw
2072:Broadaxe
2067:Billhook
2038:Helitack
1843:(hoedag)
1808:Forestry
1756:Category
1570:handcrew
1540:Arborist
1535:Forester
1495:mahogany
1441:palm oil
1431:charcoal
1416:Products
1351:Wildfire
1164:breeding
1125:GM trees
974:dynamics
786:Journals
779:Colleges
739:Forestry
670:cite web
542:24198030
470:See also
460:Archived
455:MRV and
445:Archived
319:Stocking
276:example.
64:taxation
2506:Masonry
2496:Kitchen
2436:Commons
2361:Machete
2271:Skidder
2203:Logging
2193:Whipsaw
2173:Polesaw
2158:Dragsaw
2131:Bucksaw
2126:Bow saw
2088:Hatchet
2049:Pulaski
1852:Mattock
1766:Outline
1580:lookout
1575:hotshot
1456:tanbark
1426:biomass
1421:biochar
1399:plywood
1384:Logging
1288:wilding
937:log jam
894:Ecology
96:geology
70:History
2516:Mining
2486:Garden
2381:Tsakat
2288:Yarder
2251:Peavey
2093:Labrys
2043:McLeod
1841:Hoedad
1612:Ranger
1560:Feller
1545:Bucker
1451:rubber
1394:lumber
1204:topics
1191:volume
1186:height
1132:i-Tree
969:Forest
922:coarse
917:Debris
816:dehesa
548:
540:
488:(REDD)
298:)in a
258:cohort
140:forest
136:timber
35:timber
2563:Trees
2521:Power
2441:tools
2419:tools
2304:Other
2293:swing
2183:Resaw
2006:DC-10
1961:laser
1926:Chain
1811:tools
1446:rayon
1181:girth
1176:crown
1137:urban
1034:stand
942:slash
932:large
803:Types
751:Index
599:(PDF)
581:(PDF)
546:S2CID
453:REDD+
415:Lidar
300:stand
204:In a
132:stand
2491:Hand
2118:Saws
2082:Froe
2059:Axes
2011:UAVs
1813:and
1505:teak
1490:fuel
1480:Wood
1300:REDD
1154:Tree
1071:PEFC
1056:ATFS
676:link
538:PMID
177:grid
118:and
80:wood
1076:SFI
1066:FSC
1061:CFS
999:law
984:IPM
896:and
530:doi
116:GPS
2544::
672:}}
668:{{
544:,
536:,
526:39
524:,
466:.
224:,
215:A
66:.
1825:,
1800:e
1793:t
1786:v
731:e
724:t
717:v
678:)
664:.
643:.
622:.
565:.
532::
417:.
126:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
