Timeline of the development of tectonophysics (after 1952)

3893:

Z; Keefer G; Leonard D; Piepke A; Yakushev E; Berger BE; Chan YD; Decowski MP; Dwyer DA; Freedman SJ; Fujikawa BK; Goldman J; Gray F; Heeger KM; Hsu L; Lesko KT; Luk KB; Murayama H; O'Donnell T; Poon AW; Steiner HM; Winslow LA; Mauger C; McKeown RD; Vogel P; Lane CE; Miletic T; Guillian G; Learned JG; Maricic J; Matsuno S; Pakvasa S; Horton-Smith GA; Dazeley S; Hatakeyama S; Rojas A; Svoboda R; Dieterle BD; Detwiler J; Gratta G; Ishii K; Tolich N; Uchida Y; Batygov M; Bugg W; Efremenko Y; Kamyshkov Y; Kozlov A; Nakamura Y; Karwowski HJ; Markoff DM; Nakamura K; Rohm RM; Tornow W; Wendell R; Chen MJ; Wang YF; Piquemal F (28 July 2005).

1088: 128: 1072: 580: 2190: 2641:; Bertone, Matthew A.; Cassel; Bayless, Brian K.; Heimberg, Alysha M.; Wheeler, Benjamin M.; Peterson, Kevin J.; Pape, Thomas; Sinclair, Bradley J.; Skevington, Jeffrey H.; Blagoderov, Vladimir; Caravas, Jason; Kutty, Sujatha Narayanan; Schmidt-Ott, Urs; Kampmeier, Gail E.; Thompson, F. Christian; Grimaldi, David A.; Beckenbach, Andrew T.; Courtney, Gregory W.; Friedrich, Markus; Meier, Rudolf; Yeates, David K. (2011). 2407: 160: 568: 1056: 25: 1064: 2530:

Fortuitously, he was assigned as well an office that he shared for two years with Fred Vine,... This insight was fundamental to the revolutionary theory then developing, and sharing that office with Fred Vine drew Morgan into the subject — as he puts it — "with a bang." A paper written by H.W. Menard

2392:

and make it homogeneous. The seafloor cycle with subduction and upwelling is something between conduction and convection, it allows for its inhomogeneity in a quasi-steady state. The mantle and the continents are in a way passive, the heat sink of the earth is the seafloor. So that the heat generated

6904:

Diese (gemeint sind "relative geringfuegige Niveaudifferenzen der grossen ozeanischen Becken untereinander") scheinen es auch nahezulegen, die mittelatlantische Bodenschwelle als diejenige Zone zu betrachten, in welche bei der noch immer fortschreitenden Erweiterung des atlantischen Ozeans der Boden

3892:

Araki T; Enomoto S; Furuno K; Gando Y; Ichimura K; Ikeda H; Inoue K; Kishimoto Y; Koga M; Koseki Y; Maeda T; Mitsui T; Motoki M; Nakajima K; Ogawa H; Ogawa M; Owada K; Ricol JS; Shimizu I; Shirai J; Suekane F; Suzuki A; Tada K; Takeuchi S; Tamae K; Tsuda Y; Watanabe H; Busenitz J; Classen T; Djurcic

551:

The uncertainty of the distance between Europe and North America is too great to confirm the continental drift hypothesis. It states wrongly that the lock-and-key form of South America and Africa is less good if the continental shelf is taken into account. Note: the truth is that neither A. Wegener

3397:

This is also likely owing to the fact that the coasts of certain lands, situated opposite each other though separated by sea, have a corresponding shape, so that they would be congruent with one another were they to stand side by side; for example, the southern part of America and Africa. For this

2415: 3057:

W.A.J.M. van Waterschoot van der Gracht; Bailey Willis; Rollin T. Chamberlin; John Joly; G.A.F. Molengraaff; J.W. Gregory; Alfred Wegener; Charles Schuchert; Chester R. Longwell; Frank Bursley Taylor; William Bowie; David White; Joseph T. Singewald, Jr.; Edward W. Berry (1928). W.A.J.M. van

2397:

Wegener's continental drift hypotheses is a logical consequence of: the theory of thrusting (alpine geology), the isostasy, the continents forms resulting from the supercontinent Gondwana break up, the past and present-day life forms on both sides of the Gondwana continent margins, and the

3340:

in his work Thesaurus Geographicus... suggested that the Americas were 'torn away from Europe and Africa... by earthquakes and floods... The vestiges of the rupture reveal themselves, if someone brings forward a map of the world and considers carefully the coasts of the three

6985:

He gives reasons for the paleo connection of the Americas and Eurasia-Africa by naming paleontological similarities, parallelism of coastal forms and the recently researched submarine Atlantic mountain range as ideal seam of continental splits

2378: 282: 773:

Nowadays, the fit between Africa and South America is based on paleomagnetism, slightly different from the older "Bullard's Fit" (based on least-square fitting of 500 fathom (c. 900 m) contours across the Atlantic).

50: 3060:

Theory of Continental Drift: a symposium on the origin and movement of land masses both intercontinental and intracontinental as proposed by Alfred Wegener, A Symposium of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG,

5864:

Nelson, K. Douglas; Zhao, W.; Brown, L. D.; Kuo, J.; Che, J.; Liu, X.; Klemperer, S. L.; Makovsky, Y.; Meissner, R. (December 1996). "Partially Molten Middle Crust beneath Southern Tibet: Synthesis of Project INDEPTH Results".

2372:

brilliant summary remains pertinent when confronted by the relatively small but crucial amount of information collected in the intervening years. Like Umbgrove, I shall consider this paper an essay in geopoetry."

820:) and tells them that their 'discovered' Emperor reversal was already named as Jaramillo reversal. And shows the reversal on the Walt Pitman's graphik (cm/ vertical), surprising Pitman, Opdyke and even himself ( 107:, the Pratt-Hayford isostasy, the extrapolation of the age of the Earth by Lord Kelvin as a black body cooling down, the contracting Earth, the Earth as a solid and crystalline body, is one school of thought. A 983:: Individual aseismic areas move as rigid plates on the surface of a sphere, quote: "a block on a sphere can be moved to any other conceivable orientation by a single rotation about a properly chosen axis.") ( 5920:

Ninkovich, Dragoslav; Opdyke, Neil; Heezen, Bruce C.; Forster, John H. (November 1966). "Paleomagnetic stratigraphy, rates of deposition and tephrachronology in North Pacific deep-sea sediments".

886:) came to accept seafloor spreading by April 1967 and cited (along with his brother John Ewing) the case for Vine-Matthews-Morley Hypothesis as "strong support for the hypothesis of spreading. ( 2428: 5293:

the Mid-Atlantic Ridge ... zone in which the floor of the Atlantic, as it keeps spreading, is continuously tearing open and making space for fresh, relatively fluid and hot sima from depth.

1388:

W. P. Schellart; D. R. Stegman; R. J. Farrington; J. Freeman & L. Moresi (16 July 2010). "Cenozoic Tectonics of Western North America Controlled by Evolving Width of Farallon Slab".

4740:

Ewing, John; Ewing, Maurice (March 1959). "Seismic-refraction measurements in the Atlantic Ocean basins, in the Mediterranean Sea, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and in the Norwegian Sea".

835:

The Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis is the first scientific test to confirm the seafloor spreading concept. Earth Sciences paradigm shift, from fix continents to plate tectonics (

6468:

Silver, P.G.; Carlson, R.W.; Olson, P. (1988). "Deep slabs, geochemical heterogeneity, and the large-scale structure of mantle convection: Investigation of an enduring paradox".

383:(preprint and a report for the Navy): Sonar and seafloor spreading (personal communication formally published in 1962 (Puzzle pieces: his World War II seafloor profiles, ( 515:

Wunderlich, H.G. (March 1962). "50 Jahre Kontinentalverschiebungstheorie – von Wegener bis Runcorn" [50 Years Continental Drift Hypothesis – Wegener to Runcorn].

6085:

Rittmann, Alfred (1939). "Bemerkungen zur 'Atlantis-Tagung' in Frankfurt im Januar 1939" [Comments about the 'Atlantis Conference', Frankfurt, January 1939].

2360:

Vening Meinesz (together with J.H.F. Umbgrove, B.G. Escher and Ph.H. Kuenen) had more evidence that the established paradigm and the reality do not match. But as all

2647: 5037:

Hurley, P.M.; Melcher, G.C.; Rand, J.R.; Fairbairn, H.W.; Pinson, W.H. (1966). "Rb-Sr whole rock analyses in Northern Brazil correlated with ages in West Africa".

3074: 7066:

Wilson, J. Tuzo (July 1962). "Cabot Fault, an Appalachian Equivalent of San Andreas and Great Glen Faults and Some Implications for Continental Displacement".

6721:

Vening Meinesz, F. A. (1959). "The results of the development of the Earth's topography in spherical harmonics up to the 31st order; provisional conclusions".

3398:

reason one supposes that perhaps both of these continents were previously attached to each other, either directly, or through the sunken island of Atlantis;...

100:

hypothesis had many flaws and scarce data. The fixist/ Pratt-Hayford isostasy, the contracting Earth and the expanding Earth concepts had many flaws as well.

5563: 1035: 4229: 3968:

Argus, Donald F.; Gordon, Richard G.; Heflin, Michael B.; Ma, Chopo; Richard J. Eanes; Pascal Willis; W. Richard Peltier; Susan E. Owen (February 2010).

2545: 1288: 2116: 828:). Many anti-drifters changed their mind after the publication of these magnetometer readings of sediment core (Eltanin-19), geomagnetic reversals ( 609: 6628: 1278:

Overview: viscous resistance, slab thickness, slab bending, trench migration and seismic coupling, slab width, slab edges and mantle return flow:

5991: 3695: 3739: 743:, p. 60). Heezen, abandons the expanding Earth theory as it requires a radial expansion of 4–8 mm/year for the Atlantic Ocean alone ( 7350: 5323: 4609:

Doell, R. R.; Dalrymple, G. B. (May 1966). "Geomagnetic polarity epochs: a new polarity event and the age of the Brunhes-Matuyama boundary".

3811: 3789: 3768: 3749: 3728: 3705: 3672: 3653: 3605: 3514: 3495: 3471: 3448: 3428: 3381: 3358: 3324: 3293: 3246: 3195: 3157: 3130: 3103: 3047: 3024: 2996: 2531:

caused him to begin musing on his own about great faults and fracture zones, and how they might relate to theorems on the geometry of spheres

1776: 587:(older than 1.3 Ga) cratons in South America and Africa. The São Luís and the Luis Alves cratonic fragments are shown (Brazil), but the 111:

creeping over the asthenosphere is a logical consequence of an Earth with internal heat by radioactivity decay, the Airy-Heiskanen isostasy,

3533:

The vestiges of the rupture reveal themselves, if someone brings forward a map of the world and considers carefully the coasts of the three

883: 220: 5003:

Hess, H.H. (1960b). Evolution of ocean basins: Report to Office of Naval Research. Contract No. 1858(10), NR 081-067 (Report). p. 38.

5714: 2178: 1296: 7224: 6435:"Flood basalts, continental breakup and the dispersal of Gondwana: evidence for periodic migration of upwelling mantle flows (plumes)" 4150: 6585: 4927:

Heezen, B. C; Tharp, M (1966). "A discussion concerning the floor of the northwest Indian Ocean – Physiography of the Indian Ocean".

4515: 7399: 6894:

Wegener, Alfred (1912a). "Die Herausbildung der Grossformen der Erdrinde (Kontinente und Ozeane), auf geophysikalischer Grundlage".

4919: 3974: 3682: 2274: 1936: 1835: 655:

J. T. Wilson spends much of 1965 in Cambridge and Hess joined him in the second half. Wilson develops the transform fault concept. (

262: 68: 7419: 7414: 437: 5627: 5482: 5419:"Absolute plate motions constrained by shear wave splitting orientations with implications for hot spot motions and mantle flow" 4196: 2364:

he could not really believe in crust motions in such a large scale and he knew Wegener's Continental drift hypothesis fate too.

7029: 6367: 6015: 4543: 4396:

Creer, K. M.; Irving, E.; Runcorn, S. K. (1957). "Geophysical interpretation of palaeomagnetic directions from Great Britain".

3625:

A mass movement, more or less horizontal and progressive, should be the cause underlying the formation of our mountain systems.

735:

Wells, finds on growth rings of Devonian corals the maximum Earth expansion during this time to be less than 0.6 mm/year (

5046:

Hurley, P.M.; Rand, J.R.; Pinson Jr, W.H.; et al. (1967). "Test of continental drift by comparison of radiometric ages".

2827:

P.M.S. Blackett, E.C. Bullard and S.K. Runcorn (ed). A Symposium on Continental Drift, held on 28 October 1965. pp. 323:

7027:

White, R.; McKenzie, D. (1989). "Magmatism at rift zones: The generation of volcanic continental margins and flood basalts".

4907:

Physiographic diagram of the South Atlantic, the Caribbean, the Scotia Sea, and the eastern margin of the South Pacific Ocean

1876: 1353:"On the relationships between slab dip, back-arc stress, upper plate absolute motion, and crustal nature in subduction zones" 5709: 4298:"Constraints on lithosphere net rotation and asthenospheric viscosity from global mantle flow models and seismic anisotropy" 588: 552:

nor C. Schuchert used the east coastline of South America and west coastline of Africa, really; these coastlines don't fit (

4516:"Alfred Wegener's Hypothesis on Continental Drift and Its Discussion in Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen (1912–1942)" 2781: 763: 4081: 2270: 2023: 3697:

Gravity expeditions at sea 1923–1938. Vol. IV. Complete results with isostatic reduction, interpretation on the results

40: 7149: 6905:

desselben fortwaehrend aufreisst und frischem, relativ fluessigen und hochtemperiertem Sima aus der Tiefe Platz macht

6553: 6287: 5404:

Köppen, W. (1925). "Muß man neben der Kontinentalverschiebung noch eine Polwanderung in der Erdgeschichte annehmen?".

4248: 3806:(2 ed.). Bath: Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij BV, Geological Society Publishing House. p. 239. 2534:

Passages about W. Jason Morgan from McPhee, John (1998) Annals of the Former World, New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux.

2139: 1919: 1823: 1284: 972: 6282: 980: 7409: 7404: 4841:

Hager, Bradford H.; O'Connell, Richard J. (1981). "A Simple Global Model of Plate Dynamics and Mantle Convection".

4654:

Dott, R. H. Jr. (1961). "Squantum "tillite", Massachusetts – evidence of glaciation or subaqueous mass movement?".

2514: 1967: 999: 5574: 3594:"The TRANSMED Transects in Space and Time: Constraints on the Paleotectonic Evolution of the Mediterranean Domain" 3008:

Manual of Geology: Treating of the Principles of the Science with Special Reference to American Geological History

710:

P.M.S. Blackett; E.C. Bullard; S.K. Runcorn, eds. (1965). "A Symposium on Continental Drift, 28th October, 1965".

2749: 5710:"Interarc spreading and Cordilleran tectonics as alternates related to the age of subducted oceanic lithosphere" 7394: 5651: 4675: 3957:

Extrait du Compte-rendu du XIIIe Congrès Géologique International 1922 (13th International Geological Congress)

2766: 6391: 4916:

Physiographic diagram of the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea, the South China Sea, the Sulu Sea, and the Celebes Sea

4812:

Fukao, Y; Obayashi, M; Inoue, H; Nenbai, M (1992). "Subducting slabs stagnant in the mantle transition zone".

4761: 4236: 1087: 805:– USGS) brought to Frederik Vine attention that there is the Jaramillo "reversal" (publ. mid-1966 !!!). ( 4297: 2594: 5280: 5093: 4871: 4351: 3040:

Scientific Controversies: Case Solutions in the resolution and closure of disputes in science and technology

631: 2796: 1826:), PGP (Physics of Geological Processes, University of Oslo, Norway); Müller, R. Dietmar, EarthByte Group, 1331: 6856: 6010: 5882: 5586: 2876:

Heezen, B. C; Tharp, M (1965). "Tectonic Fabric of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and Continental Drift".

2560: 2381:

board (i.e., B.G. Escher and A. Rittmann) probably never dumped the idea that the South Atlantic is under

1855: 1313: 6167: 5300: 3894: 994:(received 30 August 1967, revised 30 November 1967 and published 15 March 1968) was published later than 4386: 4148:

Blackett, P. M. S.; Clegg, J. A.; Stubbs, P. H. S. (July 5, 1960). "An Analysis of Rock Magnetic Data".

1839: 895: 441: 179: 6667: 5301:"The mantle plume debate in undergraduate geoscience education: Overview, history, and recommendations" 6735: 5660: 4692: 7290: 7275: 7239: 7187: 7158: 7112: 7075: 7038: 6999: 6920: 6848: 6804: 6750: 6643: 6600: 6562: 6519: 6477: 6446: 6379: 6325: 6296: 6253: 6216: 6179: 6094: 6049: 6024: 5998: 5962: 5929: 5874: 5808: 5779: 5723: 5672: 5639: 5598: 5523: 5494: 5461: 5430: 5342: 5268: 5213: 5178: 5143: 5102: 5055: 4974: 4885: 4850: 4821: 4790: 4749: 4704: 4663: 4618: 4581: 4552: 4492: 4454: 4405: 4365: 4312: 4260: 4208: 4159: 4126: 4090: 4057: 4016: 3983: 3906: 3711: 2922: 2885: 2840: 2656: 2286: 2278: 1827: 1815: 1661: 1397: 1364: 1305: 1131: 1014: 1010: 907: 697: 524: 349: 46: 6861: 5887: 1318: 35: 6712:

Vening Meinesz, F. A. (1955). "Plastic Buckling of the Earth's Crust: the Origin of Geosynclines".

4876: 4572:

Dietz, Robert S. (June 1961). "Continent and Ocean Basin Evolution by Spreading of the Sea Floor".

4356: 2565: 2382: 2293: 2282: 2226: 2054: 1851: 1843: 1831: 334: 4996:

Preprints of the 1st International Oceanographic Congress (New York, August 31-September 12, 1959)

4929:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

4111: 3830:

Ampferer, O. (1921). "Bemerkung zu der Arbeit von R. Schwinner "Vulkanismus und Gebirgsbildung"".

3546: 3084:

Experimental Inquiries: Historical, Philosophical and Social Studies of Experimentation in Science

3082:

Le Grand, H. E. (1990). "Is one picture worth a thousand experiments?". In Le Grand, H. E. (ed.).

2915:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

2878:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

2833:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

2414: 2181:, the EarthByte Group (R. Dietmar Müller) and the Center for Geodynamics (Trond Helge Torsvik and 7306: 7255: 7211: 7128: 7091: 7054: 7015: 6975:

Wegener, K. (1942). "Die Theorie Alfred Wegeners über die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane".

6936: 6882: 6820: 6774: 6535: 6341: 6269: 6232: 6195: 6110: 6073: 5908: 5824: 5696: 5614: 5366: 5118: 5079: 4944: 4728: 4642: 4597: 4429: 4421: 4284: 4183: 4175: 4032: 3930: 3880: 3068: 2946: 2938: 2901: 2864: 2586: 2368:

accumulated even more evidence, but he prudently introduced them as geopoetry, quote: "Little of

2338: 2074: 2066: 1797: 1686: 1635: 1421: 1272: 1067:

Spreading at a mid-ocean ridge (the image has a flaw though, the seafloor gets thicker with age).

931: 693: 592: 540: 380: 374: 322: 247: 136: 104: 5856: 4079:

Becker, T.W. (2008). "Azimuthal seismic anisotropy constrains net rotation of the lithosphere".

2988: 2981: 2831:

Bullard, E; Everett, J. E; Smith, A. G (1965). "The Fit of the Continents around the Atlantic".

2637:

Wiegmann, Brian M.; Trautwein, Michelle D.; Winkler, Isaac S.; Barr, Norman B.; Kim, Jung-Wook;

959:

proposed that the Earth's surface consists of 12 rigid plates that move relative to each other (

5391:

Köppen, W. (1921b). "Ursachen und Wirkungen der Kontinentalverschiebungen und Polwanderungen".

3420: 2612: 1289:"Great earthquakes and slab pull: interaction between seismic coupling and plate-slab coupling" 998:(published 30 December 1967), priority belongs to Morgan. It is based on a presentation at the 7369: 7346: 7203: 6874: 6766: 6395: 6143: 6065: 5978: 5900: 5688: 5571:

Symposium on "15 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry", held on 13 to 18 of March 2006, Venice

5358: 5319: 5284: 5259: 5254: 5241: 5071: 4765: 4720: 4679: 4634: 4338: 4276: 3922: 3872: 3807: 3785: 3764: 3745: 3724: 3701: 3668: 3649: 3601: 3510: 3491: 3467: 3444: 3424: 3377: 3354: 3320: 3289: 3242: 3191: 3153: 3149: 3141: 3126: 3122: 3114: 3099: 3043: 3035: 3020: 2992: 2856: 2684: 2638: 2578: 2262: 1997: 1943: 1894: 1772: 1766: 1698: 1582: 1413: 923: 627: 212: 203: 116: 86: 3593: 3485: 3274: 7298: 7263: 7247: 7195: 7166: 7120: 7103:

Wilson, J. Tuzo (February 1963a). "Evidence from Islands on the Spreading of Ocean Floors".

7083: 7046: 7007: 6928: 6866: 6812: 6795: 6758: 6659: 6651: 6647: 6608: 6604: 6570: 6527: 6485: 6454: 6387: 6333: 6304: 6261: 6224: 6187: 6102: 6057: 5970: 5937: 5933: 5892: 5852: 5816: 5787: 5731: 5727: 5680: 5647: 5606: 5548: 5502: 5469: 5438: 5350: 5311: 5276: 5231: 5221: 5186: 5151: 5110: 5063: 4982: 4936: 4893: 4858: 4829: 4798: 4757: 4712: 4671: 4626: 4589: 4560: 4500: 4462: 4413: 4373: 4330: 4320: 4268: 4216: 4167: 4134: 4098: 4065: 4024: 4007: 3991: 3970:"The angular velocities of the plates and the velocity of Earth's centre from space geodesy" 3914: 3864: 3524: 3348: 3337: 3283: 2930: 2893: 2848: 2674: 2664: 2570: 2389: 2342: 2097: 2089: 1724: 1648: 1527: 1456: 1405: 1372: 1323: 1309: 1218: 964: 915: 750:

1966, East South America and West Africa, rocks and their ages match where they were joint:

645: 600: 532: 500: 445: 183: 127: 7377: 5950: 5564:"Marine Geoid, Gravity and Bathymetry: An Increasingly Clear View with Satellite Altimetry" 1071: 7178:

Wilson, J. Tuzo (February 1963c). "Pattern of Uplifted Islands in the Main Ocean Basins".

7141: 6616: 5837: 5764: 5009: 4530: 4477: 3852: 3566:

Marine bottom samples collected in the Pacific Ocean by the Carnegie on its Seventh Cruise

2960:

Carey, S. W. (1958). "The tectonic approach to continental drift". In Carey, S. W. (ed.).

2800: 2785: 2346: 2246: 2238: 2135: 2070: 2058: 2035: 2027: 1963: 1786: 1728: 1466: 1210: 1190: 1113: 976: 956: 896:"Sediment Distribution on the Mid-Ocean Ridges with Respect to Spreading of the Sea Floor" 794: 689: 637: 584: 504: 485: 411: 342: 140: 90: 6787: 5378:

Köppen, W. (1921a). "Polwanderungen, Verschiebungen der Kontinente und Klimageschichte".

3721:

Darwinism: An Exposition of the Theory of Natural Selection With Some of Its Applications

2818: 7294: 7243: 7191: 7162: 7116: 7079: 7042: 7003: 6924: 6852: 6833: 6808: 6754: 6586:"Reconstructions of the Continents Around the North Atlantic at About the 60th Parallel" 6566: 6523: 6489: 6481: 6450: 6383: 6329: 6300: 6257: 6220: 6183: 6098: 6053: 6028: 5966: 5878: 5812: 5783: 5676: 5643: 5602: 5527: 5498: 5465: 5434: 5346: 5272: 5217: 5182: 5147: 5106: 5059: 4978: 4889: 4854: 4825: 4794: 4753: 4708: 4667: 4622: 4585: 4556: 4496: 4458: 4409: 4369: 4316: 4264: 4220: 4212: 4163: 4130: 4094: 4061: 4020: 3987: 3910: 3540: 3168: 2926: 2889: 2844: 2660: 2388:

And the anti-drifters were in a way right as well. Although convection would mix up the

1401: 1368: 911: 528: 5191: 5166: 5156: 5131: 4998:. Washington: American Association for the Advancement of Science. (A). pp. 33–34. 4803: 4778: 4467: 4442: 3091: 2679: 2642: 2350: 2258: 2230: 2222: 2189: 2031: 1993: 1926: 1511: 1480: 1214: 874: 842:

Magnetometer readings of sediment cores, geomagnetic reversals: ratio of cm (vertical).

817: 692:

concept, the Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis and the seafloor spreading concept on the

623: 326: 82: 6612: 5236: 5201: 4897: 4377: 2913:

Wilson, J. T (1965b). "Evidence from Ocean Islands Suggesting Movement in the Earth".

1327: 579: 314:

Jan Hospers work (magnetic poles and geographical poles coincide the last 23 Ma).

7388: 7340: 7058: 6940: 6539: 6273: 6236: 6114: 5941: 5743:

Monastersky, Richard (5 October 1996a). "Why is the Pacific so Big? Look Down Deep".

5735: 5122: 5083: 4948: 4541:

Dewey, John F.; Bird, John M. (1970). "Mountain Belts and the New Global Tectonics".

4505: 4433: 4187: 3996: 3969: 3799: 3564: 3481: 3460: 3414: 3205: 3183: 2950: 2905: 2266: 2012: 1898: 1847: 1559: 1523: 1507: 1452: 870: 798: 596: 572: 544: 318: 300: 199: 132: 7215: 7019: 6886: 6778: 6627:

Torsvik, Trond Helge; Steinberger, Bernhard; Gurnis, Michael; Gaina, Carmen (2010).

6244:

Runcorn, S.K. (1956). "Paleomagnetic comparisons between Europe and North America".

6077: 5700: 4732: 4646: 4288: 3884: 3306: 3268: 2868: 2590: 2431: – Chronological listing of significant events in the history of tectonophysics 1425: 7310: 7259: 7132: 7095: 6824: 6353:

Ruud, I. (1930). "Die Ursache der Kontinentalverschiebung und der Gebirgsbildung".

6345: 6199: 5828: 5745: 5618: 5370: 4601: 4036: 3934: 2616: 2406: 2361: 2325: 2254: 2250: 2182: 2105: 1978: 1956: 1819: 1711: 1264: 1160: 1144: 945: 935: 802: 751: 678: 216: 112: 6762: 5912: 5896: 5354: 4630: 2337:

The "Princeton University" group around H. H. Hess: Felix Andries Vening Meinesz,

2285:). Holmes, Vening Meinesz and Umbgrove had some experience in Burma or Indonesia ( 919: 7199: 6870: 6584:

Torsvik, T.H.; Van der Voo, R.; Meert, J.G.; Mosar, J.; Walderhaug, H.J. (2001).

6061: 5974: 5754:

Monastersky, Richard (7 December 1996b). "Tibet Reveals Its Squishy Underbelly".

5310:. Geological Society of America Special Papers. Vol. 430. pp. 933–944. 5067: 3310: 3218: 2970:

Coats, Robert R. (1962). "Magma type and crustal structure in the Aleutian arc".

352:

notes that most mid-ocean ridges are halfway between the two continental edges ((

7360:

Wessel, P.; Müller, R. D. (2007). "Plate Tectonics". In Anthony B. Watts (ed.).

6686:

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5684: 4716: 3895:"Experimental investigation of geologically produced antineutrinos with KamLAND" 2194: 1982: 1905: 1539: 1099: 967:

published a complete model based on 6 major plates with their relative motions (

848:

Radiometric analysis of lava flows, geomagnetic reversals: ratio of Ma (time). (

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4230:"Continents Adrift and Sea-Floors Spreading: The Revolution of Plate Tectonics" 3487:

The rejection of continental drift: theory and method in American earth science

2778: 1792:

Total directly observed heat release through Earth's surface: 31 Terawatts

845:

Magnetic profiles of seafloor, geomagnetic reversals: ratio of km (horizontal).

5315: 3744:(in German) (4 ed.). Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn Akt. Ges. 2329: 2210: 2158: 2039: 1732: 1718: 1543: 1271:

opens a space on western South America and the sliding seafloor away from the

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4342: 1017:

drifted his attention to plate tectonics. It was probably the long faults on

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7207: 6878: 6770: 6265: 6228: 6069: 5982: 5692: 5362: 5245: 5075: 4940: 4724: 4638: 4417: 4280: 4171: 3926: 3876: 2934: 2897: 2860: 2852: 2688: 2582: 1417: 927: 6575: 6548: 6308: 5904: 5553: 5536: 1879:

with velocity fields from 150 Ma to present in 10 Ma increments.

1063: 367:

satellite orbit suggests "large-scale convection currents in the mantle" (

6945:

Just an overview of the article in Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen.

6316:

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Fixists vs. Mobilists in the Geology Contest of the Century, 1844–1969

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4833: 2753: 2193:

Profile of the East Swiss Alps (1880, from Northeast to Southwest) by

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4045: 1055: 595:

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The shifting and evolution of knowledge and concepts, were from:

246:

Their world ocean floor map was published 1977. Austrian painter

3316: 2793: 1930: 1756: 1752: 1009:

Note II: W. Jason Morgan shared with Fred Vine an office in the

131:

Map of the later North Atlantic region after the closing of the

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Actually, there were two main "schools of thought" that pushed

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November 1965, Geological Society of America, Brent Dalrymple (

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Timeline of the development of tectonophysics (before 1954)

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Nowadays the seafloor maps have a better resolution by the

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3119:

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The idea of continents with a permanent location, the

6283:"On the Permian Climatic Zonation and Paleomagnetism" 5997:. San Diego: University of California. Archived from 5585:

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Naomi Oreskes; Homer Le Grand, eds. (December 2001).

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Similar to a landslide, seafloor sinks and subducts (

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End of the continental drift controversy in the USA:

648:, a former fixist/contractionist up to around 1959. ( 6122:

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release (from neutrino research): 19 Terawatts

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Conrad; Susan Bilek; 1177:Silver, Carlson & Olson 1988 884:Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory 477:Creer, Irving & Runcorn 1957 49:has been specified. Please help 23: 7030:Journal of Geophysical Research 6714:Crust of the earth: A symposium 6366:Scheidegger, Adrian E. (1953). 6166:Romm, James (3 February 1994). 6142:. No. 44. pp. 75–77. 5836:Morgan, W. J. (February 1972). 5772:Journal of Geophysical Research 5487:Journal of Geophysical Research 5454:Journal of Geophysical Research 5423:Journal of Geophysical Research 4843:Journal of Geophysical Research 4814:Journal of Geophysical Research 4544:Journal of Geophysical Research 3719:Wallace, Alfred Russel (2007). 3509:. Westview Press. p. 448. 3353:. DIANE Publishing. p. 3. 2355:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009 2117:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis 1942:The concept of Earth crust and 1447:Demets, Gordon & Argus 2010 1195:Dziewonski & Woodhouse 1987 610:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis 486:Rayleigh's theory of convection 484:1962, S.K. 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But he believed here in an 1: 6763:10.1126/science.154.3755.1405 6613:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00284-9 6281:Runcorn, S. K. (March 1959). 5897:10.1126/science.274.5293.1684 5355:10.1126/science.269.5228.1214 4872:"The rift in the ocean floor" 4631:10.1126/science.152.3725.1060 4514:Demhardt, Imre Josef (2005). 3944:Eclogae Geologicae Helveticae 3694:Vening Meinesz, F.A. (1948). 3574:Runcorn, S. K., ed. (1962b). 3167:Hess, H. H. (November 1962). 1904:Empirical science instead of 1665:Michx. found in Southeast USA 1328:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00643-5 920:10.1126/science.156.3782.1590 7200:10.1126/science.139.3555.592 6871:10.1126/science.150.3695.485 6062:10.1126/science.241.4866.663 5975:10.1126/science.129.3348.565 5942:10.1016/0012-821X(66)90052-5 5736:10.1016/0012-821X(78)90187-5 5535:Maruyama, Shigenori (1994). 5068:10.1126/science.157.3788.495 4391:. London: W. J. S. Phillips. 4201:Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci 4082:Geophysical Research Letters 3723:. Cosimo, Inc. p. 516. 3631:Suess, Eduard (1885-08-19). 2271:Felix Andries Vening Meinesz 2024:Felix Andries Vening Meinesz 2015:(a model with convection), ( 1877:Global plate reconstructions 1652:Walt. found in Southeast USA 1558:. Coal fossils found on the 1469:, collision generates heat ( 996:McKenzie & Parker (1967) 688:Frederick Vine, applies the 7326:(10). Washington DC: 10–16. 7150:Canadian Journal of Physics 6554:American Journal of Science 6288:American Journal of Science 5685:10.1126/science.155.3758.72 5659:Menard, H.W. (6 Jan 1967). 5573:. p. 7. Archived from 5299:Jordan, Brennan T. (2007). 4717:10.1126/science.236.4797.37 3663:du Toit, Alexander (1937). 3539:Pepper, John Henry (1861). 3490:. Oxford University Press. 3258:Kay, Marshall, ed. (1969). 3006:Dana, James Dwight (1863). 1970:concept had to be given up. 1824:Geological Survey of Norway 1818:: Torsvik, Trond Helge and 1601:, found in Asia, including 1285:Carolina Lithgow-Bertelloni 1173:Rampino & Stothers 1988 571:The "Bullard's Fit" of the 7436: 6656:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.12.055 4529:(1): 29–35. Archived from 4228:Brusatte, Stephen (2004). 3462:Annals of the Former World 3439:Marvin, Ursula B. (1973). 2167:Hager & O'Connell 1981 2148:McKenzie & Parker 1967 1731:need bees (unranked taxon 1591:, found in Asia including 1245:Hager & O'Connell 1981 1000:American Geophysical Union 985:McKenzie & Parker 1967 811:Doell & Dalrymple 1966 718:(1088): i–x, 1–323, A1–A6. 170:(416 to 359 Ma) with 119:viscosity determinations. 39:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s 7140:Wilson, J. Tuzo (1963b). 6902:: 185–195, 253–6, 305–9. 5763:Morgan, W. Jason (1968). 3644:Sullivan, Walter (1991). 3587:. Paris: Frank and Dentu. 3223:. R. Taylor. p. 129. 3169:"History of Ocean Basins" 3063:. Tulsa, OK. p. 240. 1871:Stampfli & Borel 2004 1690:(L.) L. found in East USA 1459:has a greater viscosity ( 1226:Molnar & Atwater 1978 1134:applies Plate tectonics ( 589:Arequipa–Antofalla craton 7400:History of Earth science 6532:10.1144/gsjgs.147.2.0315 6460:10.5194/smsps-2-171-2002 4195:Bullard, Edward (1975). 3617:Die Entstehung der Alpen 3416:Scientific Controversies 3307:"Historical perspective" 2163:Forsyth & Uyeda 1975 1751:evolved c. 250 Ma, 1639:(L.) L. in Southeast USA 1437:Current plate motions. ( 1241:Forsyth & Uyeda 1975 1077: 1002:'s 1967 meeting (title: 981:Euler's rotation theorem 583:Approximate location of 7420:21st century in science 7415:20th century in science 7339:Gohau, Gabriel (1990). 7051:10.1029/JB094iB06p07685 6648:2010E&PSL.291..106T 6605:2001E&PSL.187...55T 6158:Review of Allan Krill, 6126:(4–5). Géneve: 273–314. 6009:Pickering, W.H (1907). 5990:Oreskes, Naomi (2002). 5934:1966E&PSL...1..476N 5792:10.1029/JB073i006p01959 5728:1978E&PSL..41..330M 5474:10.1029/JB073i012p03661 5227:10.1073/pnas.0408162101 5094:Bulletin of Volcanology 4987:10.1029/tr040i004p00340 4863:10.1029/JB086iB06p04843 4565:10.1029/JB075i014p02625 4443:"Current plate motions" 4273:10.1126/science.1074161 3869:10.1126/science.1065448 3782:The Evolving Continents 3563:Revelle, R. R. (1944). 3554:Phinney, R. A. (1968). 3404:Lyell, Charles (1875). 3395:. Königsberg: Hartung. 3391:Lilienthal, T. (1756). 2817:Bacon, Francis (1620). 2670:10.1073/pnas.1012675108 2575:10.1126/science.1134103 2123:) and paradigm shift, ( 2092:(seafloor spreading), ( 1759:evolved c. 150 Ma. 1410:10.1126/science.1190366 1310:2004E&PSL.218..109C 1095:colour-coded by genus: 754:/ Santa de la Ventana, 730:Heezen & Tharp 1965 632:University of Cambridge 469:Irving & Green 1958 241:Heezen & Tharp 1966 237:Heezen & Tharp 1964 233:Heezen & Tharp 1961 6266:10.1098/rsta.1965.0016 6229:10.1098/rspa.1954.0081 5562:McAdoo, David (2006). 4941:10.1098/rsta.1966.0003 4870:Heezen, B. C. (1960). 4418:10.1098/rsta.1957.0017 4172:10.1098/rspa.1960.0110 3832:Verh. Geol. Staatsanst 3780:Windley, B.F. (1996). 3687:The Pulse of the Earth 3623:]. W. Braumüller. 3621:The Origin of the Alps 3542:The Playbook of Metals 3529:Thesaurus Geographicus 3317:U.S. Geological Survey 3217:Hopkins, Evan (1844). 3140:Hellman, Hal (1998b). 3113:Hellman, Hal (1998a). 2935:10.1098/rsta.1965.0029 2898:10.1098/rsta.1965.0024 2853:10.1098/rsta.1965.0020 2716:"The Paleomap Project" 2714:Scotese, Christopher. 2515:"Jason Morgan Retires" 2419: 2411: 2234: 1856:University of Lausanne 1850:and Stampfli, Gérard, 1836:University of Michigan 1810:Conrad & Behn 2010 1771:. Wiley. p. 552. 1230:Barker & Hill 1980 1213:, Slab suction force ( 1149:Cowen & Lipps 1975 1127: 1091:A distribution map of 1084: 1068: 1060: 1059:Euler rotational pole. 702:Vine & Wilson 1965 604: 576: 225:Ewing & Ewing 1959 207: 156: 6913:Geologische Rundschau 6688:Kon. Ned. Akad. Weten 6576:10.2475/ajs.242.3.145 6309:10.2475/ajs.257.3.235 6124:Archives des Sciences 6087:Geologische Rundschau 5626:Menard, H.W. (1958). 5554:10.5575/geosoc.100.24 5316:10.1130/2007.2430(43) 4249:Lithgow-Bertelloni, C 3841:Mitt. Geol. Ges. Wien 3759:Wegener, A. (1966) . 3637:The Face of the Earth 3458:McPhee, John (1998). 3406:Principles of Geology 3370:Krill, Allan (2011). 3237:Jeffreys, H. (1952). 3228:Jeffreys, H. (1924). 3015:Flint, R. F. (1947). 3010:. Bliss. p. 805. 2417: 2409: 2296:"school of thought": 2192: 1840:University of Chicago 1747:, up to 299 Ma. 1735:, of the superfamily 1723:, and dates from the 1090: 1074: 1066: 1058: 822:Ninkovich et al. 1966 582: 570: 517:Geologische Rundschau 162: 130: 7342:A History of Geology 6701:Geologie en Mijnbouw 6547:Du Toit, A. (1944). 5444:10.1029/2009JB006416 5417:Kreemer, C. (2009). 4326:10.1029/2009GC002970 4140:10.1029/2001GC000252 4103:10.1029/2007GL032928 3963:(5). Liège: 171–372. 3950:. Lausanne: 145–192. 3738:Wegener, A. (1929). 3633:Das Antlitz der Erde 3034:Frankel, H. (1987). 2287:Pacific Ring of Fire 1828:University of Sydney 1816:Plate reconstruction 1709:fossil of the genus 1684:, found in Asia and 1662:Magnolia macrophylla 1633:, found in Asia and 1378:10.1029/2005GC000917 1234:Martinez et al. 1995 1011:Princeton University 948:becomes a drifter. ( 882:Even Maurice Ewing ( 764:São Luís do Maranhão 698:Geomagnetic reversal 638:Lawrence W. Morley's 350:Henry William Menard 261:/ERM and ERS-1/ERM ( 51:improve this article 7295:1966Natur.211..676W 7244:1965Natur.207..343W 7192:1963Sci...139..592T 7163:1963CaJPh..41..863W 7117:1963Natur.197..536W 7080:1962Natur.195..135W 7043:1989JGR....94.7685W 7004:1963Natur.197..948W 6925:1912GeoRu...3..276W 6853:1965Sci...150..485V 6809:1963Natur.199..947V 6755:1966Sci...154.1405V 6749:(3755): 1405–1415. 6567:1944AmJS..242..145D 6524:1990JGSoc.147..315S 6482:1988AREPS..16..477S 6451:2002SMSPS...2..171S 6384:1953GSAB...64..127S 6361:: 119–124, 174–180. 6330:1962Natur.193..311R 6301:1959AmJS..257..235R 6258:1965RSPTA.258....1R 6221:1954RSPSA.222..387R 6184:1994Natur.367..407R 6099:1939GeoRu..30..284R 6054:1988Sci...241..663R 6029:1907PA.....15..274P 5992:"Continental Drift" 5967:1959Sci...129..565O 5879:1996Sci...274.1684N 5873:(5293): 1684–1687. 5813:1971Natur.230...42M 5784:1968JGR....73.1959M 5677:1967Sci...155...72M 5644:1958GSAB...69.1179M 5632:Geol. Soc. Am. Bull 5603:1967Natur.216.1276M 5597:(5122): 1276–1280. 5528:1966SAOSR.236...31M 5499:1995JGR...100.3807M 5466:1968JGR....73.3661L 5435:2009JGRB..11410405K 5399:: 145–149, 191–194. 5347:1995Sci...269.1214K 5341:(5228): 1214–1215. 5273:1981Geo.....9...25J 5218:2005PNAS..102.1821I 5183:1959GeoJ....2...51I 5165:Irving, E. (1960). 5148:1958GeoJ....1...64I 5107:1981BVol...44..217I 5060:1967Sci...157..495H 4979:1959TrAGU..40..340H 4890:1960SciAm.203d..98H 4877:Scientific American 4855:1981JGR....86.4843H 4826:1992JGR....97.4809F 4795:1975GeoJ...43..163F 4754:1959GSAB...70..291E 4709:1987Sci...236...37D 4668:1961GSAB...72.1289D 4656:Bull. Geol. Soc. Am 4623:1966Sci...152.1060D 4617:(3725): 1060–1061. 4586:1961Natur.190..854D 4557:1970JGR....75.2625D 4497:2010GeoJI.181....1D 4459:1990GeoJI.101..425D 4410:1957RSPTA.250..144C 4370:1967SciAm.216b..44C 4357:Scientific American 4317:2010GGG....11.5W05C 4265:2002Sci...298..207C 4213:1975AREPS...3....1B 4164:1960RSPSA.256..291B 4131:2003GGG.....4.1027B 4095:2008GeoRL..35.5303B 4062:1914JG.....22...28B 4044:Barrel, J. (1914). 4021:1980Natur.285..652B 3988:2010GeoJI.180..913A 3919:10.1038/nature03980 3911:2005Natur.436..499A 3863:(5537): 2016–2018. 3600:. Springer Verlag. 3315:(Online ed.). 2927:1965RSPTA.258..145W 2890:1965RSPTA.258...90H 2845:1965RSPTA.258...41B 2661:2011PNAS..108.5690W 2055:Samuel Warren Carey 2044:Vening Meinesz 1959 1959:had to be accepted. 1863:Torsvik et al. 2010 1852:University of Basel 1844:University of Texas 1721:to the modern bees" 1402:2010Sci...329..316S 1369:2005GGG.....6.9006L 912:1967Sci...156.1590E 906:(3782): 1590–1592. 780:Torsvik et al. 2001 608:Publication of the 599:separated from the 529:1962GeoRu..52..504W 389:Vening Meinesz 1948 337:, plate tectonics ( 7380:. Lynn S. Fichter. 7269:on August 6, 2010. 6933:10.1007/BF02202896 6415:. Berlin: 175–230. 6140:INHIGEO Newsletter 6107:10.1007/BF01804845 5516:SAO Special Report 5429:(B10405): B10405. 5115:10.1007/BF02600560 4050:Journal of Geology 3847:. Vienna: 135–174. 3834:. Vienna: 101–124. 3615:Suess, E. (1875). 3435:Wegener pp. 72–75. 2820:s:en:Novum Organum 2799:2012-08-07 at the 2784:2011-07-21 at the 2639:Lambkin, Christine 2489:Hurley et al. 1967 2477:Hurley et al. 1966 2420: 2412: 2339:Harry Hammond Hess 2235: 2075:seafloor spreading 2067:Harry Hammond Hess 1798:Seismic anisotropy 1687:Magnolia acuminata 1636:Magnolia tripetala 1439:Demets et al. 1990 1273:Mid-Atlantic Ridge 1128: 1085: 1069: 1061: 694:Juan de Fuca Ridge 605: 593:Saharan Metacraton 577: 537:10.1007/BF01840095 448:: Paleomagnetism. 375:Seafloor spreading 363:1959, analysis of 208: 157: 105:geosyncline theory 7410:Physics timelines 7405:Geology timelines 7352:978-0-8135-1665-3 7289:(5050): 676–681. 7238:(4995): 343–347. 7186:(3555): 592–594. 7111:(4867): 536–538. 7074:(4837): 135–138. 6998:(4871): 948–950. 6803:(4897): 947–949. 6433:Segev, A (2002). 6324:(4813): 311–314. 6215:(1150): 387–397. 6178:(6462): 407–408. 6048:(4866): 663–668. 6016:Popular Astronomy 5611:10.1038/2161276a0 5537:"Plume tectonics" 5507:10.1029/94JB02466 5493:(B3): 3807–3827. 5460:(12): 3661–3697. 5325:978-0-8137-2430-0 5054:(3788): 495–500. 4935:(1099): 137–149. 4849:(B6): 4843–4867. 4834:10.1029/91JB02749 4580:(4779): 854–857. 4551:(14): 2625–2647. 4158:(1286): 291–322. 4110:Bird, P. (2003). 4015:(5767): 652–654. 3905:(7050): 499–503. 3813:978-90-6644-125-5 3791:978-0-471-91739-7 3770:978-0-486-61708-4 3751:978-3-443-01056-0 3730:978-1-60206-453-9 3707:978-90-6132-015-9 3674:978-0-8371-5982-9 3655:978-0-88318-703-6 3607:978-3-540-22181-4 3576:Continental Drift 3525:Ortelius, Abraham 3516:978-0-8133-3981-8 3497:978-0-19-511733-2 3473:978-0-374-10520-4 3450:978-0-87474-129-2 3430:978-0-19-511987-9 3383:978-82-998389-1-7 3360:978-0-7881-3318-3 3326:978-0-16-048220-5 3295:978-1-4051-0777-8 3248:978-0-521-20648-8 3197:978-0-17-448020-4 3159:978-0-471-35066-8 3132:978-0-471-35066-8 3105:978-0-19-854430-2 3049:978-0-521-27560-6 3026:978-1-4437-2173-8 2998:978-0-8299-0044-6 2921:(1088): 145–167. 2702:Araki et al. 2005 2655:(14): 5690–5695. 2263:Alexander du Toit 2028:gravity anomalies 1998:continental drift 1968:contracting Earth 1895:Uniformitarianism 1778:978-1-4051-6250-0 1699:Indomalayan realm 1583:Neotropical realm 1475:Monastersky 1996b 1461:Monastersky 1996a 1443:Argus et al. 2010 1430: 1383: 1346: 1199:Fukao et al. 1992 1141:Plate tectonics: 990:Note I: although 809:, p. 234), ( 628:Drummond Matthews 626:is working under 616:, p. 228), ( 455:, p. 221), ( 307:, p. 221), ( 292:, p. 221), ( 213:Great Global Rift 204:Armorican terrane 141:Acadian orogenies 87:continental drift 81:The evolution of 79: 78: 71: 41:quality standards 32:This article may 7427: 7381: 7373: 7365: 7356: 7327: 7314: 7303:10.1038/211676a0 7280: 7270: 7268: 7262:. Archived from 7252:10.1038/207343a0 7229: 7219: 7174: 7146: 7136: 7125:10.1038/197536a0 7099: 7088:10.1038/195135a0 7062: 7023: 7012:10.1038/197948a0 6984: 6971: 6958: 6944: 6907: 6890: 6864: 6838: 6828: 6817:10.1038/199947a0 6792: 6782: 6740: 6730: 6717: 6708: 6695: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6672: 6666:. Archived from 6642:(1–4): 106–112. 6633: 6623: 6621: 6615:. Archived from 6590: 6580: 6578: 6543: 6506: 6493: 6464: 6462: 6429: 6416: 6403: 6362: 6349: 6338:10.1038/193311a0 6312: 6277: 6240: 6203: 6192:10.1038/367407a0 6157: 6155: 6154: 6137: 6127: 6118: 6081: 6032: 6005: 6003: 5996: 5986: 5945: 5916: 5890: 5860: 5842: 5832: 5821:10.1038/230042a0 5795: 5778:(6): 1959–1982. 5769: 5759: 5750: 5739: 5704: 5655: 5638:(9): 1179–1186. 5622: 5581: 5579: 5568: 5558: 5556: 5531: 5510: 5477: 5448: 5446: 5413: 5400: 5387: 5374: 5329: 5305: 5295: 5249: 5239: 5229: 5212:(6): 1821–1828. 5196: 5194: 5161: 5159: 5126: 5087: 5042: 5033: 5020: 5014: 5004: 4999: 4990: 4961: 4952: 4923: 4910: 4901: 4866: 4837: 4808: 4806: 4773: 4736: 4687: 4662:(9): 1289–1305. 4650: 4605: 4594:10.1038/190854a0 4568: 4537: 4535: 4520: 4510: 4508: 4482: 4472: 4470: 4437: 4404:(144): 144–156. 4392: 4381: 4346: 4328: 4302: 4292: 4243: 4241: 4235:. Archived from 4234: 4224: 4191: 4144: 4142: 4116: 4106: 4075: 4073: 4040: 4029:10.1038/285652a0 4001: 3999: 3964: 3951: 3938: 3888: 3848: 3835: 3817: 3795: 3774: 3755: 3734: 3715: 3710:. Archived from 3690: 3683:Umbgrove, J.H.F. 3678: 3659: 3640: 3627: 3611: 3588: 3579: 3570: 3559: 3550: 3535: 3520: 3501: 3477: 3465: 3454: 3434: 3409: 3408:(12th ed.). 3400: 3387: 3364: 3343: 3338:Abraham Ortelius 3334: 3333: 3299: 3285:Global tectonics 3278: 3270:Global Tectonics 3263: 3252: 3233: 3224: 3213: 3201: 3179: 3173: 3163: 3136: 3109: 3087: 3078: 3072: 3064: 3053: 3030: 3011: 3002: 2986: 2975: 2965: 2954: 2909: 2884:(1088): 90–106. 2872: 2824: 2804: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2752:. Archived from 2746: 2737: 2736: 2729: 2720: 2719: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2682: 2672: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2593:. Archived from 2568: 2550: 2541: 2535: 2533: 2519: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2343:John Tuzo Wilson 2314:Schwinner (1941) 2098:transform faults 2090:John Tuzo Wilson 2032:oceanic trenches 1785:Total estimated 1782: 1729:flowering plants 1725:early Cretaceous 1715:, is considered 1649:Magnolia fraseri 1528:Papua New Guinea 1429: 1386: 1382: 1380: 1349: 1345: 1343: 1342: 1336: 1330:. Archived from 1321: 1293: 1281: 1224:Back-arc basin ( 1219:Ridge push force 1083: 1078: 969:Le Pichon (1968) 965:Xavier Le Pichon 939: 719: 646:John Tuzo Wilson 603:by a depression. 601:Amazonian shield 548: 501:Aleutian Islands 438:P. M. S. Blakett 184:Great Glen Fault 74: 67: 63: 60: 54: 27: 26: 19: 7435: 7434: 7430: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7425: 7424: 7395:Plate tectonics 7385: 7384: 7376: 7368: 7359: 7353: 7338: 7335: 7333:Further reading 7330: 7317: 7278: 7273: 7266: 7227: 7222: 7177: 7171:10.1139/p63-094 7144: 7139: 7102: 7065: 7026: 6989: 6974: 6961: 6948: 6910: 6893: 6862:10.1.1.473.7395 6847:(3695): 485–9. 6836: 6831: 6790: 6785: 6738: 6733: 6720: 6711: 6698: 6685: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6631: 6626: 6619: 6588: 6583: 6546: 6509: 6496: 6467: 6432: 6419: 6409:Z. Vulkanologie 6406: 6365: 6352: 6315: 6280: 6243: 6206: 6165: 6152: 6150: 6135: 6130: 6121: 6084: 6035: 6008: 6001: 5994: 5989: 5948: 5919: 5888:10.1.1.709.2846 5863: 5840: 5835: 5807:(5288): 42–43. 5798: 5767: 5762: 5753: 5742: 5707: 5658: 5625: 5584: 5577: 5566: 5561: 5534: 5513: 5480: 5451: 5416: 5403: 5390: 5377: 5332: 5326: 5303: 5298: 5252: 5199: 5164: 5129: 5090: 5045: 5036: 5023: 5017:Mining Magazine 5012: 5007: 5002: 4993: 4964: 4955: 4926: 4918:. Boulder, CO: 4913: 4904: 4869: 4840: 4820:(B4): 4809–22. 4811: 4776: 4739: 4703:(4797): 37–48. 4690: 4653: 4608: 4571: 4540: 4533: 4518: 4513: 4480: 4475: 4440: 4395: 4384: 4349: 4300: 4295: 4259:(5591): 207–9. 4246: 4239: 4232: 4227: 4194: 4147: 4114: 4109: 4078: 4043: 4004: 3967: 3954: 3941: 3891: 3851: 3838: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3814: 3798: 3792: 3779: 3771: 3758: 3752: 3737: 3731: 3718: 3708: 3693: 3681: 3675: 3662: 3656: 3643: 3630: 3614: 3608: 3591: 3582: 3573: 3562: 3553: 3538: 3523: 3517: 3504: 3498: 3480: 3474: 3457: 3451: 3438: 3431: 3412: 3403: 3390: 3384: 3369: 3361: 3346: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3304: 3296: 3281: 3266: 3257: 3249: 3236: 3227: 3216: 3204: 3198: 3182: 3171: 3166: 3160: 3139: 3133: 3112: 3106: 3090: 3081: 3065: 3056: 3050: 3033: 3027: 3014: 3005: 2999: 2978: 2969: 2959: 2912: 2875: 2839:(1088): 41–51. 2830: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2801:Wayback Machine 2786:Wayback Machine 2777: 2773: 2765: 2761: 2748: 2747: 2740: 2731: 2730: 2723: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2700: 2696: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2597: 2548: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2517: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2499: 2495: 2487: 2483: 2475: 2471: 2463: 2459: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2425: 2404: 2370:Umbgrove (1947) 2347:W. Jason Morgan 2318:Rittmann (1951) 2310:Ampferer (1920) 2275:J.H.F. Umbgrove 2273:(together with 2247:Harold Jeffreys 2239:plate tectonics 2071:Robert S. Dietz 2059:plate tectonics 1964:expanding Earth 1949:Airy-Heiskanen 1888: 1787:radiogenic heat 1779: 1764: 1626:, found in Asia 1619:, found in Asia 1581:, found in the 1554:, and southern 1467:Tibetan Plateau 1396:(5989): 316–9. 1387: 1350: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1319:10.1.1.506.2266 1291: 1282: 1211:Slab pull force 1191:Plume tectonics 1117: 1110: 1103: 1096: 1076: 1075: 1053: 977:plate tectonics 957:W. Jason Morgan 893: 890:, p. 230) 795:Brent Dalrymple 709: 700:) is unknown. ( 690:transform fault 652:, p. 231) 585:Mesoproterozoic 565: 563:Plate tectonics 514: 505:Robert R. Coats 412:Robert S. Dietz 379:December 1960, 343:Expanding Earth 248:Heinrich Berann 125: 115:and Niskanen's 91:plate tectonics 75: 64: 58: 55: 44: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7433: 7431: 7423: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7387: 7386: 7383: 7382: 7374: 7366: 7357: 7351: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7328: 7315: 7271: 7220: 7175: 7157:(6): 863–870. 7137: 7100: 7063: 7024: 6987: 6986:(p. 181). 6972: 6959: 6946: 6919:(4): 276–292. 6908: 6891: 6829: 6783: 6731: 6718: 6709: 6703:. New Series. 6696: 6683: 6673:on 16 May 2011 6624: 6622:on 2012-07-03. 6599:(1–2): 55–69. 6581: 6544: 6518:(2): 315–320. 6507: 6494: 6465: 6430: 6417: 6404: 6378:(2): 127–150. 6363: 6350: 6313: 6295:(3): 235–240. 6278: 6252:(1088): 7785. 6241: 6204: 6163: 6128: 6119: 6082: 6033: 6006: 6004:on 2012-02-04. 5987: 5946: 5928:(6): 476–492. 5917: 5861: 5851:(2): 203–213. 5833: 5796: 5760: 5751: 5740: 5722:(3): 330–340. 5705: 5671:(3758): 72–4. 5656: 5623: 5582: 5580:on 2012-03-03. 5559: 5532: 5511: 5478: 5449: 5414: 5401: 5388: 5375: 5330: 5324: 5296: 5250: 5197: 5162: 5127: 5101:(3): 217–221. 5088: 5043: 5034: 5021: 5005: 5000: 4991: 4973:(4): 340–345. 4962: 4953: 4924: 4911: 4902: 4867: 4838: 4809: 4789:(1): 163–200. 4774: 4748:(3): 291–318. 4737: 4688: 4651: 4606: 4569: 4538: 4536:on 2010-07-05. 4523:Polarforschung 4511: 4473: 4453:(2): 425–478. 4438: 4393: 4382: 4347: 4293: 4244: 4242:on 2016-06-16. 4225: 4192: 4145: 4107: 4076: 4071:10.1086/622131 4041: 4002: 3982:(3): 913–960. 3965: 3952: 3939: 3889: 3853:Anderson, D.L. 3849: 3836: 3826: 3824: 3823:Cited articles 3821: 3819: 3818: 3812: 3796: 3790: 3777: 3776: 3775: 3769: 3750: 3735: 3729: 3716: 3714:on 2011-07-22. 3706: 3691: 3679: 3673: 3660: 3654: 3641: 3628: 3612: 3606: 3589: 3580: 3571: 3560: 3551: 3536: 3521: 3515: 3502: 3496: 3482:Oreskes, Naomi 3478: 3472: 3455: 3449: 3436: 3429: 3410: 3401: 3388: 3382: 3367: 3366: 3365: 3359: 3325: 3302: 3301: 3300: 3294: 3264: 3255: 3254: 3253: 3247: 3225: 3214: 3206:Holmes, Arthur 3202: 3196: 3184:Holmes, Arthur 3180: 3164: 3158: 3137: 3131: 3110: 3104: 3088: 3079: 3054: 3048: 3031: 3025: 3012: 3003: 2997: 2976: 2967: 2957: 2956: 2955: 2910: 2873: 2825: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2805: 2794:Dr. Ron Blakey 2771: 2759: 2756:on 2012-06-28. 2738: 2721: 2706: 2694: 2629: 2603: 2600:on 2012-12-04. 2566:10.1.1.627.551 2536: 2505: 2493: 2481: 2469: 2457: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2433: 2432: 2424: 2421: 2403: 2400: 2395: 2394: 2386: 2375: 2374: 2373: 2351:Frederick Vine 2335: 2334: 2333: 2294:alpine geology 2259:Alfred Wegener 2231:Finsteraarhorn 2205:and so on, #b 2187: 2186: 2151: 2132: 2113: 2086: 2051: 2020: 2009: 1994:Alfred Wegener 1990: 1985:hypothesis), ( 1972: 1971: 1960: 1954: 1947: 1940: 1934: 1923: 1909: 1902: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1874: 1813: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1777: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1691: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1653: 1640: 1631:Rhytidospermum 1627: 1620: 1613: 1606: 1595: 1585: 1563: 1512:Norfolk Island 1504: 1481:Paleogeography 1478: 1464: 1450: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1384: 1347: 1304:(1): 109–122. 1276: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1237: 1215:Back-arc basin 1208: 1207: 1206: 1139: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1007: 953: 952:, p. 230) 942: 941: 940: 880: 879: 878: 875:Edward Bullard 857: 856: 855: 854: 853: 852:, p. 235) 846: 843: 833: 814: 785: 784: 783: 748: 733: 707: 706: 705: 686: 676: 643: 642: 641: 635: 624:Frederick Vine 564: 561: 560: 559: 558: 557: 523:(1): 504–513. 512: 493: 482: 481: 480: 435: 426:, the Permian 421: 420: 419: 408: 372: 361: 346: 332: 331: 330: 317:Self-exciting 315: 312: 299:Statistics by 286: 279: 272: 271: 270: 251: 200:Iberian Massif 198:(Other parts: 178:(Cabot Fault, 124: 121: 83:tectonophysics 77: 76: 47:cleanup reason 31: 29: 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7432: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7358: 7354: 7348: 7344: 7343: 7337: 7336: 7332: 7325: 7321: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7277: 7272: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7226: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7151: 7143: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7037:: 7685–7729. 7036: 7032: 7031: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6988: 6982: 6978: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6909: 6906: 6901: 6897: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6835: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6797: 6789: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6737: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6719: 6715: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6684: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6630: 6625: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6561:(3): 145–63. 6560: 6556: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6164: 6161: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6134: 6129: 6125: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6000: 5993: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5961:(3348): 566. 5960: 5956: 5952: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5839: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5766: 5761: 5757: 5752: 5748: 5747: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5583: 5576: 5572: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5389: 5386:: 1–8, 57–63. 5385: 5381: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5331: 5327: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5302: 5297: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5095: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5022: 5018: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4884:(4): 98–110. 4883: 4879: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4545: 4539: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4394: 4390: 4389: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4311:(5): Q05W05. 4310: 4306: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4245: 4238: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4152: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4089:(5): L05303. 4088: 4084: 4083: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3959:(in French). 3958: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3815: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3800:Ziegler, P.A. 3797: 3793: 3787: 3783: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3756: 3753: 3747: 3743: 3742: 3736: 3732: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3703: 3699: 3698: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3670: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3543: 3537: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3489: 3488: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3464: 3463: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3417: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3379: 3375: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3352: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3328: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3287: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3276: 3272: 3271: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3234: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3221: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3070: 3062: 3055: 3051: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2984: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2809: 2802: 2798: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2780: 2775: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2695: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2649: 2644: 2640: 2633: 2630: 2618: 2614: 2607: 2604: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2559:(5799): 614. 2558: 2554: 2547: 2540: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2516: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2446: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2416: 2408: 2401: 2399: 2391: 2387: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2362:geophysicists 2359: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2326:thrust faults 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2306:Argand (1922) 2303: 2302:Argand (1916) 2299: 2295: 2291: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2267:Arthur Holmes 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2048:Rittmann 1951 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2018: 2014: 2013:Arthur Holmes 2010: 2007: 2003: 2002:Wegener 1912a 1999: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1958: 1957:Thrust faults 1955: 1952: 1948: 1945: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1900: 1899:catastrophism 1896: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1885: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1848:Ziegler, P.A. 1846:, Arlington; 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1832:Scotese, C.R. 1829: 1825: 1821: 1820:Gaina, Carmen 1817: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1796: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1780: 1774: 1770: 1769: 1763: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1679: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1664: 1663: 1658: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1560:British Isles 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1524:New Caledonia 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1508:Araucariaceae 1505: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1485:Irving (2005) 1482: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1453:Pacific Plate 1451: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1385: 1379: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1363:(9): Q09006. 1362: 1358: 1354: 1348: 1337:on 2011-06-13 1333: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1290: 1286: 1280: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1267:: slab pull/ 1266: 1263: 1258: 1254: 1253:Anderson 2001 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1204: 1203:Maruyama 1994 1200: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1161:flood basalts 1158: 1154: 1150: 1147:controversy ( 1146: 1143: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1132:John F. Dewey 1130: 1129: 1126:range overlap 1125: 1121: 1116: 1115: 1109: 1108: 1102: 1101: 1094: 1089: 1082: 1073: 1065: 1057: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1019:Menard (1967) 1016: 1012: 1008: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 992:Morgan (1968) 989: 988: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 951: 947: 944:Around 1967, 943: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 892: 891: 889: 885: 881: 876: 872: 871:Maurice Ewing 869: 868: 866: 862: 858: 851: 847: 844: 841: 840: 838: 834: 831: 830:Le Grand 1990 827: 823: 819: 815: 812: 808: 804: 800: 799:Richard Doell 796: 792: 791: 789: 786: 781: 777: 772: 771: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 746: 742: 738: 734: 731: 727: 723: 717: 713: 708: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 684: 680: 677: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 653: 651: 647: 644: 639: 636: 633: 629: 625: 622: 621: 619: 615: 611: 607: 606: 602: 598: 597:Guiana Shield 594: 590: 586: 581: 574: 573:Iapetus Ocean 569: 562: 555: 550: 549: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 513: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 491: 490:Runcorn 1962b 487: 483: 478: 474: 470: 466: 465:Runcorn 1962a 462: 458: 454: 451:References: ( 450: 449: 447: 443: 442:S. 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Retrieved 1332:the original 1301: 1295: 1265:Wilson cycle 1145:Mantle plume 1123: 1119: 1112: 1105: 1098: 1042:) cited in ( 1031: 1015:H. W. Menard 1003: 973:Dan McKenzie 950:Frankel 1987 946:Marshall Kay 903: 899: 888:Frankel 1987 865:Bullard 1975 863:) cited in ( 861:Phinney 1968 850:Frankel 1987 807:Frankel 1987 803:Allan V. Cox 787: 752:South Africa 726:Wilson 1965b 715: 711: 679:Wilson cycle 673:Wilson 1965a 669:Wilson 1963c 665:Wilson 1963b 661:Wilson 1963a 650:Frankel 1987 614:Frankel 1987 575:suture zone. 554:Bullard 1975 520: 516: 461:Runcorn 1959 453:Frankel 1987 358:Bullard 1975 356:) cited in ( 309:Runcorn 1956 305:Frankel 1987 294:Runcorn 1956 290:Frankel 1987 221:Lamont Group 217:Bruce Heezen 180:Newfoundland 147:). Animals: 102: 80: 65: 56: 33: 6664:10852/62004 6476:: 477–541. 6445:: 171–191. 6023:: 274–287. 5142:(347): 64. 4491:(1): 1–80. 4125:(3): 1027. 2810:Cited books 2790:Bird (2003) 2501:McPhee 1998 2366:Hess (1962) 2330:subductions 2279:B.G. Escher 2195:Albert Heim 2144:Morgan 1968 2129:Wilson 1968 2110:Wilson 1966 2036:A. Rittmann 2017:Holmes 1944 1983:geosyncline 1929:instead of 1914:instead of 1906:creationism 1897:instead of 1802:Becker 2008 1673:, subgenus 1657:Macrophylla 1570:, subgenus 1540:Philippines 1471:Nelson 1996 1169:Morgan 1972 1165:Morgan 1971 1153:Jordan 2007 1100:Welwitschia 1051:Geodynamics 1023:Morgan 1968 961:Morgan 1968 837:Wilson 1968 818:Neil Opdyke 745:Heezen 1966 741:Marvin 1966 683:Wilson 1966 657:Wilson 1962 473:Irving 1960 424:Dott (1961) 354:Menard 1958 335:S. W. Carey 267:McAdoo 2006 229:Heezen 1960 192:Wilson 1962 190:; cited in 153:graptolites 145:Wilson 1966 109:lithosphere 53:if you can. 7389:Categories 6983:: 178–182. 6729:: 115–136. 6707:: 373–384. 6428:: 103–113. 6422:Z. Geophys 6153:2022-02-27 6093:(3): 284. 5412:: 160–162. 5171:Geophys. J 5032:: 573–580. 3332:2008-01-29 3092:Hallam, A. 2436:References 2227:Windgaelle 2211:Cretaceous 2159:ridge-push 2083:Dietz 1961 2063:Carey 1958 2040:subduction 2030:along the 1987:Suess 1875 1733:Anthophila 1644:Auriculata 1617:Manglietia 1605:and Borneo 1544:New Guinea 1341:2012-08-14 1269:subduction 1185:Segev 2002 1181:White 1989 1136:Dewey 1970 1093:Gnetophyta 1044:Krill 2011 1021:(cited in 737:Wells 1963 509:Coats 1962 497:Subduction 416:Dietz 1961 401:Hess 1960a 397:Hess 1960b 385:Carey 1958 339:Carey 1958 276:Rothé 1954 211:1953, the 164:Euramerica 149:Trilobites 137:Caledonian 94:hypotheses 7059:140181589 6970:: 98–100. 6941:129316588 6857:CiteSeerX 6540:219542489 6400:0016-7606 6274:122416040 6237:128489455 6148:1028-1533 6115:129572224 5883:CiteSeerX 5547:: 24–49. 5522:: 31–74. 5289:0091-7613 5123:198137898 5084:206566099 4949:202574464 4770:0016-7606 4684:0016-7606 4434:120636158 4343:1525-2027 4335:1912/3890 4188:130514212 3208:(1929b). 3069:cite book 2951:202574604 2906:121476006 2561:CiteSeerX 2383:extension 2377:The IAV/ 2241:forward: 2171:Kerr 1995 2155:slab pull 2125:Vine 1966 2121:Vine 1963 2079:Hess 1962 1916:neptunism 1912:Plutonism 1589:Gwillimia 1548:Argentina 1532:Indonesia 1516:Australia 1510:found in 1496:Cycadales 1314:CiteSeerX 1249:Kerr 1995 1118:Purple – 1081:Cycadales 1038:(AAPG) (( 955:In 1967, 826:Vine 1966 756:Argentina 618:Vine 1963 545:128754334 507:(USGS). 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Irving 432:turbidite 405:Hess 1959 393:Hess 1962 196:Laurentia 59:June 2011 7320:Geotimes 7216:10792214 7208:17788294 7020:36696148 6957:: 51–53. 6887:41107379 6879:17842754 6779:44362406 6771:17821553 6078:33327812 6070:17839077 5983:17733645 5701:12492853 5693:17799148 5363:17732101 5246:15684058 5076:17801399 4733:31488210 4725:17759204 4647:34452863 4639:17754815 4289:36766442 4281:12364804 4207:: 1–31. 3927:16049478 3885:19972709 3877:11557870 3802:(1990). 3685:(1947). 3527:(1596). 3484:(1999). 3186:(1944). 3094:(1983). 2869:27169876 2861:17801943 2797:Archived 2782:Archived 2779:NASA/JPL 2689:21402926 2622:June 24, 2591:28047407 2583:17068254 2423:See also 2402:Graphics 2249:group", 2219:Walensee 2134:then to 2088:then to 2053:then to 2022:then to 2011:then to 1992:then to 1966:and the 1951:isostasy 1886:Overview 1705:Note: a 1695:Michelia 1693:Section 1680:Section 1671:Magnolia 1655:Section 1642:Section 1629:Section 1622:Section 1615:Section 1608:Section 1599:Blumiana 1597:Section 1587:Section 1579:Magnolia 1577:Section 1572:Magnolia 1567:Magnolia 1536:Malaysia 1498:, genus 1455:, lower 1426:12044269 1418:20647465 1287:(2004). 1157:seafloor 1097:Green – 1040:Kay 1969 928:17797640 365:Vanguard 323:Elsasser 188:Scotland 176:Avalonia 168:Devonian 135:and the 98:isostasy 34:require 7372:. USGS. 7311:4226266 7291:Bibcode 7260:4294401 7240:Bibcode 7188:Bibcode 7180:Science 7159:Bibcode 7133:4255932 7113:Bibcode 7096:4289725 7076:Bibcode 7039:Bibcode 7000:Bibcode 6921:Bibcode 6849:Bibcode 6841:Science 6825:4296143 6805:Bibcode 6751:Bibcode 6743:Science 6677:18 June 6644:Bibcode 6601:Bibcode 6563:Bibcode 6520:Bibcode 6478:Bibcode 6447:Bibcode 6380:Bibcode 6346:4180062 6326:Bibcode 6297:Bibcode 6254:Bibcode 6217:Bibcode 6200:4281585 6180:Bibcode 6095:Bibcode 6050:Bibcode 6042:Science 6025:Bibcode 5963:Bibcode 5955:Science 5930:Bibcode 5905:8939851 5875:Bibcode 5867:Science 5829:4145715 5809:Bibcode 5780:Bibcode 5724:Bibcode 5673:Bibcode 5665:Science 5640:Bibcode 5619:4193218 5599:Bibcode 5524:Bibcode 5495:Bibcode 5462:Bibcode 5431:Bibcode 5371:5538344 5343:Bibcode 5335:Science 5269:Bibcode 5260:Geology 5214:Bibcode 5179:Bibcode 5144:Bibcode 5103:Bibcode 5056:Bibcode 5048:Science 5019:: 2–15. 4975:Bibcode 4886:Bibcode 4851:Bibcode 4822:Bibcode 4791:Bibcode 4750:Bibcode 4705:Bibcode 4697:Science 4664:Bibcode 4619:Bibcode 4611:Science 4602:4288496 4582:Bibcode 4553:Bibcode 4493:Bibcode 4455:Bibcode 4406:Bibcode 4366:Bibcode 4313:Bibcode 4261:Bibcode 4253:Science 4209:Bibcode 4180:2413827 4160:Bibcode 4127:Bibcode 4091:Bibcode 4058:Bibcode 4037:4233630 4017:Bibcode 3984:Bibcode 3935:4367737 3907:Bibcode 3857:Science 3150:141–158 3123:105–120 2923:Bibcode 2886:Bibcode 2841:Bibcode 2680:3078341 2657:Bibcode 2553:Science 2213:and #d 2173:) and ( 2127:) and ( 2104:) and ( 1922:occurs. 1745:Permian 1741:Beetles 1737:Apoidea 1682:Yulania 1675:Yulania 1610:Talauma 1603:Sumatra 1520:Vanuatu 1506:Family 1501:Bowenia 1398:Bibcode 1390:Science 1365:Bibcode 1306:Bibcode 1124:Ephedra 1114:Ephedra 1104:Blue – 936:8687894 908:Bibcode 900:Science 788:Closure 525:Bibcode 499:in the 428:tillite 327:Bullard 172:Baltica 166:in the 36:cleanup 7349: 7309: 7283:Nature 7258: 7232:Nature 7214: 7206: 7131: 7105:Nature 7094: 7068:Nature 7057: 7018: 6992:Nature 6939: 6885: 6877: 6859: 6823: 6796:Nature 6777: 6769: 6694:(527). 6538: 6398: 6344: 6318:Nature 6272: 6235: 6198: 6172:Nature 6146: 6113: 6076: 6068: 5981: 5913:252669 5911: 5903: 5885: 5827: 5801:Nature 5758:: 356. 5749:: 213. 5699: 5691: 5617: 5591:Nature 5369: 5361: 5322: 5287: 5244: 5237:548542 5234: 5121: 5082: 5074: 4947: 4768: 4731: 4723: 4682: 4645: 4637: 4600: 4574:Nature 4432: 4424: 4341: 4287: 4279: 4186: 4178: 4035: 4008:Nature 3933: 3925: 3899:Nature 3883: 3875: 3810: 3788: 3767: 3748: 3727: 3704: 3671: 3652: 3604: 3513: 3494: 3470: 3447: 3427: 3380: 3357: 3323: 3292: 3245: 3194: 3156: 3129: 3102: 3046: 3023: 2995: 2949: 2941: 2904: 2867: 2859: 2687: 2677: 2589: 2581: 2563: 2390:mantle 2322:nappes 2215:Eocene 2203:schist 2199:Gneiss 1944:mantle 1918:, but 1775: 1719:sister 1624:Kmeria 1593:Borneo 1556:Brazil 1494:Order 1457:mantle 1424: 1416: 1316: 1217:) and 1120:Gnetum 1111:Red – 1107:Gnetum 934: 926: 768:Brazil 591:, the 543: 495:1962, 410:1961, 348:1958, 259:Geosat 255:SEASAT 194:) and 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1292:(PDF) 932:S2CID 760:Ghana 541:S2CID 7347:ISBN 7204:PMID 6875:PMID 6767:PMID 6679:2010 6396:ISSN 6144:ISSN 6066:PMID 5979:PMID 5901:PMID 5689:PMID 5359:PMID 5320:ISBN 5285:ISSN 5242:PMID 5206:PNAS 5072:PMID 4766:ISSN 4721:PMID 4680:ISSN 4635:PMID 4339:ISSN 4277:PMID 3923:PMID 3873:PMID 3808:ISBN 3786:ISBN 3765:ISBN 3746:ISBN 3725:ISBN 3702:ISBN 3669:ISBN 3650:ISBN 3602:ISBN 3511:ISBN 3492:ISBN 3468:ISBN 3445:ISBN 3425:ISBN 3378:ISBN 3355:ISBN 3321:ISBN 3290:ISBN 3243:ISBN 3192:ISBN 3154:ISBN 3127:ISBN 3100:ISBN 3075:link 3044:ISBN 3021:ISBN 2993:ISBN 2857:PMID 2792:and 2685:PMID 2624:2010 2579:PMID 2349:and 2328:and 2316:and 2292:The 2281:and 2269:and 2229:and 2207:Jura 2169:), ( 2165:), ( 2146:), ( 2108:), ( 2100:), ( 2096:), ( 2081:), ( 2077:), ( 2069:and 2061:), ( 2046:), ( 2042:), ( 2004:), ( 2000:), ( 1962:The 1931:sial 1927:sima 1869:), ( 1865:), ( 1854:and 1842:and 1808:), ( 1804:), ( 1773:ISBN 1755:and 1487:and 1473:), ( 1445:), ( 1441:), ( 1414:PMID 1255:), ( 1251:), ( 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