440:. The cross-section of the bar needed to be accurate in size as this dictates the length and thickness of the final plates. The bar was cut to the correct length to make the desired size plate. For instance, if a 14 in × 20 in (360 mm × 510 mm) plate is desired the tin bar is cut to a length and width that is divisible by 14 and 20. The bar is then rolled and doubled over, with the number of times being doubled over dependent on how large the tin bar is and what the final thickness is. If the starting tin bar is 20 in × 56 in (510 mm × 1,420 mm) then it must be at least finished on the
332:
464:. The squeezer was like a table where one half of the surface folds over on top of the other and a press flattens the doubled over plate so the rolled end will fit in the rollers. It is then reheated for another set of rolling. This is repeated until the desired geometry is reached. Note that if the plate needs to be doubled over more than once the rolled end is sheared off. The pack is then allowed to cool. When cool, the pack is sheared slightly undersized from the final dimensions and the plates separated by
38:
568:
1135:
396:
had by 1900 increased to more than 849,000,000 lb, of which over 141,000,000 lb were terne-plates. The total imports in that year were only 135,264,881 lb. In later years, again, there was a decline in the
American production, and in 1907 only 20% of the American tinplate mills were at work, while the British production reached 14 million boxes.
145:; the latter, being the better, received a heavier coating of tin, and this circumstance is the origin of the terms coke plates and charcoal plates by which the quality of tinplate is still designated, although iron is no longer used. Tinplate was consumed in enormous quantities for the manufacture of the tin cans in which preserved
525:. The tinning machine has two small rollers that are spring-loaded together so that when the tinned plate is inserted the rolls squeeze off any excess tin. The springs on the tinning machine can be set to different forces to give different thicknesses of tin. Finally, the oil is cleaned off with fine
395:
In 1891, the United States made 11,000 tons of tinplate and imported 325,100 tons, but in 1899, it made 360,900 tons, importing only 63,500 tons (mostly for re-export). British exports were further hindered by the
Dingley tariff, which removed the advantage of Welsh plate on America's Pacific coast,
387:
becoming the chief source of the world's supply. In that year her total production was 180,000 boxes of 108 lb each (around 50 kg, in
America a box is 100 lb), in 1848 it was 420,000 boxes, in 1860 it reached 1,700,000 boxes. But subsequently the advance was rapid, and the production
479:. This involves dipping the plates in sulfuric acid for five minutes. The pickling turns the scales into a greenish-black slime which is removed via annealing. The plates are annealed for approximately 10 hours and then allowed to slowly cool. At this point the plates are known as
378:
Further mills followed a few years later, initially in many ironmaking regions in
England and Wales, but later mainly in south Wales. In 1805, 80,000 boxes were made and 50,000 exported. The industry continued to spread steadily in England and especially
699:
in the solution are attracted to the item. To produce a smooth, shiny surface, the electroplated sheet is then briefly heated above the melting point of tin. Most of the tin-plated steel made today is then further electroplated with a very thin layer of
452:
and passed five or six times through the roughing rolls. Between each pass the plate is passed over (or round) the rolls, and the gap between the rolls is narrowed by means of a screw. The plate is then reheated and run through the finishing rolls.
749:, that is, the zinc will oxidise and turn to a white powder to preserve the iron, whereas tin will only protect the iron if the tin-surface remains unbroken, as it electrolytically cannibalises unprotected iron to preserve itself.
532:
What is described here is the process as employed during the 20th century. The process grew somewhat in complexity over time, as it was found that the inclusion of additional procedures improved quality. The practice of
245:) were commissioned to go to Saxony and if possible discover the methods employed. They visited Dresden in 1667 and found out how it was made. In doing so, they were sponsored by various local
392:
was enacted there. This caused a great retrenchment in the
British industry and the emigration to America of many of those who could no longer be employed in the surviving tinplate works.
253:
navigable. In Saxony, the plates were forged, but when they conducted experiments on their return to
England, they tried rolling the iron. This led to two of the sponsors, the ironmasters
541:
evidently goes back to the early days, as the Knight family's tinplate works had (from its foundation in about 1740) two rolling mills, one at
Bringewood (west of Ludlow) which made
1150:
285:
elsewhere. It is likely that the intention was to roll the plates and then finish them under a hammer, but the plan was frustrated by one
William Chamberlaine renewing a
192:), who boiled copper objects in a tin solution in order to make them look as if they were made from silver. The first detailed account of the process appears in
732:
for roofing purposes. Other applications included fuel tanks and gas meters. The last Terne-plate mill in
Brockmoor, West Midlands in the UK was closed in 2006.
227:. Tinplate was apparently produced in the 1620s at a mill of (or under the patronage of) the Earl of Southampton, but it is not clear how long this continued.
399:
Despite this blow, the industry continued, but on a smaller scale. Nevertheless, there were still 518 mills in operation in 1937, including 224 belonging to
320:. However, this method of rolling iron plates by means of cylinders, enabled more uniform black plates to be produced than was possible with the old plan of
1155:
407:
was built by
Richard Thomas & Co. in the late 1930s. Strip mills rendered the old pack mills obsolete and the last of them closed in about the 1960s.
388:
reached about 2,236,000 lb in 1891. One of the greatest markets was the United States of America, but that market was cut off in 1891, when the
1246:
D.A. Irwin, 'Did late nineteenth century U.S. tariffs promote infant industries? Evidence from the tinplate industry' (NBER working paper 6835 1998)
368:
679:
In electroplating, the item to be coated is placed into a container containing a solution of one or more tin salts. The item is connected to an
626:
Hot tin-dipping is the process of immersing a part into a bath of pure molten tin at a temperature greater than 450 °F or 232 °C.
606:
began to be used to reduce the gauge further, which made tinning achievable. The plate was then tinned using the process outlined above.
316:
for making "Pontypoole Plates" machine. This has been claimed as a tinplate works, but it was almost certainly only producing (untinned)
517:
flux on top, and a grease pot. The flux dries the plate and prepares it for the tin to adhere. If a second tin pot is used, called the
204:
around 300 AD. Aside from an attestation in 14th century England, the process is not attested again in Europe until the description in
1088:
819:
1274:
1284:
1264:
305:
400:
250:
498:
several times. The rolling lengthens the plates to their final dimension. They are then annealed again to remove any
665:
began to replace pack mills, because they could produce the raw plates in larger quantities and more economically.
733:
238:
335:
129:
The untinned sheets employed in the manufacture are known as black plates. They are now made of steel, either
720:
mixed, the latter metal constituting from 7.59% of the whole. The name derives from "terne", meaning dull or
484:
331:
96:
403:
However the traditional 'pack mill' had been overtaken by the improved 'strip mill', of which the first in
165:, and numerous other products are packed, and also for the household utensils of various kinds made by the
1269:
646:
360:
88:
657:. Originally this was done by producing individual or small packs of plates, which became known as the
521:, it contains tin at a lower temperature. This is followed by the grease pot, which contains oil and a
258:
1279:
193:
80:
506:(black plate p. cr. and ca.). To attain perfect cleanliness the plates are pickled again in a weak
1212:
680:
351:
Tinplate first begins to appear in the Gloucester Port Books (which record trade passing through
687:(negative) of the circuit while an electrode typically of the same metal to be plated forms the
1259:
1094:
1084:
944:
936:
461:
37:
31:
1204:
692:
650:
638:
499:
476:
230:
177:
The practice of tinning ironware to protect it against rust is an ancient one. According to
130:
1102:
952:
764:
389:
364:
356:
278:
242:
178:
1164:
King, P. W. (1988), "Wolverley Lower Mill and the beginnings of the tinplate industry",
811:
444:, or doubled over twice, and if a thin gauge is required then it may be finished on the
674:
615:
339:
205:
185:
104:
92:
745:-coated) vessels - though not for cooking, as zinc can be toxic. A Zinc protects iron
567:
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1146:
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282:
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134:
114:
While once more widely used, the primary use of tinplate now is the manufacture of
100:
49:
1183:
64:. The term is also widely used for the different process of coating a metal with
791:
599:
534:
429:
201:
138:
324:, and in consequence the English tinplate became recognised as superior to the
759:
558:
542:
472:
437:
352:
317:
290:
274:
246:
1241:
Twenty by Fourteen': a history of the south Wales tinplate industry 1700-1961
1195:
Welter, J.-M. (2019). "Contact tinning: A millennia-old plating technology".
1190:, Institution by Mechanical Engineering Publications Ltd., pp. 1273–1282
716:
is a similar product to tinplate, but the bath is not of tin, but of tin and
614:
There are two processes for the tinning of the black plates: hot-dipping and
1106:
1098:
932:
546:
488:
425:
313:
301:
297:
262:
162:
119:
84:
1124:
Brown, P. J. (1988), "Andrew Yarranton and the British tinplate industry",
956:
948:
17:
929:
History of the British iron and steel industry from c.450 B.C. to A.D.1775
1159:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1000.
781:
701:
449:
234:
216:
166:
61:
728:
about the middle of the 19th century, and became widely employed in the
510:. Finally they are rinsed and stored in water until ready to be tinned.
265:
Lower Mill (or forge), in 1670. This contained three shops: one being a
1208:
786:
770:
725:
721:
684:
642:
325:
220:
197:
189:
158:
123:
115:
321:
286:
224:
65:
602:
strip mills did not produce strip suitable for tinning, but in 1929
448:, or doubled over three times. The tin bar is then heated to a dull
91:), and to keep them from fraying or unraveling when used in various
513:
The tinning set consists of at least one pot of molten tin, with a
1140:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
688:
380:
330:
300:
was Thomas Cooke. Another Thomas Cooke, perhaps his son, moved to
154:
53:
36:
1186:, in Institution of Mechanical Engineers (Great Britain) (ed.),
940:
742:
717:
526:
182:
150:
146:
72:
494:
After this, the plates are rough and not straight, so they are
424:, which is a drawn flat bar that was usually purchased from an
1184:"Proceedings - Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Parts 3-5"
696:
654:
562:
460:, or without doubling the plate over, it is doubled over in a
118:. Formerly, tinplate was used for cheap pots, pans, and other
57:
704:
to prevent dulling of the surface from oxidation of the tin.
273:, the others being forges. In 1678 one of these was making
1081:
The Knight Family and the British Iron Industry, 1695–1902
375:, and prior to a report of it being published in England.
293:
in 1662. Yarranton described the patent as "trumped up".
241:(a Stourbridge blacksmith and father of the more famous
579:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
545:, and the other the tin mill at Mitton (now part of
504:
black plate pickled, cold rolled, and close annealed
363:. This immediately follows the first appearance (in
223:, but in about the year 1620 the industry spread to
927:Schubert, John Rudolph Theodore (1 January 1957).
249:and people connected with the project to make the
126:and the people who made it were tinplate workers.
1230:F. W. Gibbs, 'The rise of the tinplate industry'
737:For many purposes, tinplate has been replaced by
1234:6 (1950), 390ff; 7(1) (1951), 25ff; 43ff; 113ff.
312:, by 1697, John Hanbury had a rolling mill at
75:, but is also commonly applied to the ends of
8:
1168:, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 104–113
1083:. Birmingham, England: Ferric Publications.
985:(CD-ROM, University of Wolverhampton 1995).
653:, and then coating it with a thin layer of
122:. This kind of holloware was also known as
48:is the process of thinly coating sheets of
1066:
994:
969:
383:, and after 1834 its expansion was rapid,
1128:, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 42–8
1054:
1042:
1030:
1018:
1006:
471:At this point, the plates are covered in
359:) in 1725. The tinplate was shipped from
1175:The British tinplate industry: a history
853:
60:, and the resulting product is known as
803:
724:. Terne-plates began to be produced in
215:The manufacture of tinplate was long a
983:et al., Gloucester Port Books Database
878:
773:for other processes for plating metals
767:, a form of tinning practiced in India
483:. These plates were commonly sold for
890:
695:is passed through the circuit, metal
7:
914:
902:
420:The pack mill process begins with a
41:Tin layer on the inside of a tin can
822:from the original on 20 August 2018
549:, evidently for the later stages.
107:, where stray strands can cause a
25:
1079:Ince, Laurence (1 October 1991).
981:Data extracted from D. P. Hussey
931:(1st ed.). London, England:
818:. New Zealand: Wavelength Media.
481:pickled and annealed black plates
137:was used, and was of two grades,
71:It is most often used to prevent
27:Covering object with layer of tin
1133:
566:
456:If the plate is not finished on
1243:(Gomer, Llandysul, Dyfed 1995).
373:Principes de l'art de fer-blanc
196:, Book 6.62, part of a work on
133:steel or open-hearth. Formerly
1:
342:
1188:The manufacture of tin-plate
181:tinning was invented by the
355:, mostly from ports in the
1306:
1173:Minchinton, W. W. (1957),
933:Routledge & Kegan Paul
672:
556:
502:. These plates are called
277:and the other drawing out
29:
1182:Tregoning, W. H. (1901),
1177:, Clarendon Press, Oxford
1151:Tin-plate and Terne-plate
269:, which would serve as a
188:tribe (based near modern
411:Plate production methods
401:Richard Thomas & Co.
306:John Hanbury (1664–1734)
1275:Metallurgical processes
1156:Encyclopædia Britannica
432:. The tin bar could be
261:, erecting a new mill,
243:Sir Ambrose Crowley III
237:and agriculturist, and
631:hot-dipped tin plating
361:Newport, Monmouthshire
348:
210:Das Kleine Probierbuch
42:
1166:Historical Metallurgy
1126:Historical Metallurgy
1057:, pp. 1281–1282.
1033:, pp. 1280–1281.
1021:, pp. 1279–1280.
1009:, pp. 1278–1279.
812:"Soldering - Tinning"
416:The pack mill process
334:
304:and worked there for
89:electrical resistance
81:electrical conductors
40:
30:For the surname, see
1285:Thin film deposition
1265:Industrial processes
691:(positive). When an
661:. In the late 1920s
194:Zosimus of Panopolis
336:Treforest Tin Works
289:granted to him and
1209:10.1111/arcm.12454
681:electrical circuit
629:Tinplate made via
578:. You can help by
529:and dusted clean.
349:
68:before soldering.
43:
1232:Annals of Science
1069:, pp. 250–3.
997:, pp. 67–68.
905:, pp. 104–13
659:pack mill process
610:Tinning processes
596:
595:
259:Joshua Newborough
87:(which increases
32:Tinning (surname)
16:(Redirected from
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651:strain hardening
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231:Andrew Yarranton
21:
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1225:Further reading
1194:
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1149:, ed. (1911). "
1145:
1134:
1132:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1114:
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1078:
1077:
1073:
1067:Minchinton 1957
1065:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1045:, p. 1281.
1041:
1037:
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1017:
1013:
1005:
1001:
995:Minchinton 1957
993:
989:
980:
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970:Minchinton 1957
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964:
935:. p. 429.
926:
925:
921:
913:
909:
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897:
893:, pp. 42–8
889:
885:
877:
873:
867:Natural History
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860:
852:
835:
825:
823:
810:
809:
805:
800:
765:Kalai (process)
756:
710:
677:
671:
637:steel or iron,
624:
612:
592:
586:
583:
576:needs expansion
561:
555:
523:tinning machine
418:
413:
390:McKinley tariff
357:Bristol Channel
345:
308:. According to
296:The slitter at
239:Ambrose Crowley
179:Pliny the Elder
175:
105:terminal blocks
93:wire connectors
35:
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1221:
1203:(4): 906–920.
1192:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1147:Chisholm, Hugh
1130:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1090:978-0951816509
1089:
1071:
1059:
1055:Tregoning 1901
1047:
1043:Tregoning 1901
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1031:Tregoning 1901
1023:
1019:Tregoning 1901
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709:
706:
683:, forming the
675:electroplating
673:Main article:
670:
669:Electroplating
667:
649:to remove any
641:to remove any
623:
620:
616:electroplating
611:
608:
594:
593:
587:September 2009
573:
571:
557:Main article:
554:
553:The strip mill
551:
417:
414:
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409:
340:Glamorganshire
206:Lazarus Ercker
174:
171:
26:
24:
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13:
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6:
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3:
2:
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1271:
1270:Metal plating
1268:
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1255:
1245:
1242:
1239:P. Jenkins, '
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1142:public domain
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972:, p. 10.
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917:, p. 109
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854:Chisholm 1911
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816:Media College
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574:This section
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560:
552:
550:
548:
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540:
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530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:zinc chloride
511:
509:
508:sulfuric acid
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405:Great Britain
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385:Great Britain
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283:finery forges
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267:slitting mill
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236:
233:, an English
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143:charcoal iron
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110:
109:short circuit
106:
102:
101:binding posts
98:
94:
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77:stranded wire
74:
69:
67:
63:
59:
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39:
33:
19:
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1197:Archaeometry
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1187:
1174:
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1125:
1118:Bibliography
1080:
1074:
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1002:
990:
982:
977:
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886:
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861:
824:. Retrieved
815:
806:
777:Sherardizing
713:
708:Alternatives
678:
662:
658:
635:cold rolling
630:
628:
625:
613:
604:cold rolling
597:
584:
580:adding to it
575:
539:cold rolling
531:
522:
518:
512:
503:
493:
480:
475:and must be
470:
465:
457:
455:
445:
441:
434:wrought iron
421:
419:
398:
394:
377:
372:
350:
310:Edward Lhuyd
295:
271:rolling mill
255:Philip Foley
229:
214:
209:
176:
128:
113:
70:
50:wrought iron
45:
44:
1280:Steelmaking
879:Welter 2019
792:Black oxide
714:Terne-plate
663:strip mills
633:is made by
622:Hot-dipping
600:hot rolling
535:hot rolling
496:cold rolled
430:steel works
346: 1840
275:frying pans
251:River Stour
247:ironmasters
202:Roman Egypt
200:written in
83:to prevent
18:Tin plating
1254:Categories
891:Brown 1988
798:References
760:Blackplate
739:galvanised
559:Strip mill
543:blackplate
491:purposes.
438:mild steel
353:Gloucester
318:blackplate
291:Dud Dudley
163:cigarettes
1217:134869188
1107:18394856M
915:King 1988
903:King 1988
826:20 August
647:annealing
547:Stourport
537:and then
489:enameling
426:ironworks
322:hammering
314:Pontypool
302:Pontypool
298:Wolverley
263:Wolverley
186:Bituriges
141:iron and
120:holloware
97:twist-ons
85:oxidation
1260:Coatings
1099:60028177
957:6243330M
941:58002989
820:Archived
782:Tinsmith
754:See also
702:chromium
639:pickling
519:wash pot
485:stamping
462:squeezer
450:red heat
281:made in
235:engineer
217:monopoly
167:tinsmith
159:biscuits
131:Bessemer
116:tin cans
79:used as
62:tinplate
1144::
949:2536148
865:Pliny,
787:Tinware
771:Plating
726:England
722:tarnish
685:cathode
477:pickled
466:openers
458:singles
422:tin bar
369:Réaumur
221:Bohemia
212:(1556)
198:alchemy
190:Bourges
173:History
124:tinware
46:Tinning
1215:
1138:
1105:
1097:
1087:
955:
947:
939:
869:24.162
598:Early
446:eights
365:French
326:German
287:patent
279:blooms
225:Saxony
183:Gallic
66:solder
1213:S2CID
689:anode
643:scale
473:scale
442:fours
381:Wales
367:) of
155:fruit
103:, or
95:like
56:with
54:steel
1095:OCLC
1085:ISBN
945:OCLC
937:LCCN
828:2018
743:zinc
718:lead
697:ions
527:bran
487:and
257:and
151:fish
147:meat
139:coke
135:iron
73:rust
1290:Tin
1205:doi
1153:".
655:tin
582:.
436:or
428:or
371:'s
219:of
208:'s
58:tin
52:or
1256::
1211:.
1201:61
1199:.
1103:OL
1101:.
1093:.
953:OL
951:.
943:.
836:^
814:.
645:,
618:.
468:.
343:c.
338:,
328:.
169:.
161:,
157:,
153:,
149:,
111:.
99:,
1219:.
1207::
1109:.
959:.
881:.
856:.
830:.
741:(
589:)
585:(
34:.
20:)
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