3529:
5644:
3522:
2026:
2851:
2837:
5096:
4317:
5082:
2830:
5089:
2032:
3536:
136:
418:
2844:
409:
5657:
4335:
400:
4323:
4342:
5651:
465:
5076:
4330:
118:
574:
reveals that tyrannosaurs had yet to achieve huge size at this time but had already evolved key brain and sensory features of the gigantic latest
Cretaceous species. These features were originally thought to be unique to big tyrannosaurs, as they evolved into large animals. Tyrannosaurs apparently
451:
of front back vertebra; CCMGE 432/12457: a middle back vertebra; ZIN PH 951/16: a front tail vertebra; ZIN PH 120/16: a middle tail vertebra; ZIN PH 120/16: a rear tail vertebra; ZINPH 619/16; and USNM 538167: a toe claw. These fossils were referred under the assumption that but a single
447:; ZIN PH 2330/16: a left frontal bone; ZIN PH 2296/16: a left quadrate; ZIN PH 15/16: a piece of a right dentary; ZIN PH 1239/16: a right articular with angular; ZIN PH 671/16: a front neck vertebra; USNM 538131: a rear neck vertebra; USNM 538132: the
561:
age of the early Late
Cretaceous, right before the rise of the advanced tyrannosaurids. There had been a twenty million year "tyrannosaur gap" in the fossil records of the tyrannosauroid timeline, between the small "marginal hunters" and the
443:, consisting of the braincase. Other bones, not belonging to a single individual, and described in 2012, were referred to the species. These included the specimens ZIN PH 854/16: the right half of a braincase; ZIN PH 676/16: a right
352:
and ear canals. The braincase was stored in a cardboard box in the
Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, until tyrannosaur expert Steve Brusatte identified it as a distinctive new species in 2014.
1020:
was likely a pursuit hunter with blade-like teeth for slicing through meat, based on its skeletal remains. The robustness of the semicircular inner ear canals might be related to a greater agility.
575:
developed huge size rapidly during the late
Cretaceous, and their success in the top predator role may have been enabled by their brain and keen senses which first evolved at a smaller body size.
633:
than that of the larger tyrannosaurids; the increased airspaces with the later forms might have been an adaptation to lighten the skull or to keep a good hearing ability despite the larger size.
1164:
472:
The holotype specimen belonging to a subadult was about 3–4 m (9.8–13.1 ft) long and weighed 170–270 kg (370–600 lb). ZIN PH 1239/16 represents a larger, adult individual.
579:
s small size indicates that tyrannosaurs only evolved their large size in the last twenty million years of their evolution. It is unknown what precisely triggered the size increase.
1193:
Averianov, A.; Sues, H-D. (2012). "Skeletal remains of
Tyrannosauroidea (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bissekty Formation (Upper Cretaceous: Turonian) of Uzbekistan".
1146:
1342:
5766:
5746:
1318:
1172:
1292:
491:
and the ear vestibule form a funnel-shaped recess penetrating deep into the ear zone and having a wide exit on the side wall of the braincase. The
5771:
3528:
1410:
Wolfe, D.G.; McDonald, A.T.; Kirkland, J.I.; Turner, A.H.; Smith, N.D.; Brusatte, S.L.; Loewen, M.A.; Denton, R.K.; Nesbitt, S.J. (6 May 2019).
5761:
3521:
1032:, an adaptation to hearing low-frequency sounds. This might be an indication that the animal used low calls to communicate within the species.
5643:
1385:
625:
were disappearing from the environment or dying out, creating a vacant niche, allowing tyrannosaurs to become apex predators. The head of
1488:
479:, the central upper bone of the rear of the skull, has a diamond-shaped process pointing to below and not reaching the upper rim of the
1089:"New tyrannosaur from the mid-Cretaceous of Uzbekistan clarifies evolution of giant body sizes and advanced senses in tyrant dinosaurs"
427:
2850:
4316:
1041:
2836:
5081:
2025:
5751:
2829:
5095:
2031:
5522:
4334:
3535:
5756:
5088:
2843:
1230:"A new carcharodontosaurian theropod dinosaur occupies apex predator niche in the early Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan"
135:
5656:
4341:
539:
The genus is important in showing how earlier small tyrannosauroids evolved into the large
Tyrannosauridae like
1576:
4322:
5650:
1439:
1481:
377:
5741:
5676:
1411:
476:
340:
From 1944 onwards, tyrannosauroid fossil material consisting of single bones has been described from the
5736:
5708:
4047:
3959:
1140:
630:
475:
In 2016, several distinguishing traits were established, all pertaining to the holotype braincase. The
5075:
1412:"A mid-Cretaceous tyrannosauroid and the origin of North American end-Cretaceous dinosaur assemblages"
5608:
3736:
3704:
1241:
1202:
1100:
1046:
247:
4060:
3847:
426:
Tooth (left), cervical vertebra (middle), and cast of holotypic braincase (ZIN PH 1146/16, right),
357:
4329:
483:. The basioccipital has extremely short basal tubers, only attaining a third of the height of the
5515:
4036:
3896:
3752:
3692:
3127:
3037:
2920:
1784:
1474:
1452:
1366:
496:
341:
307:
130:
5713:
1087:
Stephen L. Brusatte, Alexander
Averianov, Hans-Dieter Sues, Amy Muir and Ian B. Butler (2016).
5397:
5314:
5288:
5127:
5114:
4992:
4550:
4502:
3334:
2684:
1763:
1444:
1269:
1128:
674:
606:
484:
5501:
5258:
5168:
4957:
4889:
4752:
4671:
4643:
4603:
4484:
4454:
3972:
3725:
3589:
3446:
3346:
3195:
3102:
3060:
2627:
1937:
1434:
1426:
1259:
1249:
1210:
1118:
1108:
875:
660:
511:
417:
361:
222:
408:
5564:
5302:
5265:
5197:
5052:
5045:
4873:
4815:
4788:
4778:
4738:
4573:
4432:
4416:
4234:
4206:
4184:
4071:
3916:
3623:
3397:
3280:
3258:
3179:
3008:
2985:
2978:
2956:
2942:
2935:
2896:
2747:
2594:
2521:
2510:
2446:
2334:
2221:
1798:
1707:
1561:
1536:
917:
546:
533:
319:
311:
30:
549:
period of Asia and North
America. The species is not believed to be a direct ancestor of
1245:
1206:
1104:
5776:
5529:
5492:
5473:
5435:
5424:
5221:
4934:
4900:
4882:
4862:
4759:
4473:
4218:
4080:
3907:
3889:
3717:
3684:
3670:
3631:
3405:
3266:
3223:
3216:
3138:
3114:
3067:
3026:
2963:
2949:
2677:
2662:
2489:
2323:
2187:
2155:
2144:
2121:
2083:
1944:
1914:
1838:
1777:
1676:
1264:
1229:
1123:
1088:
1029:
900:
515:
480:
399:
373:
293:
5730:
5571:
5417:
5378:
5357:
5236:
5229:
5156:
4950:
4923:
4797:
4714:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4621:
4538:
4401:
4373:
4360:
4284:
4161:
4001:
3835:
3766:
3652:
3639:
3384:
3362:
3355:
3319:
3292:
3244:
3168:
2904:
2695:
2669:
2585:
2566:
2559:
2496:
2475:
2454:
2439:
2425:
2384:
2350:
2343:
2262:
2114:
2001:
1994:
1921:
1891:
1880:
1770:
1741:
1734:
1660:
1456:
1293:"New horse-sized tyrannosaur with big brain reveals how "T. rex" became top predator"
825:
775:
705:
563:
541:
520:
68:
5543:
5481:
5451:
5371:
5364:
5342:
5334:
5214:
5206:
5186:
4909:
4828:
4766:
4657:
4628:
4580:
4409:
4394:
4169:
4101:
4029:
4008:
3987:
3803:
3759:
3567:
3554:
3484:
3437:
3312:
3202:
3154:
3147:
3084:
3053:
3046:
2927:
2754:
2606:
2503:
2405:
2398:
2293:
2277:
2213:
2164:
2096:
1873:
1756:
1749:
1720:
1683:
1652:
850:
529:
345:
323:
255:
1214:
5699:
5597:
5578:
5508:
5458:
5444:
5386:
5327:
5272:
5149:
4943:
4835:
4804:
4721:
4439:
4387:
4255:
4177:
4140:
4022:
3994:
3947:
3867:
3745:
3602:
3453:
3426:
3326:
3273:
3209:
3188:
3161:
2912:
2725:
2718:
2704:
2530:
2377:
2368:
2270:
2241:
2171:
2136:
2129:
1929:
1907:
1900:
1859:
1851:
1827:
1812:
1791:
1699:
1691:
1386:"Timurlengia euotica: Distant relative of T-rex shows how dinosaur became giant"
622:
488:
464:
448:
43:
1093:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5536:
5465:
5410:
5031:
4846:
4664:
4650:
4635:
4587:
4521:
4447:
4269:
4262:
4248:
4154:
4087:
4015:
3979:
3932:
3874:
3860:
3827:
3819:
3812:
3793:
3616:
3581:
3369:
2970:
2761:
2711:
2648:
2619:
2574:
2552:
2545:
2537:
2461:
2357:
2316:
2309:
2301:
2285:
2205:
2076:
1952:
1805:
1668:
1527:
1430:
741:
723:
303:
193:
88:
53:
1319:"New Tyrannosaur Species Reveals How the King of the Dinosaurs Won Its Crown"
5557:
5550:
5250:
5243:
4916:
4855:
4509:
4227:
3773:
3677:
3412:
2997:
2882:
2869:
2796:
2732:
2655:
2634:
2391:
2254:
2062:
2049:
1967:
1819:
1638:
1625:
1588:
1497:
1367:"Newly discovered dinosaur reveals how T. rex became king of the Cretaceous"
1113:
618:
610:
590:
first, as hypothesised by Hans-Dieter Sues, one of the fossil's describers.
492:
206:
147:
93:
37:
1448:
1273:
1132:
348:, which would have anchored the dinosaur's neck muscles and protected its
5693:
5141:
4566:
4559:
4531:
4424:
3924:
3305:
2641:
2468:
2229:
1866:
1545:
1521:
558:
436:
384:
315:
299:
296:
180:
167:
83:
78:
63:
58:
48:
1254:
1228:
Tanaka K, Anvarov OU, Zelenitsky DK, Ahmedshaev AS, Kobayashi Y (2021).
117:
4699:
4461:
4191:
4094:
3419:
2740:
1025:
614:
444:
98:
73:
5350:
5038:
2482:
1515:
157:
5670:
364:, Amy Muir, and Ian B. Butler named and described the type species
4198:
3939:
3881:
602:
594:
525:
463:
453:
369:
349:
289:
5614:
4241:
587:
5674:
5112:
4358:
3552:
2867:
2047:
1623:
1508:
1470:
1343:"Newly Discovered Dinosaur Helps Explain Rise Of Tyrannosaurs"
391:
had long inner ear canals, for hearing low-frequency sounds.
344:
by Soviet or
Russian researchers. In 2004 a team discovered a
617:. At the time tyrannosaurs were developing acute senses and
1466:
621:
abilities, other large meat-eating dinosaurs such as the
586:
shows that tyrannosaurs likely developed their advanced
641:
Below is the phylogenetic analysis on the placement of
1165:"'Missing Link' in Tyrannosaur Family Tree Discovered"
262:
5683:
5596:
5491:
5434:
5396:
5313:
5286:
5196:
5166:
5125:
5023:
4991:
4933:
4899:
4872:
4845:
4814:
4787:
4776:
4736:
4601:
4549:
4520:
4482:
4471:
4371:
4283:
4217:
4139:
4070:
4046:
3958:
3906:
3846:
3802:
3791:
3735:
3703:
3650:
3600:
3565:
3483:
3436:
3383:
3345:
3291:
3242:
3178:
3137:
3113:
3082:
3036:
3006:
2995:
2880:
2795:
2694:
2605:
2584:
2520:
2423:
2367:
2333:
2240:
2185:
2154:
2094:
2060:
1986:
1966:
1890:
1837:
1718:
1636:
1587:
1560:
557:lived ninety million years ago, in the middle-late
1440:20.500.11820/a6709b34-e3ab-416e-a866-03ba1162b23d
1082:
566:" of the tyrannosaurid group. The discovery of
528:of long-snouted forms that might have been the
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1482:
8:
1145:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
383:is Greek for “well-eared”, because detailed
5671:
5402:
5319:
5294:
5178:
5174:
5133:
5122:
5109:
5020:
4988:
4820:
4784:
4744:
4613:
4609:
4494:
4490:
4479:
4379:
4368:
4355:
4146:
4136:
4052:
3964:
3852:
3799:
3709:
3662:
3658:
3608:
3573:
3562:
3549:
3480:
3389:
3297:
3250:
3119:
3094:
3090:
3018:
3014:
3003:
2888:
2877:
2864:
2792:
2611:
2602:
2431:
2246:
2197:
2193:
2106:
2102:
2068:
2057:
2044:
1843:
1726:
1644:
1633:
1620:
1566:
1557:
1505:
1489:
1475:
1467:
116:
20:
1438:
1263:
1253:
1158:
1156:
1122:
1112:
1058:
1138:
456:is present in the Bissekty Formation.
514:, in a basal position, as a possible
7:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1163:Greshko, Michael (March 14, 2016).
891:
866:
841:
816:
791:
766:
696:
689:
666:
655:
648:
597:, though much smaller than that of
1028:duct, with the same height as the
428:National Museum of Natural History
14:
5767:Taxa named by Stephen L. Brusatte
5747:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia
5655:
5649:
5642:
5094:
5087:
5080:
5074:
4340:
4333:
4328:
4321:
4315:
3534:
3527:
3520:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2030:
2024:
1042:Timeline of tyrannosaur research
524:. Together they may represent a
416:
407:
398:
134:
1390:International Business Times UK
1384:Matt Atherton (14 March 2016).
5772:Taxa named by Hans-Dieter Sues
1419:Nature Ecology & Evolution
1:
5762:Fossil taxa described in 2016
1215:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.11.009
435:The species was based on the
605:that would have led to keen
368:. The genus is named after
5793:
1297:Smithsonian Science News -
1234:Royal Society Open Science
16:Extinct genus of dinosaurs
5639:
5405:
5322:
5297:
5181:
5177:
5136:
5121:
5108:
5072:
5019:
4987:
4823:
4747:
4616:
4612:
4497:
4493:
4382:
4367:
4354:
4313:
4149:
4135:
4055:
3967:
3855:
3712:
3665:
3661:
3611:
3576:
3561:
3548:
3517:
3479:
3392:
3300:
3253:
3122:
3097:
3093:
3021:
3017:
2891:
2876:
2863:
2825:
2791:
2614:
2434:
2249:
2200:
2196:
2109:
2105:
2071:
2056:
2043:
2021:
1846:
1729:
1647:
1632:
1619:
1569:
1556:
1504:
1431:10.1038/s41559-019-0888-0
914:
896:
889:
871:
864:
846:
839:
821:
814:
796:
789:
771:
764:
737:
719:
701:
694:
687:
671:
664:
653:
261:
254:
131:Scientific classification
129:
124:
115:
23:
1240:(9): Article ID 210923.
1169:National Geographic News
601:, shows a sophisticated
1114:10.1073/pnas.1600140113
360:, Alexander Averianov,
469:
358:Stephen Louis Brusatte
5752:Fossils of Uzbekistan
5709:Paleobiology Database
4048:Carcharodontosaurinae
3960:Carcharodontosauridae
570:has filled that gap.
495:is large with robust
467:
376:in Central Asia. The
5024:Dubious coelurosaurs
3737:Metriacanthosaurinae
3705:Metriacanthosauridae
1987:Dubious neotheropods
1047:2016 in paleontology
4061:Carcharodontosaurus
3848:Carcharodontosauria
1323:Scientific American
1317:Brusatte, Stephen.
1255:10.1098/rsos.210923
1246:2021RSOS....810923T
1207:2012CrRes..34..284A
1195:Cretaceous Research
1105:2016PNAS..113.3447B
497:semicircular canals
477:supraoccipital bone
366:Timurlengia euotica
329:Timurlengia euotica
314:, hailing from the
267:Timurlengia euotica
5757:Bissekty Formation
5516:Archaeornithomimus
4037:Veterupristisaurus
3897:Veterupristisaurus
3753:Metriacanthosaurus
3693:Piatnitzkysauridae
3128:Eustreptospondylus
3038:Piatnitzkysauridae
2921:Chuandongocoelurus
1785:Notatesseraeraptor
510:was placed in the
470:
342:Bissekty Formation
308:Bissekty Formation
5724:
5723:
5677:Taxon identifiers
5668:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5637:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5592:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5398:Macrocheiriformes
5315:Ornithomimosauria
5289:Maniraptoriformes
5282:
5281:
5128:Maniraptoromorpha
5115:Maniraptoromorpha
5104:
5103:
5070:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5015:
5014:
5011:
5010:
4993:Maniraptoromorpha
4983:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4732:
4731:
4597:
4596:
4551:Proceratosauridae
4503:Chingkankousaurus
4350:
4349:
4311:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4279:
4278:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4110:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3544:
3543:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3379:
3378:
3335:Vallibonavenatrix
3238:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3078:
3077:
2859:
2858:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2181:
2180:
2039:
2038:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:
1962:
1961:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1175:on March 14, 2016
1099:(13): 3447–3452.
1009:
1008:
1000:
999:
991:
990:
982:
981:
973:
972:
964:
963:
955:
954:
946:
945:
937:
936:
928:
927:
753:
752:
675:Proceratosauridae
582:The braincase of
545:, typical of the
485:occipital condyle
372:, founder of the
318:age of the early
281:
280:
250:
5784:
5717:
5716:
5704:
5703:
5702:
5672:
5659:
5653:
5646:
5502:Aepyornithomimus
5403:
5320:
5295:
5259:Sinocalliopteryx
5179:
5175:
5169:Neocoelurosauria
5134:
5123:
5110:
5098:
5091:
5084:
5078:
5021:
4989:
4958:Zhuchengtyrannus
4890:Thanatotheristes
4821:
4785:
4753:Appalachiosaurus
4745:
4614:
4610:
4604:Pantyrannosauria
4495:
4491:
4485:Tyrannosauroidea
4480:
4455:Xinjiangovenator
4380:
4369:
4356:
4344:
4337:
4332:
4325:
4319:
4147:
4137:
4053:
3973:Acrocanthosaurus
3965:
3853:
3800:
3726:Yangchuanosaurus
3710:
3663:
3659:
3609:
3590:Lourinhanosaurus
3574:
3563:
3550:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3481:
3447:Sigilmassasaurus
3390:
3347:Ceratosuchopsini
3298:
3251:
3196:Dubreuillosaurus
3120:
3103:Streptospondylus
3095:
3091:
3061:Piatnitzkysaurus
3019:
3015:
3004:
2889:
2878:
2865:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2793:
2628:Ekrixinatosaurus
2612:
2603:
2432:
2247:
2198:
2194:
2107:
2103:
2069:
2058:
2045:
2034:
2028:
1938:Procompsognathus
1844:
1727:
1645:
1634:
1621:
1567:
1558:
1551:
1550:
1506:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1468:
1461:
1460:
1442:
1416:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1289:
1278:
1277:
1267:
1257:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1171:. Archived from
1160:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1136:
1126:
1116:
1084:
892:
876:Appalachiosaurus
867:
842:
817:
792:
767:
697:
690:
667:
661:Tyrannosauroidea
656:
649:
512:Tyrannosauroidea
420:
411:
402:
362:Hans-Dieter Sues
264:
241:
234:
223:Pantyrannosauria
221:
139:
138:
120:
110:
40:
29:Temporal range:
21:
5792:
5791:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5720:
5712:
5707:
5698:
5697:
5692:
5679:
5669:
5660:
5647:
5621:
5584:
5565:Sinornithomimus
5487:
5430:
5392:
5309:
5303:Compsognathidae
5291:
5278:
5266:Sinosauropteryx
5198:Compsognathidae
5192:
5171:
5162:
5130:
5117:
5100:
5099:
5085:
5058:
5053:Shanyangosaurus
5046:Phaedrolosaurus
5007:
4963:
4929:
4895:
4874:Daspletosaurini
4868:
4841:
4816:Tyrannosaurinae
4810:
4789:Albertosaurinae
4781:
4779:Tyrannosauridae
4772:
4741:
4739:Eutyrannosauria
4728:
4606:
4593:
4574:Proceratosaurus
4545:
4516:
4487:
4476:
4467:
4433:Richardoestesia
4417:Chilantaisaurus
4376:
4363:
4346:
4345:
4326:
4299:
4275:
4235:Australovenator
4213:
4207:Chilantaisaurus
4185:Phuwiangvenator
4107:
4072:Giganotosaurini
4066:
4042:
3954:
3917:Chilantaisaurus
3902:
3842:
3796:
3779:
3731:
3699:
3655:
3646:
3624:Monolophosaurus
3605:
3596:
3570:
3557:
3540:
3539:
3525:
3499:
3459:
3432:
3398:Camarillasaurus
3375:
3341:
3287:
3281:Ostafrikasaurus
3259:Camarillasaurus
3247:
3230:
3180:Afrovenatorinae
3174:
3133:
3109:
3087:
3074:
3032:
3011:
3009:Megalosauroidea
3000:
2991:
2986:Vectaerovenator
2979:Szechuanosaurus
2957:Monolophosaurus
2943:Kaijiangosaurus
2936:Cryolophosaurus
2897:Calamospondylus
2885:
2872:
2855:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2811:
2767:
2748:Pycnonemosaurus
2690:
2601:
2595:Majungasaurinae
2580:
2522:Majungasaurinae
2516:
2511:Xenotarsosaurus
2447:Dryptosauroides
2428:
2411:
2363:
2335:Elaphrosaurinae
2329:
2236:
2222:Ornithomimoides
2190:
2177:
2150:
2099:
2090:
2065:
2052:
2035:
2029:
2007:
1982:
1958:
1886:
1833:
1799:Shuangbaisaurus
1723:
1714:
1641:
1628:
1603:
1583:
1577:Avemetatarsalia
1562:Avemetatarsalia
1552:
1537:Avemetatarsalia
1511:
1510:
1500:
1495:
1465:
1464:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1351:
1349:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1327:
1325:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1302:
1300:
1299:. 14 March 2016
1291:
1290:
1281:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1178:
1176:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1137:
1086:
1085:
1060:
1055:
1038:
1015:
1010:
1001:
992:
983:
974:
965:
956:
947:
938:
929:
918:Tyrannosauridae
754:
639:
547:Late Cretaceous
534:Tyrannosauridae
505:
468:Size comparison
462:
452:tyrannosauroid
433:
432:
431:
430:
423:
422:
421:
413:
412:
404:
403:
338:
320:Late Cretaceous
312:Kyzylkum Desert
277:
270:
240:
232:
219:
133:
111:
109:
108:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
35:
34:
31:Late Cretaceous
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5790:
5788:
5780:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5729:
5728:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5705:
5689:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5675:
5666:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5611:
5602:
5600:
5594:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5575:
5568:
5561:
5554:
5547:
5540:
5533:
5530:Dromiceiomimus
5526:
5519:
5512:
5505:
5497:
5495:
5493:Ornithomimidae
5489:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5478:
5474:Paraxenisaurus
5470:
5462:
5455:
5448:
5440:
5438:
5436:Deinocheiridae
5432:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5425:Shenzhousaurus
5421:
5414:
5406:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5383:
5375:
5368:
5361:
5354:
5347:
5339:
5331:
5323:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5298:
5292:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5269:
5262:
5255:
5247:
5240:
5233:
5226:
5222:Beipiaognathus
5218:
5211:
5202:
5200:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5182:
5172:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5153:
5146:
5137:
5131:
5126:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5106:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5093:
5079:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5049:
5042:
5035:
5027:
5025:
5017:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5004:
5003:
4997:
4995:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4954:
4947:
4939:
4937:
4935:Tyrannosaurini
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4905:
4903:
4901:Teratophoneini
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4886:
4883:Daspletosaurus
4878:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4863:Qianzhousaurus
4859:
4851:
4849:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4832:
4824:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4801:
4793:
4791:
4782:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4763:
4760:Bistahieversor
4756:
4748:
4742:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4632:
4625:
4617:
4607:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4555:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4535:
4527:
4525:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4506:
4498:
4488:
4483:
4477:
4474:Tyrannoraptora
4472:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4444:
4436:
4429:
4421:
4413:
4406:
4398:
4391:
4383:
4377:
4372:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4339:
4320:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4289:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4223:
4221:
4219:Megaraptoridae
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4203:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4166:
4158:
4150:
4144:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4081:Giganotosaurus
4076:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3976:
3968:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3944:
3936:
3929:
3921:
3912:
3910:
3908:Neovenatoridae
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3893:
3890:Ulughbegsaurus
3886:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3832:
3824:
3816:
3808:
3806:
3797:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3741:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3722:
3718:Xuanhanosaurus
3713:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3689:
3685:Xuanhanosaurus
3681:
3674:
3671:Asfaltovenator
3666:
3656:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3636:
3632:Megalosauridae
3628:
3620:
3612:
3606:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3586:
3577:
3571:
3566:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3533:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3489:
3487:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3450:
3442:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3406:Ichthyovenator
3402:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3351:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3331:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3277:
3270:
3267:Cristatusaurus
3263:
3254:
3248:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3224:Poekilopleuron
3220:
3217:Piveteausaurus
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3184:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3143:
3141:
3139:Megalosaurinae
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3123:
3117:
3115:Megalosauridae
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3098:
3088:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3068:Xuanhanosaurus
3064:
3057:
3050:
3042:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3027:Yunyangosaurus
3022:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2967:
2964:Pandoravenator
2960:
2953:
2950:Kayentavenator
2946:
2939:
2932:
2924:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2892:
2886:
2881:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2700:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2681:
2678:Skorpiovenator
2674:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2615:
2609:
2600:
2599:
2590:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2571:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2534:
2526:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2490:Spectrovenator
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2443:
2435:
2429:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2373:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2339:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2324:Spinostropheus
2320:
2313:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2282:
2274:
2267:
2259:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2210:
2201:
2191:
2188:Abelisauroidea
2186:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2168:
2160:
2158:
2156:Ceratosauridae
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2145:Saltriovenator
2141:
2133:
2126:
2122:Fosterovenator
2118:
2110:
2100:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2084:Lophostropheus
2080:
2072:
2066:
2061:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1945:Pterospondylus
1941:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1915:Lucianovenator
1911:
1904:
1896:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1847:
1841:
1839:Coelophysoidea
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1824:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1778:Lophostropheus
1774:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1738:
1730:
1724:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1704:
1696:
1688:
1680:
1677:Erythrovenator
1673:
1665:
1657:
1648:
1642:
1637:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1570:
1564:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1539:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1509:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1471:
1463:
1462:
1425:(6): 892–899.
1402:
1376:
1358:
1334:
1309:
1279:
1220:
1185:
1152:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
998:
997:
994:
993:
989:
988:
985:
984:
980:
979:
976:
975:
971:
970:
967:
966:
962:
961:
958:
957:
953:
952:
949:
948:
944:
943:
940:
939:
935:
934:
931:
930:
926:
925:
922:
921:
913:
910:
909:
906:
905:
901:Bistahieversor
895:
890:
888:
885:
884:
881:
880:
870:
865:
863:
860:
859:
856:
855:
845:
840:
838:
835:
834:
831:
830:
820:
815:
813:
810:
809:
806:
805:
795:
790:
788:
785:
784:
781:
780:
770:
765:
763:
760:
759:
756:
755:
751:
750:
747:
746:
736:
733:
732:
729:
728:
718:
715:
714:
711:
710:
700:
695:
693:
688:
686:
683:
682:
679:
678:
670:
665:
663:
654:
652:
647:
638:
637:Classification
635:
564:apex predators
516:sister species
504:
501:
481:foramen magnum
461:
458:
441:ZIN PH 1146/16
425:
424:
415:
414:
406:
405:
397:
396:
395:
394:
393:
374:Timurid Empire
337:
334:
294:tyrannosauroid
288:is an extinct
279:
278:
271:
259:
258:
252:
251:
230:
226:
225:
217:
210:
209:
204:
197:
196:
191:
184:
183:
178:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
127:
126:
122:
121:
113:
112:
104:
103:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
41:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5789:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5742:Turonian life
5740:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5715:
5710:
5706:
5701:
5695:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5673:
5658:
5654:
5652:
5645:
5616:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5605:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5581:
5580:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5572:Struthiomimus
5569:
5567:
5566:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5523:"Coelosaurus"
5520:
5518:
5517:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5418:Pelecanimimus
5415:
5413:
5412:
5408:
5407:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5379:Thecocoelurus
5376:
5374:
5373:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5358:Kinnareemimus
5355:
5353:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5290:
5285:
5275:
5274:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5241:
5239:
5238:
5237:Huaxiagnathus
5234:
5232:
5231:
5230:Compsognathus
5227:
5224:
5223:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5180:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5157:Ornitholestes
5154:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5129:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5111:
5107:
5097:
5092:
5090:
5083:
5077:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5036:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4951:Tyrannosaurus
4948:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4924:Teratophoneus
4921:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4798:Albertosaurus
4795:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4735:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4715:Xiongguanlong
4712:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4693:Suskityrannus
4690:
4688:
4687:
4686:Stokesosaurus
4683:
4681:
4680:
4679:Santanaraptor
4676:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4622:Alectrosaurus
4619:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4600:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4541:
4540:
4539:Tanycolagreus
4536:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4402:Bahariasaurus
4399:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4374:Coelurosauria
4370:
4366:
4362:
4361:Coelurosauria
4357:
4353:
4343:
4338:
4336:
4331:
4324:
4318:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4285:Coelurosauria
4282:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4162:Bahariasaurus
4159:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4006:
4004:
4003:
4002:Kelmayisaurus
3999:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3838:
3837:
3836:Saurophaganax
3833:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3790:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3767:Siamotyrannus
3764:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3653:Allosauroidea
3649:
3642:
3641:
3640:Spinosauridae
3637:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3599:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3537:
3532:
3530:
3523:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3385:Spinosaurinae
3382:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3363:Riparovenator
3360:
3358:
3357:
3356:Ceratosuchops
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3320:Riojavenatrix
3317:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3293:Baryonychinae
3290:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3245:Spinosauridae
3241:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3169:Wiehenvenator
3166:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3081:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2905:Chienkosaurus
2902:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2696:Furileusauria
2693:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:Rahiolisaurus
2667:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2586:Carnotaurinae
2583:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2567:Rahiolisaurus
2564:
2562:
2561:
2560:Majungasaurus
2557:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2497:Tarascosaurus
2494:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2455:Eoabelisaurus
2452:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2440:Chenanisaurus
2437:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2426:Abelisauridae
2422:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2385:Masiakasaurus
2382:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2351:Huinculsaurus
2348:
2346:
2345:
2344:Elaphrosaurus
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2263:Austrocheirus
2260:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2115:Berberosaurus
2112:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2033:
2027:
2004:
2003:
2002:Halticosaurus
1999:
1997:
1996:
1995:Teinurosaurus
1992:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:Megapnosaurus
1919:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1892:Coelophysidae
1889:
1883:
1882:
1881:Powellvenator
1878:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1771:Liliensternus
1768:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1742:Dolichosuchus
1739:
1737:
1736:
1735:Dilophosaurus
1732:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1717:
1710:
1709:
1708:Herrerasauria
1705:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1661:Daemonosaurus
1658:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1403:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1310:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1005:
1004:
996:
995:
987:
986:
978:
977:
969:
968:
960:
959:
951:
950:
942:
941:
933:
932:
924:
923:
920:
919:
912:
911:
908:
907:
904:
903:
902:
894:
893:
887:
886:
883:
882:
879:
878:
877:
869:
868:
862:
861:
858:
857:
854:
853:
852:
844:
843:
837:
836:
833:
832:
829:
828:
827:
826:Xiongguanlong
819:
818:
812:
811:
808:
807:
804:
803:
802:
794:
793:
787:
786:
783:
782:
779:
778:
777:
776:Suskityrannus
769:
768:
762:
761:
758:
757:
749:
748:
745:
744:
743:
735:
734:
731:
730:
727:
726:
725:
717:
716:
713:
712:
709:
708:
707:
706:Stokesosaurus
699:
698:
692:
691:
685:
684:
681:
680:
677:
676:
669:
668:
662:
658:
657:
651:
650:
646:
644:
636:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
599:Tyrannosaurus
596:
593:
592:Timurlengia’s
589:
585:
580:
578:
573:
569:
565:
560:
556:
552:
551:Tyrannosaurus
548:
544:
543:
542:Tyrannosaurus
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
522:
521:Xiongguanlong
517:
513:
509:
502:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
473:
466:
459:
457:
455:
450:
446:
442:
438:
429:
419:
410:
401:
392:
390:
386:
382:
379:
378:specific name
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
351:
347:
343:
335:
333:
331:
330:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
298:
295:
291:
287:
286:
275:
269:
268:
260:
257:
253:
249:
245:
239:
238:
231:
228:
227:
224:
218:
215:
212:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
137:
132:
128:
123:
119:
114:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
39:
32:
26:
22:
19:
5737:Tyrannosaurs
5684:
5648:
5577:
5570:
5563:
5556:
5549:
5544:Ornithomimus
5542:
5535:
5528:
5521:
5514:
5507:
5500:
5482:Tyrannomimus
5480:
5472:
5464:
5457:
5452:Deinocheirus
5450:
5443:
5423:
5416:
5409:
5385:
5377:
5372:Nqwebasaurus
5370:
5365:Nedcolbertia
5363:
5356:
5349:
5343:Calamosaurus
5341:
5335:Aviatyrannis
5333:
5326:
5301:
5271:
5264:
5257:
5249:
5242:
5235:
5228:
5220:
5215:Aristosuchus
5213:
5207:Aniksosaurus
5205:
5187:Aniksosaurus
5185:
5155:
5148:
5140:
5086:
5051:
5044:
5037:
5030:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4922:
4915:
4910:Dynamoterror
4908:
4888:
4881:
4861:
4854:
4834:
4829:Asiatyrannus
4827:
4803:
4796:
4767:Dryptosaurus
4765:
4758:
4751:
4720:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4698:
4691:
4684:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4658:Jinbeisaurus
4656:
4649:
4642:
4634:
4629:Aviatyrannis
4627:
4620:
4586:
4581:Sinotyrannus
4579:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4537:
4530:
4508:
4501:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4438:
4431:
4423:
4415:
4410:Bicentenaria
4408:
4400:
4395:Asiamericana
4393:
4386:
4327:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4205:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4170:Deltadromeus
4168:
4160:
4153:
4102:Tyrannotitan
4100:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4059:
4035:
4030:Taurovenator
4028:
4021:
4014:
4009:Lajasvenator
4007:
4000:
3993:
3988:Concavenator
3986:
3978:
3971:
3946:
3938:
3931:
3923:
3915:
3895:
3888:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3834:
3826:
3818:
3811:
3804:Allosauridae
3772:
3765:
3760:Shidaisaurus
3758:
3751:
3744:
3724:
3716:
3691:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3638:
3630:
3622:
3615:
3588:
3580:
3568:Avetheropoda
3555:Avetheropoda
3526:
3485:Avetheropoda
3452:
3445:
3438:Spinosaurini
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3396:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3333:
3325:
3318:
3313:Protathlitis
3311:
3304:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3257:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3203:Leshansaurus
3201:
3194:
3187:
3167:
3160:
3155:Megalosaurus
3153:
3148:Duriavenator
3146:
3126:
3101:
3085:Megalosauria
3066:
3059:
3054:Marshosaurus
3052:
3047:Condorraptor
3045:
3025:
2984:
2977:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2928:Cruxicheiros
2926:
2919:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2760:
2755:Quilmesaurus
2753:
2746:
2739:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2683:
2676:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2618:
2607:Brachyrostra
2593:
2573:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2536:
2529:
2509:
2504:Tralkasaurus
2502:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2445:
2438:
2406:Vespersaurus
2404:
2399:Velocisaurus
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2300:
2294:Deltadromeus
2292:
2284:
2278:Compsosuchus
2276:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2228:
2220:
2214:Lametasaurus
2212:
2204:
2170:
2165:Ceratosaurus
2163:
2143:
2135:
2128:
2120:
2113:
2097:Ceratosauria
2082:
2075:
2000:
1993:
1951:
1943:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1879:
1874:Podokesaurus
1872:
1865:
1858:
1850:
1826:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1757:Gojirasaurus
1755:
1750:Dracovenator
1748:
1740:
1733:
1721:Neotheropoda
1706:
1698:
1690:
1684:Guaibasaurus
1682:
1675:
1667:
1659:
1653:Chindesaurus
1651:
1541:
1532:
1422:
1418:
1405:
1393:. Retrieved
1389:
1379:
1371:ScienceDaily
1370:
1361:
1350:. Retrieved
1346:
1337:
1326:. Retrieved
1322:
1312:
1301:. Retrieved
1296:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1177:. Retrieved
1173:the original
1168:
1141:cite journal
1096:
1092:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1013:Paleobiology
915:
899:
897:
874:
872:
851:Dryptosaurus
849:
847:
824:
822:
800:
799:
797:
774:
772:
740:
738:
722:
720:
704:
702:
672:
642:
640:
629:is far less
626:
598:
591:
583:
581:
577:Timurlengia'
576:
571:
567:
554:
550:
540:
538:
530:sister group
519:
507:
506:
474:
471:
440:
434:
388:
387:showed that
380:
365:
355:
339:
328:
327:
324:type species
284:
283:
282:
273:
266:
265:
256:Type species
243:
236:
235:
213:
200:
187:
174:
125:Restoration
24:
18:
5685:Timurlengia
5609:Maniraptora
5598:Maniraptora
5579:Tototlmimus
5509:Anserimimus
5459:Garudimimus
5445:Beishanlong
5387:Valdoraptor
5328:Arkansaurus
5273:Xunmenglong
5150:Juravenator
4944:Tarbosaurus
4836:Nanuqsaurus
4805:Gorgosaurus
4722:Megaraptora
4708:Timurlengia
4440:Sciurumimus
4388:Aratasaurus
4256:Murusraptor
4178:Fukuiraptor
4141:Megaraptora
4023:Shaochilong
3995:Eocarcharia
3948:Megaraptora
3868:Lusovenator
3746:Alpkarakush
3603:Carnosauria
3454:Spinosaurus
3427:Siamosaurus
3327:Suchosaurus
3274:Iberospinus
3210:Magnosaurus
3189:Afrovenator
3162:Torvosaurus
2913:Chilesaurus
2726:Carnotaurus
2719:Caletodraco
2705:Abelisaurus
2531:Arcovenator
2378:Laevisuchus
2369:Noasaurinae
2271:Berthasaura
2242:Noasauridae
2172:Genyodectes
2137:Lukousaurus
2130:Jubbulpuria
1930:Panguraptor
1908:Coelophysis
1901:Camposaurus
1860:Panguraptor
1852:Dracoraptor
1828:Zupaysaurus
1813:Tachiraptor
1792:Sarcosaurus
1692:Nhandumirim
1201:: 284–297.
1024:has a long
1022:Timurlengia
1018:Timurlengia
801:Timurlengia
643:Timurlengia
631:pneumatised
627:Timurlengia
623:Carnosauria
584:Timurlengia
572:Timurlengia
568:Timurlengia
555:Timurlengia
508:Timurlengia
489:oval window
460:Description
449:neural arch
439:, specimen
389:Timurlengia
285:Timurlengia
237:Timurlengia
36:92–90
25:Timurlengia
5731:Categories
5537:Gallimimus
5466:Harpymimus
5411:Harpymimus
5032:Iliosuchus
5002:see below↓
4847:Alioramini
4665:Juratyrant
4651:Eotyrannus
4636:Bagaraatan
4588:Yutyrannus
4522:Coeluridae
4448:Vayuraptor
4294:see below↓
4270:Tratayenia
4263:Orkoraptor
4249:Megaraptor
4155:Aoniraptor
4088:Mapusaurus
4016:Sauroniops
3980:Altispinax
3933:Neovenator
3875:Siamraptor
3861:Datanglong
3828:Epanterias
3820:Antrodemus
3813:Allosaurus
3794:Allosauria
3617:Altispinax
3582:Gasosaurus
3494:see below↓
3370:Suchomimus
2971:Sinosaurus
2806:see below↓
2762:Viavenator
2712:Aucasaurus
2649:Ilokelesia
2620:Dahalokely
2575:Rajasaurus
2553:Indosaurus
2546:Genusaurus
2538:Dahalokely
2462:Indosuchus
2358:Limusaurus
2317:Ligabueino
2310:Kiyacursor
2302:Genusaurus
2286:Dahalokely
2206:Betasuchus
2077:Dornraptor
1977:see below↓
1953:Segisaurus
1806:Sinosaurus
1669:Eodromaeus
1598:see below↓
1546:Dinosauria
1528:Sauropsida
1352:2016-03-15
1328:2016-03-15
1303:2016-03-15
1179:2016-03-15
1053:References
742:Eotyrannus
724:Juratyrant
304:Uzbekistan
194:Saurischia
181:Dinosauria
5700:Q23055480
5613:includes
5558:Rativates
5551:Qiupalong
5251:Scipionyx
5244:Mirischia
4917:Lythronax
4856:Alioramus
4510:Labocania
4228:Aerosteon
3774:Sinraptor
3678:Erectopus
3413:Irritator
2998:Orionides
2883:Tetanurae
2870:Tetanurae
2797:Tetanurae
2733:Elemgasem
2656:Llukalkan
2635:Elemgasem
2392:Noasaurus
2255:Afromimus
2063:Averostra
2050:Averostra
1968:Averostra
1820:Velocipes
1639:Theropoda
1626:Theropoda
1589:Theropoda
1514:Kingdom:
1498:Theropoda
1457:146115938
1030:labyrinth
619:cognitive
503:Phylogeny
493:inner ear
385:CAT-scans
370:Timurleng
356:In 2016,
346:braincase
336:Discovery
306:, in the
302:found in
272:Brusatte
242:Brusatte
207:Theropoda
154:Kingdom:
148:Eukaryota
5694:Wikidata
5142:Coelurus
4567:Kileskus
4560:Guanlong
4532:Coelurus
4425:Gualicho
3925:Gualicho
3306:Baryonyx
2642:Guemesia
2469:Kryptops
2230:Ozraptor
1867:Pendraig
1522:Chordata
1520:Phylum:
1516:Animalia
1449:31061476
1395:27 March
1274:34527277
1133:26976562
1036:See also
1026:cochlear
607:eyesight
559:Turonian
437:holotype
316:Turonian
300:dinosaur
297:theropod
168:Chordata
164:Phylum:
158:Animalia
144:Domain:
4700:Timimus
4462:Zuolong
4192:Rapator
4095:Meraxes
3420:Oxalaia
2741:Koleken
1764:Lepidus
1526:Class:
1347:NPR.org
1265:8424376
1242:Bibcode
1203:Bibcode
1124:4822578
1101:Bibcode
615:hearing
532:of the
445:maxilla
381:euotica
310:in the
229:Genus:
105:↓
5714:348490
5351:Hexing
5039:Kakuru
4644:Dilong
2685:Thanos
2663:Niebla
2483:Rugops
2476:Kurupi
1455:
1447:
1272:
1262:
1131:
1121:
487:. The
322:. The
276:, 2016
274:et al.
244:et al.
5777:Timur
5615:birds
4672:Moros
4199:Siats
3940:Siats
3882:Siats
1542:Clade
1533:Clade
1453:S2CID
1415:(PDF)
611:smell
603:brain
595:skull
526:clade
454:taxon
350:brain
290:genus
214:Clade
201:Clade
188:Clade
175:Clade
5607:see
4242:Maip
1700:Tawa
1575:see
1445:PMID
1397:2016
1270:PMID
1147:link
1129:PMID
613:and
588:head
248:2016
44:PreꞒ
1435:hdl
1427:doi
1260:PMC
1250:doi
1211:doi
1119:PMC
1109:doi
1097:113
518:of
326:is
292:of
5733::
5711::
5696::
1544::
1535::
1451:.
1443:.
1433:.
1421:.
1417:.
1388:.
1369:.
1345:.
1321:.
1295:.
1282:^
1268:.
1258:.
1248:.
1236:.
1232:.
1209:.
1199:34
1197:.
1167:.
1155:^
1143:}}
1139:{{
1127:.
1117:.
1107:.
1095:.
1091:.
1061:^
645:.
609:,
553:.
536:.
499:.
332:.
246:,
216::
203::
190::
177::
94:Pg
38:Ma
33:,
5477:?
5469:?
5382:?
5346:?
5338:?
5306:?
5254:?
5225:?
5210:?
5145:?
4725:?
4703:?
4639:?
4542:?
4524:?
4513:?
4443:?
4428:?
4420:?
4405:?
4209:?
4201:?
4173:?
4165:?
4143:?
3983:?
3951:?
3943:?
3928:?
3920:?
3885:?
3839:?
3831:?
3823:?
3721:?
3696:?
3688:?
3643:?
3635:?
3627:?
3593:?
3585:?
3401:?
3338:?
3330:?
3284:?
3262:?
3227:?
3106:?
3071:?
2974:?
2931:?
2916:?
2908:?
2900:?
2736:?
2673:?
2623:?
2598:?
2570:?
2541:?
2450:?
2305:?
2297:?
2289:?
2281:?
2266:?
2258:?
2233:?
2225:?
2217:?
2209:?
2140:?
2125:?
2087:?
1948:?
1933:?
1925:?
1855:?
1823:?
1745:?
1711:?
1703:?
1695:?
1687:?
1672:?
1664:?
1656:?
1490:e
1483:t
1476:v
1459:.
1437::
1429::
1423:3
1399:.
1373:.
1355:.
1331:.
1306:.
1276:.
1252::
1244::
1238:8
1217:.
1213::
1205::
1182:.
1149:)
1135:.
1111::
1103::
916:†
898:†
873:†
848:†
823:†
798:†
773:†
739:†
721:†
703:†
673:†
659:†
562:"
263:†
233:†
220:†
99:N
89:K
84:J
79:T
74:P
69:C
64:D
59:S
54:O
49:Ꞓ
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
