4127:
4120:
150:
2922:
4106:
2940:
4134:
2934:
4291:
4113:
2929:
4099:
383:
129:
476:
is elongated along the anteroposterior (forward-backward) axis of the body. The lengthening of the glenoid corresponds with a flattening of the proximal end of the humerus, a feature common in the forelimbs of more advanced stem tetrapods. Although the pectoral limb bones and girdle were not strong
583:
as a branch directly connected to the stem of
Tetrapoda. In other words, it is a close relative of the lineage leading to land vertebrates (a prehistoric taxon can rarely be identified as an ancestor of another taxon, but is instead considered a side branch in a larger lineage).
1787:; Matt Friedman (2014). "A large, anatomically primitive tristichopterid (Sarcopterygii: Tetrapodomorpha) from the Late Devonian (Frasnian) Alves Beds, Upper Old Red Sandstone, Moray, Scotland".
4509:
4371:
530:
396:
was a fairly large, predatory fish about a meter long and with a deep, compact body. The head was large, with large terminal mout and numerous teeth. The tail was
4499:
481:
out of water, glenoid lengthening and other changes to the proximal forelimb were among the first steps in the transformation from pectoral fin to forelimb.
1902:
4504:
4453:
4358:
525:
marine environment. Six fossils are known, all preserving bones of the skull. Two fossils preserve postcranial bones in articulation. The
457:
is the earliest known stem tetrapod to have a significantly reduced postaxial process, and a fibula more like those of later tetrapods.
551:
that are transitional between fish, representing life in the water, and tetrapods, representing life on land. The specific name honors
588:, traditionally considered a direct ancestor of tetrapods, or a close relative of such an ancestor, was placed deep within the family
498:
4126:
4119:
547:
legend is the guardian of ocean life, and whose form is half human and half fish. The connection alludes to the features in
4253:
1895:
4263:
4494:
4105:
2928:
149:
4294:
4133:
1888:
4112:
2933:
4098:
4068:
2939:
522:
4311:
4248:
4032:
2000:
502:
4466:
4397:
2239:
506:
264:
2921:
2831:
439:
had hindlimb configurations very similar to the first land-living tetrapods, some early forms such as
4444:
2586:
2364:
2089:
544:
423:
appeared, many stem tetrapods had already developed the three major hindlimb bones of tetrapods: the
241:
2652:
2579:
2565:
2249:
4268:
3448:
2800:
2638:
2269:
2179:
2129:
3189:
2851:
2498:
2413:
2371:
4190:
3664:
3316:
2759:
2752:
2572:
2512:
2421:
2385:
2299:
1804:
1235:
987:
806:
289:
144:
4471:
4402:
2259:
2099:
4384:
4376:
4196:
3775:
3435:
3166:
2629:
2598:
2527:
2452:
2199:
1866:
973:
956:
892:
709:
589:
552:
494:
220:
4389:
2474:
2329:
4202:
3459:
1856:
1846:
1796:
572:
555:, an English paleontologist who has made many contributions to the study of stem tetrapods.
4212:
4180:
3904:
3796:
3633:
3408:
3383:
3356:
3182:
2784:
2773:
2614:
2520:
2505:
2489:
2062:
2049:
2012:
1911:
1248:
1011:
908:
607:
576:
324:
207:
41:
4258:
4232:
4227:
4185:
4175:
4050:
4021:
3945:
3913:
3890:
3869:
3848:
3812:
3789:
3768:
3741:
3700:
3626:
3619:
3497:
3417:
2737:
2687:
2466:
2209:
2149:
1861:
1834:
1438:
1035:
685:
441:
352:
320:
4488:
4349:
4015:
3991:
3984:
3927:
3920:
3862:
3834:
3603:
3592:
3579:
3565:
3551:
3468:
3424:
3286:
3246:
3071:
3010:
2821:
2694:
2645:
2436:
1985:
1960:
1808:
1483:
1262:
1083:
671:
645:
571:
is positioned more crownward, or closer to
Tetrapoda, than other stem tetrapods like
462:
358:
336:
194:
79:
4222:
4217:
4166:
4161:
4038:
3955:
3883:
3841:
3612:
3558:
3397:
3306:
3236:
3175:
3051:
3030:
3020:
3000:
2957:
2872:
2745:
2557:
2542:
2343:
2313:
2219:
2139:
1951:
1532:
1415:
1391:
1343:
1310:
844:
564:
468:
401:
397:
363:
1880:
382:
4429:
1851:
4438:
4343:
3855:
3679:
3535:
3521:
3475:
3266:
3226:
2722:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2535:
2459:
2445:
2399:
2392:
2357:
2322:
2169:
2109:
1969:
1460:
1124:
750:
733:
340:
54:
509:. They came from a deposit called the Red Hill I beds, which date to the upper
3977:
3826:
3819:
3759:
3711:
3336:
3256:
3142:
3112:
3081:
3061:
3041:
2841:
2730:
2715:
2659:
2406:
2229:
2159:
2079:
1554:
1506:
1367:
1107:
868:
622:
128:
99:
64:
17:
4334:
408:, giving the animal a large tail surface suitable for great bursts of speed.
404:
were situated behind the middle of the body similar to the situation seen in
4207:
3970:
3962:
3876:
3652:
3544:
3506:
3390:
3370:
3346:
3326:
3132:
3101:
3091:
2963:
2878:
2861:
2811:
2708:
2549:
2289:
2119:
1784:
1293:
1059:
820:
593:
514:
343:
161:
104:
48:
1870:
4423:
4328:
4006:
3804:
3727:
3720:
3692:
3514:
3207:
3122:
2981:
2378:
2336:
2279:
1942:
1518:
526:
518:
510:
450:
412:
181:
94:
89:
74:
69:
59:
1800:
4458:
4363:
4074:
3782:
3734:
3296:
3276:
2701:
2189:
1570:
579:. In its first description, the phylogenetic analysis of Swartz placed
540:
416:
109:
84:
513:
stage of the Middle
Devonian. The Red Hill I beds include a series of
3152:
2350:
1936:
446:
432:
328:
171:
4305:
1835:"A marine stem-tetrapod from the Devonian of Western North America"
411:
It shares many advanced features with later tetrapodomorphs in the
428:
424:
381:
316:
405:
4309:
4149:
2955:
2047:
1929:
1884:
501:. Gregory and his field team found these fossils near the
339:
close to the ancestry of land-living vertebrates in the
539:
was named by paleontologist Brian Swartz in 2012 after
596:
modified from Swartz (2012) showing the placement of
3938:
3901:
3756:
3676:
3648:
3576:
3532:
3494:
3367:
3352:
3342:
3332:
3322:
3312:
3302:
3292:
3282:
3272:
3262:
3252:
3242:
3232:
3222:
3163:
3148:
3138:
3128:
3118:
3108:
3097:
3087:
3077:
3067:
3057:
3047:
3037:
3026:
3016:
3006:
2996:
2857:
2847:
2837:
2827:
2817:
2807:
2796:
2626:
2610:
2486:
2433:
2310:
2295:
2285:
2275:
2265:
2255:
2245:
2235:
2225:
2215:
2205:
2195:
2185:
2175:
2165:
2155:
2145:
2135:
2125:
2115:
2105:
2095:
2085:
2075:
4413:
4318:
4241:
4160:
4049:
4014:
4001:
3937:
3900:
3755:
3710:
3675:
3647:
3602:
3575:
3531:
3493:
3458:
3434:
3407:
3366:
3203:
3162:
2980:
2871:
2783:
2625:
2597:
2485:
2432:
2309:
2060:
2011:
1984:
331:. Although it spent its entire life in the ocean,
445:possessed a prominent postaxial process of the
400:. The remaining fins with the exception of the
1763:was a member of the family Tristichopteridae.
346:. Relative to more well-known stem tetrapods,
1896:
350:is more closely related to Tetrapoda than is
8:
136:Holotype fossil and interpretive drawing of
4306:
4157:
4146:
4011:
3684:
3584:
3440:
3375:
3215:
2989:
2977:
2952:
2789:
2603:
2068:
2057:
2044:
1990:
1981:
1926:
1903:
1889:
1881:
592:, away from the tetrapod stem. Below is a
127:
31:
4510:Devonian sarcopterygians of North America
1860:
1850:
1778:
1776:
493:were first discovered by paleontologist
1772:
533:118605, is a mostly complete skeleton.
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1759:(2014) considered it more likely that
356:, but farther from Tetrapoda than is
7:
435:. While derived stem tetrapods like
4500:Prehistoric lobe-finned fish genera
1547:
1524:
1499:
1475:
1453:
1431:
1407:
1383:
1359:
1335:
1285:
1278:
1254:
1227:
1203:
1099:
1075:
1051:
1027:
1003:
979:
969:
962:
884:
860:
836:
812:
802:
725:
701:
677:
667:
660:
638:
614:
603:
1783:Matthew Parfitt; Zerina Johanson;
25:
499:University of California Berkeley
497:in 1970, who then worked for the
27:Extinct species of tetrapodomorph
4290:
4289:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4097:
2938:
2932:
2927:
2920:
477:enough to support the weight of
460:Like those of the Late Devonian
419:(shoulder sockets). By the time
148:
4505:Middle Devonian sarcopterygians
1:
4254:Polydactyly in stem-tetrapods
1852:10.1371/journal.pone.0033683
1789:Scottish Journal of Geology
1755:On the other hand, Parfitt
4526:
301:Schultze & Reed (2012)
4285:
4156:
4145:
4095:
3687:
3587:
3443:
3378:
3218:
2992:
2976:
2951:
2917:
2792:
2606:
2071:
2056:
2043:
1993:
1980:
1925:
1567:
1552:
1545:
1529:
1522:
1504:
1497:
1480:
1473:
1458:
1451:
1436:
1429:
1412:
1405:
1388:
1381:
1364:
1357:
1340:
1333:
1307:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1259:
1252:
1232:
1225:
1208:
1201:
1121:
1104:
1097:
1080:
1073:
1056:
1049:
1032:
1025:
1008:
1001:
984:
977:
967:
960:
906:
889:
882:
865:
858:
841:
834:
817:
810:
800:
747:
730:
723:
706:
699:
682:
675:
665:
658:
643:
636:
619:
612:
521:, likely deposited in an
295:
288:
270:
263:
145:Scientific classification
143:
135:
126:
34:
523:outer continental shelf
4249:Evolution of tetrapods
503:Simpson Park Mountains
390:
4467:Paleobiology Database
4398:Paleobiology Database
507:Eureka County, Nevada
386:3D reconstruction of
385:
298:Bruehnopteron murphyi
366:and only species of
4269:Zachelmie trackways
3449:Pseudophlegethontia
1833:Swartz, B. (2012).
1801:10.1144/sjg2013-013
4191:Megalichthyiformes
2753:Platycephalichthys
1236:Platycephalichthys
807:Megalichthyiformes
391:
4482:
4481:
4385:Open Tree of Life
4312:Taxon identifiers
4303:
4302:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4197:Tristichopteridae
4141:
4140:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4084:
3751:
3750:
3643:
3642:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3436:Phlegethontioidea
3199:
3198:
3167:Elginerpetontidae
2947:
2946:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2832:Parapanderichthys
2630:Tristichopteridae
2599:Eotetrapodiformes
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
1752:
1751:
1743:
1742:
1734:
1733:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1715:
1707:
1706:
1698:
1697:
1689:
1688:
1680:
1679:
1671:
1670:
1662:
1661:
1653:
1652:
1644:
1643:
1635:
1634:
1626:
1625:
1617:
1616:
1608:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1590:
1589:
1581:
1580:
1322:
1321:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1162:
1154:
1153:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1135:
974:Tristichopteridae
957:Eotetrapodiformes
946:
945:
937:
936:
928:
927:
919:
918:
789:
788:
780:
779:
771:
770:
762:
761:
590:Tristichopteridae
573:megalichthyiforms
553:Jennifer A. Clack
495:Joseph T. Gregory
472:, the glenoid of
449:hanging over the
374:, named in 2012.
308:
307:
244:
221:Eotetrapodiformes
16:(Redirected from
4517:
4495:Tristichopterids
4475:
4474:
4462:
4461:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4406:
4405:
4393:
4392:
4380:
4379:
4367:
4366:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4307:
4293:
4292:
4203:Labyrinthodontia
4158:
4147:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4101:
4058:
4054:
4020:
4012:
4004:
3943:
3940:
3903:
3758:
3685:
3678:
3650:
3585:
3578:
3534:
3496:
3460:Phlegethontiidae
3441:
3376:
3369:
3354:
3344:
3334:
3324:
3314:
3304:
3294:
3284:
3274:
3264:
3254:
3244:
3234:
3224:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3165:
3150:
3140:
3130:
3120:
3110:
3099:
3089:
3079:
3069:
3059:
3049:
3039:
3028:
3018:
3008:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2978:
2971:
2962:
2953:
2942:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2886:
2877:
2859:
2849:
2839:
2829:
2819:
2809:
2798:
2790:
2628:
2612:
2604:
2488:
2435:
2312:
2297:
2287:
2277:
2267:
2257:
2247:
2237:
2227:
2217:
2207:
2197:
2187:
2177:
2167:
2157:
2147:
2137:
2127:
2117:
2107:
2097:
2087:
2077:
2069:
2058:
2045:
1991:
1982:
1975:
1974:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1912:Tetrapodomorpha
1905:
1898:
1891:
1882:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1854:
1830:
1813:
1812:
1780:
1548:
1525:
1500:
1476:
1454:
1432:
1408:
1384:
1360:
1336:
1286:
1279:
1255:
1228:
1204:
1100:
1076:
1052:
1028:
1004:
980:
970:
963:
885:
861:
837:
813:
803:
726:
702:
678:
668:
661:
639:
615:
604:
577:tristichopterids
302:
279:
275:
239:
232:
153:
152:
131:
121:
51:
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4470:
4465:
4457:
4452:
4445:Tinirau clackae
4443:
4442:
4437:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4415:Tinirau clackae
4409:
4401:
4396:
4388:
4383:
4375:
4370:
4362:
4357:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4314:
4304:
4299:
4273:
4237:
4213:Ichthyostegalia
4181:Osteolepiformes
4165:
4152:
4137:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4081:
4056:
4052:
4051:Reptiliomorpha
4045:
4018:
4005:
4002:
3997:
3941:
3933:
3905:Gephyrostegidae
3896:
3797:Carbonoherpeton
3747:
3706:
3671:
3639:
3634:Palaeomolgophis
3598:
3571:
3527:
3481:
3454:
3430:
3409:Oestocephalidae
3403:
3384:Andersonerpeton
3362:
3357:Tantallognathus
3210:
3204:
3195:
3183:Obruchevichthys
3158:
2984:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2943:
2919:
2899:
2881:
2875:
2867:
2785:Elpistostegalia
2779:
2774:Tristichopterus
2621:
2615:Palaeospondylus
2593:
2587:Sterropterygion
2521:Ectosteorhachis
2506:Cladarosymblema
2490:Megalichthyidae
2481:
2428:
2365:Propycnoctenion
2305:
2065:
2063:Tetrapodomorpha
2052:
2050:Tetrapodomorpha
2027:
2013:Tetrapodomorpha
2007:
1976:
1932:
1931:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1879:
1878:
1832:
1831:
1816:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1769:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1323:
1249:Elpistostegalia
1191:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1012:Tristichopterus
947:
938:
929:
920:
909:Megalichthyidae
790:
781:
772:
763:
608:Tetrapodomorpha
561:
537:Tinirau clackae
487:
453:bone below it.
380:
325:Middle Devonian
300:
284:
281:
277:Tinirau clackae
273:
272:
259:
256:T. clackae
238:
230:
208:Tetrapodomorpha
147:
138:Tinirau clackae
122:
120:
119:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
46:
45:
42:Middle Devonian
38:
36:Tinirau clackae
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4523:
4521:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4487:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4463:
4450:
4435:
4419:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4394:
4381:
4368:
4355:
4340:
4324:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4233:Anthracosauria
4230:
4228:Phyllospondyli
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4188:
4186:Osteolepididae
4183:
4178:
4176:Stem tetrapoda
4172:
4170:
4154:
4153:
4151:Related topics
4150:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4071:
4069:Reptiliomorpha
4062:
4060:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4035:
4026:
4024:
4022:Batrachomorpha
4009:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3959:
3951:
3949:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3914:Bruktererpeton
3909:
3907:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3891:Spondylerpeton
3887:
3880:
3873:
3870:Proterogyrinus
3866:
3859:
3852:
3849:Palaeoherpeton
3845:
3838:
3831:
3823:
3816:
3813:Diplovertebron
3809:
3800:
3793:
3790:Calligenethlon
3786:
3779:
3772:
3769:Anthracosaurus
3764:
3762:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3742:Megalocephalus
3738:
3731:
3724:
3716:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3701:Spathicephalus
3697:
3688:
3682:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3658:
3656:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3630:
3627:Dolichopareias
3623:
3620:Adelospondylus
3616:
3608:
3606:
3604:Adelogyrinidae
3600:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3588:
3582:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3540:
3538:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3502:
3500:
3498:Whatcheeriidae
3491:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3472:
3464:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3421:
3418:Coloraderpeton
3413:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3379:
3373:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3350:
3340:
3330:
3320:
3310:
3300:
3290:
3280:
3270:
3260:
3250:
3240:
3230:
3219:
3213:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3171:
3169:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3146:
3136:
3126:
3116:
3106:
3095:
3085:
3075:
3065:
3055:
3045:
3035:
3024:
3014:
3004:
2993:
2987:
2974:
2973:
2956:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2855:
2845:
2835:
2825:
2815:
2805:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2738:Marsdenichthys
2734:
2727:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2688:Eusthenopteron
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2653:Callistipterus
2649:
2642:
2634:
2632:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2583:
2580:Sengoerichthys
2576:
2569:
2566:Palatinichthys
2562:
2554:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2524:
2517:
2509:
2502:
2494:
2492:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2471:
2467:Marsdenichthys
2463:
2456:
2449:
2441:
2439:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2418:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2318:
2316:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2293:
2283:
2273:
2263:
2253:
2250:Platyethmoidia
2243:
2233:
2223:
2213:
2210:Megadonichthys
2203:
2193:
2183:
2173:
2163:
2153:
2150:Harajicadectes
2143:
2133:
2123:
2113:
2103:
2093:
2083:
2072:
2066:
2061:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1994:
1988:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1939:
1930:
1923:
1922:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1885:
1877:
1876:
1814:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1439:Whatcheeriidae
1435:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1036:Eusthenopteron
1031:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1007:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
993:
992:
983:
978:
976:
968:
966:
961:
959:
953:
952:
949:
948:
944:
943:
940:
939:
935:
934:
931:
930:
926:
925:
922:
921:
917:
916:
913:
912:
905:
902:
901:
898:
897:
888:
883:
881:
878:
877:
874:
873:
864:
859:
857:
854:
853:
850:
849:
840:
835:
833:
830:
829:
826:
825:
816:
811:
809:
801:
799:
796:
795:
792:
791:
787:
786:
783:
782:
778:
777:
774:
773:
769:
768:
765:
764:
760:
759:
756:
755:
746:
743:
742:
739:
738:
729:
724:
722:
719:
718:
715:
714:
705:
700:
698:
695:
694:
691:
690:
686:Marsdenichthys
681:
676:
674:
666:
664:
659:
657:
654:
653:
650:
649:
642:
637:
635:
632:
631:
628:
627:
618:
613:
611:
602:
586:Eusthenopteron
560:
557:
486:
483:
442:Eusthenopteron
379:
376:
353:Eusthenopteron
323:fish from the
321:sarcopterygian
315:is an extinct
306:
305:
293:
292:
286:
285:
282:
268:
267:
261:
260:
252:
250:
246:
245:
228:
224:
223:
218:
211:
210:
205:
198:
197:
192:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
141:
140:
133:
132:
124:
123:
115:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
52:
39:
26:
24:
18:Tinirau (fish)
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4522:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4473:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4440:
4436:
4431:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4404:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4360:
4356:
4351:
4345:
4341:
4336:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4308:
4296:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4144:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4076:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4048:
4040:
4036:
4034:
4033:Temnospondyli
4030:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4017:
4016:Temnospondyli
4013:
4010:
4008:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3992:Termonerpeton
3989:
3987:
3986:
3985:Silvanerpeton
3982:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:anthracosaurs
3936:
3930:
3929:
3928:Gephyrostegus
3925:
3923:
3922:
3921:Eusauropleura
3918:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3863:Pholiderpeton
3860:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3835:Leptophractus
3832:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3754:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3674:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3646:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3593:Acherontiscus
3590:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3580:Adelospondyli
3574:
3568:
3567:
3566:Pholidogaster
3563:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3552:Deltaherpeton
3549:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3492:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3469:Phlegethontia
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3425:Oestocephalus
3422:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3287:Ichthyerpeton
3281:
3279:
3278:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3247:Crassigyrinus
3241:
3239:
3238:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3209:
3202:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3072:Metaxygnathus
3066:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3011:Brittagnathus
3005:
3003:
3002:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2930:
2923:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2822:Panderichthys
2816:
2814:
2813:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2801:Howittichthys
2795:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2695:Heddleichthys
2692:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2646:Cabonnichthys
2643:
2641:
2640:
2639:Bruehnopteron
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2616:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2437:Canowindridae
2431:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2270:Thaumatolepis
2264:
2262:
2261:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2180:Lamprotolepis
2174:
2172:
2171:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2130:Greiserolepis
2124:
2122:
2121:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2002:
2001:Gnathostomata
1998:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1986:Gnathostomata
1983:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1961:Sarcopterygii
1958:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:Pan-Tetrapoda
1906:
1901:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1845:(3): e33683.
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1738:
1730:
1729:
1721:
1720:
1712:
1711:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1693:
1685:
1684:
1676:
1675:
1667:
1666:
1658:
1657:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1639:
1631:
1630:
1622:
1621:
1613:
1612:
1604:
1603:
1595:
1594:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1484:Crassigyrinus
1478:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1263:Panderichthys
1257:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1177:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1084:Cabonnichthys
1078:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1006:
1005:
999:
998:
995:
994:
991:
990:
989:
982:
981:
975:
972:
971:
965:
964:
958:
955:
954:
951:
950:
942:
941:
933:
932:
924:
923:
915:
914:
911:
910:
904:
903:
900:
899:
896:
895:
894:
887:
886:
880:
879:
876:
875:
872:
871:
870:
863:
862:
856:
855:
852:
851:
848:
847:
846:
839:
838:
832:
831:
828:
827:
824:
823:
822:
815:
814:
808:
805:
804:
798:
797:
794:
793:
785:
784:
776:
775:
767:
766:
758:
757:
754:
753:
752:
745:
744:
741:
740:
737:
736:
735:
728:
727:
721:
720:
717:
716:
713:
712:
711:
704:
703:
697:
696:
693:
692:
689:
688:
687:
680:
679:
673:
672:Canowindridae
670:
669:
663:
662:
656:
655:
652:
651:
648:
647:
646:Rhizodontidae
641:
640:
634:
633:
630:
629:
626:
625:
624:
617:
616:
609:
606:
605:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
558:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
484:
482:
480:
475:
471:
470:
465:
464:
463:Panderichthys
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
443:
438:
437:Panderichthys
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
402:pectoral fins
399:
395:
389:
384:
377:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:
359:Panderichthys
355:
354:
349:
345:
342:
338:
337:stem tetrapod
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:
304:
299:
294:
291:
287:
280:
278:
269:
266:
265:Binomial name
262:
258:
257:
251:
248:
247:
243:
237:
236:
229:
226:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
196:
195:Sarcopterygii
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
151:
146:
142:
139:
134:
130:
125:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
50:
43:
37:
33:
30:
19:
4414:
4319:
4242:Other topics
4223:Holospondyli
4218:Lepospondyli
4167:Polyphyletic
4162:Paraphyletic
4102:
4039:Lissamphibia
3990:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3961:
3956:Caerorhachis
3954:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3889:
3884:Seroherpeton
3882:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3842:Neopteroplax
3840:
3833:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3803:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3699:
3691:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3613:Adelogyrinus
3611:
3591:
3564:
3559:Greererpeton
3557:
3550:
3543:
3520:
3513:
3505:
3474:
3467:
3447:
3423:
3416:
3398:Ophiderpeton
3396:
3389:
3382:
3355:
3345:
3335:
3325:
3315:
3307:Mesanerpeton
3305:
3295:
3285:
3275:
3265:
3255:
3245:
3237:Aytonerpeton
3235:
3225:
3190:Webererpeton
3188:
3181:
3176:Elginerpeton
3174:
3151:
3141:
3131:
3121:
3111:
3100:
3090:
3080:
3070:
3060:
3052:Ichthyostega
3050:
3040:
3031:Elpistostege
3029:
3021:Densignathus
3019:
3009:
3001:Acanthostega
2999:
2967:
2958:Stegocephali
2926:
2882:
2873:Stegocephali
2860:
2852:Rubrognathus
2850:
2840:
2830:
2820:
2810:
2799:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2746:Notorhizodon
2744:
2736:
2729:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2613:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2558:Megistolepis
2556:
2548:
2543:Megalichthys
2541:
2534:
2526:
2519:
2511:
2504:
2499:Askerichthys
2497:
2473:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2420:
2414:Thysanolepis
2412:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2372:Pycnoctenion
2370:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2344:Gooloogongia
2342:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2314:Rhizodontida
2298:
2288:
2278:
2268:
2258:
2248:
2238:
2228:
2220:Muranjilepis
2218:
2208:
2198:
2188:
2178:
2168:
2158:
2148:
2140:Gyroptychius
2138:
2128:
2118:
2108:
2098:
2088:
2078:
1965:
1956:
1952:Osteichthyes
1947:
1842:
1838:
1795:(1): 79–85.
1792:
1788:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1568:
1553:
1533:Lissamphibia
1531:Total-group
1530:
1505:
1482:
1481:
1459:
1437:
1416:Ichthyostega
1414:
1413:
1392:Acanthostega
1390:
1389:
1366:
1365:
1344:Elginerpeton
1342:
1341:
1311:Elpistostege
1309:
1308:
1292:
1291:
1261:
1260:
1234:
1233:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1123:
1122:
1106:
1105:
1082:
1081:
1058:
1057:
1034:
1033:
1010:
1009:
986:
985:
907:
891:
890:
867:
866:
845:Gyroptychius
843:
842:
819:
818:
749:
748:
732:
731:
708:
707:
684:
683:
644:
621:
620:
597:
585:
580:
568:
565:phylogenetic
562:
548:
536:
535:
490:
488:
478:
473:
469:Ichthyostega
467:
461:
459:
454:
440:
436:
420:
410:
398:heterocercal
393:
392:
387:
371:
367:
357:
351:
347:
332:
311:
310:
309:
297:
296:
283:Swartz, 2012
276:
271:
255:
254:
234:
233:
214:
201:
188:
137:
35:
29:
4439:Wikispecies
4344:Wikispecies
4259:Romer's gap
4055:Pan-Amniota
4003:Crown group
3856:Papposaurus
3680:Baphetoidea
3536:Colosteidae
3522:Whatcheeria
3476:Sillerpeton
3267:Doragnathus
3227:Antlerpeton
2760:Spodichthys
2723:Litoptychus
2681:Eusthenodon
2674:Edenopteron
2667:Devonosteus
2573:Rhizodopsis
2536:Mahalalepis
2513:Cryptolepis
2460:Koharalepis
2446:Beelarongia
2422:Vorobjevaia
2400:Screbinodus
2393:Sauripterus
2386:Rossichthys
2358:Letognathus
2323:Archichthys
2300:Viluichthys
2170:Litoptychus
2110:Glyptopomus
2090:Chrysolepis
1970:Rhipidistia
1569:Other stem
1461:Colosteidae
1125:Eusthenodon
988:Spodichthys
751:Beelarongia
734:Koharalepis
489:Remains of
413:pelvic limb
378:Description
341:crown group
4489:Categories
3978:Eoherpeton
3827:Eoherpeton
3820:Eobaphetes
3760:Embolomeri
3712:Baphetidae
3337:Perittodus
3257:Diploradus
3143:Ventastega
3113:Tulerpeton
3082:Parmastega
3062:Jakubsonia
3042:Hynerpeton
2968:sensu lato
2894:see below↓
2883:sensu lato
2842:Qikiqtania
2731:Mandageria
2716:Langlieria
2660:Canningius
2453:Canowindra
2407:Strepsodus
2260:Shirolepis
2230:Osteolepis
2160:Kenichthys
2100:Geptolepis
2080:Bogdanovia
2022:see below↓
1767:References
1555:Embolomeri
1507:Baphetidae
1368:Ventastega
1108:Mandageria
869:Osteolepis
710:Canowindra
623:Kenichthys
545:Polynesian
529:specimen,
415:bones and
388:T. clackae
372:T. clackae
4430:Q20719461
4208:Rachitomi
4073:includes
4037:includes
4007:Tetrapoda
3971:Eldeceeon
3963:Casineria
3877:Pteroplax
3665:Nectridea
3653:Nectridea
3545:Colosteus
3507:Ossinodus
3391:Lethiscus
3371:Aistopoda
3347:Sigournea
3327:Ossirarus
3133:Umzantsia
3102:Tiktaalik
3092:Sinostega
2964:Tetrapoda
2879:Tetrapoda
2862:Tiktaalik
2812:Livoniana
2709:Jarvikina
2550:Megapomus
2290:Tungsenia
2240:Peregrina
2120:Gogonasus
1935:Kingdom:
1809:129313060
1785:Sam Giles
1519:Tetrapoda
1294:Tiktaalik
1060:Jarvikina
821:Gogonasus
594:cladogram
559:Phylogeny
543:, who in
515:limestone
344:Tetrapoda
249:Species:
168:Kingdom:
162:Eukaryota
47:387
4424:Wikidata
4329:Wikidata
4295:Category
4264:Timeline
3805:Cricotus
3776:Archeria
3728:Kyrinion
3721:Baphetes
3693:Eucritta
3515:Pederpes
3317:Occidens
3208:Devonian
3123:Tutusius
2982:Devonian
2528:Lohsania
2379:Rhizodus
2337:Barameda
2280:Thursius
2200:Medoevia
1943:Chordata
1941:Phylum:
1937:Animalia
1871:22448265
1839:PLOS ONE
1571:amniotes
893:Medoevia
527:holotype
519:mudstone
511:Givetian
451:fibulare
417:glenoids
290:Synonyms
240:Swartz,
182:Chordata
178:Phylum:
172:Animalia
158:Domain:
4459:8590577
4390:6375928
4377:1484753
4364:8607187
4350:Tinirau
4335:Q290682
4320:Tinirau
4075:Amniota
3783:Aversor
3735:Loxomma
3297:Koilops
3277:Gaiasia
2767:Tinirau
2702:Hyneria
2475:Owensia
2330:Aztecia
2190:Latvius
1862:3308997
1761:Tinirau
1212:Tinirau
610:
598:Tinirau
581:Tinirau
569:Tinirau
567:terms,
549:Tinirau
541:Tinirau
491:Tinirau
485:History
479:Tinirau
474:Tinirau
455:Tinirau
421:Tinirau
394:Tinirau
368:Tinirau
348:Tinirau
333:Tinirau
312:Tinirau
274:†
253:†
235:Tinirau
227:Genus:
116:↓
4472:242676
4403:242675
4169:groups
3153:Ymeria
2351:Hongyu
1869:
1859:
1807:
1757:et al.
447:fibula
433:fibula
431:, and
362:. The
329:Nevada
4372:IRMNG
3942:Other
3205:Post-
1966:Clade
1957:Clade
1948:Clade
1805:S2CID
429:tibia
425:femur
406:pikes
335:is a
317:genus
215:Clade
202:Clade
189:Clade
4454:GBIF
4359:GBIF
4067:see
4031:see
3663:see
3211:taxa
2985:taxa
1999:see
1867:PMID
575:and
531:UCMP
517:and
466:and
364:type
242:2012
55:PreꞒ
1857:PMC
1847:doi
1797:doi
563:In
505:in
370:is
327:of
319:of
4491::
4469::
4456::
4441::
4426::
4400::
4387::
4374::
4361::
4346::
4331::
1968::
1959::
1950::
1865:.
1855:.
1841:.
1837:.
1817:^
1803:.
1793:50
1791:.
1775:^
600::
427:,
303:?
217::
204::
191::
105:Pg
49:Ma
44:,
4199:?
4193:?
4164:/
4057:)
4053:(
4019:(
3966:?
3948:"
3944:"
3939:†
3902:†
3830:?
3808:"
3802:"
3757:†
3696:?
3677:†
3655:"
3651:"
3649:†
3577:†
3533:†
3510:?
3495:†
3368:†
3353:†
3343:†
3333:†
3323:†
3313:†
3303:†
3293:†
3283:†
3273:†
3263:†
3253:†
3243:†
3233:†
3223:†
3164:†
3149:†
3139:†
3129:†
3119:†
3109:†
3105:?
3098:†
3088:†
3078:†
3068:†
3058:†
3048:†
3038:†
3034:?
3027:†
3017:†
3007:†
2997:†
2970:)
2961:(
2885:)
2876:(
2858:†
2848:†
2838:†
2828:†
2818:†
2808:†
2804:?
2797:†
2741:?
2726:?
2627:†
2618:?
2611:†
2590:?
2561:?
2553:?
2531:?
2516:?
2487:†
2478:?
2470:?
2434:†
2425:?
2417:?
2311:†
2296:†
2286:†
2276:†
2266:†
2256:†
2246:†
2236:†
2226:†
2216:†
2206:†
2196:†
2186:†
2176:†
2166:†
2156:†
2146:†
2136:†
2126:†
2116:†
2106:†
2096:†
2086:†
2076:†
1918:)
1914:(
1904:e
1897:t
1890:v
1873:.
1849::
1843:7
1811:.
1799::
231:†
110:N
100:K
95:J
90:T
85:P
80:C
75:D
70:S
65:O
60:Ꞓ
20:)
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