43:
79:
419:
504:
631:, which made a territorial settlement along the Mahakali River, the Nepalese appealed to the British governor general that they were entitled to the areas to the east (here, southeast) of the Mahakali River. The British conceded the demand, and the Tinkar Valley with its large villages of Chhangru and Tinkar was transferred to Nepal. The British, however, retained the areas to the northwest of the Mahakali River, including the
276:
283:
388:
518:
469:
325:
311:
374:
1163:, p. 4: Quoting Government of India's letter to the Almora officials: "... the occupation of the villages and lands of Pergunnah Byans on that side of the river, having taken place under erroneous view of the questions, they must now be transferred to the Nipaulese, however desirous the British Government may be to retain under its own sway the Zamindars and Inhabitants of those villages."
332:
346:
360:
290:
433:
476:
445:
490:
700:, a checkpost was established at the Tinkar village around 1972, by an Assistant Sub-Inspector, who was also in charge of patrolling up to Chhangru. The officer claimed to have patrolled up to the Kalapani village with arms once, along the Indian road, while the Indian security kept him under surveillance. He was denied a permit to visit it a second time.
407:
395:
457:
86:
50:
575:. This pass is however insignificant for the overall economy of Nepal because the far-western region is cut off from the rest of the country by "high impassable mountains and glaciers". Manzard et al. state that the Tinkar Byansis also used to use the Lipulekh Pass because the Tinkar Pass is quite difficult to traverse.
1372:, 6 September 2019. "New trans-Himalayan roads have also made it easier for wildlife smugglers transporting contraband from India to China via Nepal. Besides Rasuwagadi, Olangchungola in Taplejung, Kimathanka in Sankhuwasaba, Ilam in eastern Nepal, Tinkar Pass in Darchula and Hilsa in Humla are new smuggling routes."
716:
According to the
Chairperson of the Byas Rural Municipality, Chhangru is the last Nepali village along the Mahakali river heading north. He states that the roads on the Nepali side are bad and the villagers have to use the Indian roads to get to Chhangru. They have to obtain permits from the Indian
1051:, pp. 3–4: "The map 'District Almora' published by the Survey of India for the first time shifted the boundary further east beyond even the Lipu Khola (Map-5). The new boundary moving away from Lipu Khola follows the southern divide of Pankhagadh Khola and then moves north along the ridge."
707:
between India and China, India closed the
Lipulekh Pass at the top of the Kalapani river valley. The Byansis of Kumaon then used the Tinkar Pass for all their trade with Tibet. In 1997, India and China agreed to reopen the Lipulekh pass, and the use of the Tinkar Pass had declined.
590:
government in the 19th century. Two significant peaks, P. 6172 and Om Parvat (5590 m), lie on this watershed range, which are popular trekking destinations. Nepal has ongoing claims to the territory beyond the watershed, up to the main headwater stream, which is termed the
567:. The region across the border in Kumaon is also populated by Byansi people, with whom the Byansis of the Tinkar Valley have cultural and historical links. A third village called Ghaga, at the confluence of Tinkar and Nampa rivers, is populated by other classes of people.
1211:, p. 55: "The extent of these precautionary measures is reflected in the rise in the cost of these defence posts from $ 42,000 (1952) to $ 280,000 (1954)".... " The initiative reportedly came from Nepal. See Robert Trumbull in the New York Times, 16 February 1950."
739:
News reports in May 2018 state that the trade with Tibet is "almost nil", and it has been so for the last five or six years. "There is neither road access from the Nepal side to bring goods imported from Tibet nor is there customs office," according to
840:
where the Kuthi Yankti and
Kalapani rivers merge, which India officially regards as the starting point of the Kali river. Even though the Chairperson says that Changru is the last village "not under India's control", that assertion is contracted by the
642:
Since the
British operated an open border with Nepal, allowing free movement of people across it, the normal intercourse of the Tinkaris with their fellow Byansis on the Indian side is likely to have continued unhindered. They continued to use the
674:
The
Chinese-Nepalese boundary line starts from the point where the watershed between the Kali River and the Tinkar River meet the watershed between the tributaries of the Mapchu (Karnali) River on the one hand and the Tinkar River on the other
732:, who charged "tax" (protection money) on wildlife trafficking through the Tinkar route. Illegal animal products from India are said to have been trafficked, including tiger skins, tiger bones and parts, musk deer pouches and yarsagumba. The
686:, one of these was at the Tinkar Pass. In 1969, Nepal asked for the Indian personnel to be withdrawn from the posts, and India did so, with the understanding that Nepal would continue to man the posts. Former Indian Army general
1265:, p. 85: "Previously there were two passes to Tibet, the Lipu pass (Lipu la) and the Tinkar pass (Tinkar la), but now only the Tinkar pass is accessible, since the Indians have closed Lipu pass to trans-Himalayan traffic."
1139:, pp. 83–85: "Ochterlony forced Amar Singh Thapa to agree at Malaun to terms under which the Nepali army retired with their arms, and the territory between the Kali and Sutlej rivers came under the control of the British."
690:
states that none of the posts remained afterwards. Subsequently, India stepped up security and surveillance on the Indian side of the Nepal–India border and also introduced a permit system for the use of Indian roads.
570:
Upstream along one of the headwaters of the Tinkar Khola is the Tinkar Pass (or "Tinkar Lipu") at the top of the Great
Himalayan range, which provides a historical trading route for the Byansis to the Tibetan town of
747:
Between 2013 and 2020, India laid a (motorable) link road on the Indian side of the river. When it was inaugurated in May 2020, the
Nepalese government protested, calling it a "unilateral act".
1151:, pp. 679–680: "... this arrangement divided into two parts parganah Byans, which had hitherto been considered as an integral portion of Kumaon as distinguished from Doti and Jumla."
1175:, p. 85: "Tinkar pass reaches an altitude of 20,000 feet and is considerably more difficult to traverse than Lipu pass, which was the main route to Taklakot (Purang)."
682:
Following the
Chinese take-over of Tibet, India and Nepal jointly operated a number of checkposts along the Tibet border starting in 1952. According to Nepalese geographer
555:
Along the Tinkar Valley, closer to the border, is another large village called
Chhangru (or Changru). Tinkar (80 households) and Chhangru (100 households) are populated by
1647:
42:
990:
on the top of
Nirpaniah, who ... informed me that his pass is not so easy as Lipu Lekh, and the snow on it more troublesome, because his village has but 5 or 6
679:
This being the precise geographical description of the location of the Tinkar Pass, the Border Pillar numbered 1 of the China–Nepal border was placed here.
1100:
801:
Shrestha calls them "Indian posts", but they were in fact Nepalese posts set up with Indian assistance, and had only technical personnel from India. See
536:
at the high end of the Great Himalayan range, elevation 3,650 metres (11,980 ft). It is the principal village in the valley of the Tinkar River (
1580:"Narration of a Journey to Cho Lagan, (Rakas Tal), Cho Mapan (Manasarowar), and the valley of Pruang in Gnari, Hundes, in September and October 1846"
1382:
1640:
1238:
1617:
1557:
1537:
1517:
1348:
956:
1253:, p. 99: "Lipu La, however, was closed in 1962, due to the strained Sino-Indian relations. Today remaining trade moves via Tinkar La."
736:
journalists estimated that the rebels earned Rs. 35 million annually through such "taxes". Such trafficking is still ongoing as of 2019.
1601:, District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, vol. 35, Government Press, United Provinces – via archive.org
655:
practices. The footbridge at Sitapul near the mouth of Tinkar Khola is used to transit to the Indian side of the border. Likewise the
1329:
544:(or Kali River and Sarda River). Mahakali serves as the western boundary of Nepal with India, beyond which lies the Indian region of
1776:
1656:
1633:
724:, which allows passage between India and Nepal. Nepal used to have a customs point at this location, which was abandoned during the
717:
administration for this purpose. He complained of the attitude of the Indian administrators, which he described as "condescending".
1771:
259:
across the border in Indian territory due to its higher volume. Nepal has ongoing claims to the Lipulekh Pass, as part of the
1480:
1563:
750:
Bir Bahadur Chand, the police officer that established the Tinkar checkpost, states that the controversies surrounding the
78:
854:
Even earlier, Manzardo et al. noted that the Byansis used the road on the Indian side because it was easier to traverse.
845:
journalists, who reported going up to 600 metres near the Kalapani stream before being stopped by the Indian security.
114:
560:
647:
on the Indian side for their commerce with the Tibetans. They also use the road on the Indian side to travel to
209:
169:
777:
683:
906:
667:
240:
533:
217:
149:
63:
782:
282:
275:
932:
886:
639:
near the headwaters of the Mahakali. Thus the "parganah Byans" got divided across the two countries.
612:
1730:
1292:
837:
820:
767:
751:
729:
725:
648:
636:
620:
607:, the entire Byans region to the south as well as north of the Mahakali River used to be part of
592:
579:
468:
260:
1700:
1596:
1463:
1404:
1312:
1685:
1670:
1613:
1553:
1533:
1513:
1495:
728:, and has not yet been reinstated. During the conflict period, the area was controlled by the
628:
615:
in the 18th century, Nepal expanded northwest and conquered the kingdoms of Kumaon as well as
213:
159:
1415:
1071:, but a short way below the springs the Kali forms the boundary with Nepal." (Emphasis added)
1365:
1284:
812:
696:
624:
564:
1440:
659:(landholders) on the Indian side that owned land in Nepal continued to operate such lands.
1675:
1275:
Rose, Leo E. (January–February 1999), "Nepal and Bhutan in 1998: Two Himalayan Kingdoms",
704:
616:
583:
578:
While the general border runs along the Mahakali River, in the upper headwaters above the
545:
324:
627:
evict the Nepalese from Garhwal and Kumaon across the Mahakali River. After agreeing the
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608:
541:
387:
1579:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
1765:
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1080:
824:
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248:
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1695:
1425:
1160:
1048:
772:
652:
632:
229:
983:
1607:
1547:
1527:
1507:
1442:
The Throne of the Gods: An account of the first Swiss expedition to the Himalayas
1383:
Nepal objects to India's ‘unilateral’ opening of link road to Kailash Manasarovar
1250:
1036:
758:
media, and they cause a lot of difficulties for the people of the Tinkar region.
572:
549:
252:
816:
1740:
1720:
1429:
1148:
1112:
1060:
129:
116:
1735:
1715:
1705:
755:
197:
192:
1625:
1499:
1481:"The Byanshi: An ethnographic note on a trading group in far western Nepal"
994:(families) whose small traffic is insufficient to make a good beaten path."
1024:
1750:
1725:
1494:(2), Institute of Nepal and Asian Studies, Tribhuvan University: 84–118,
586:
of the streams that flow into the river. This was a decision made by the
1690:
1296:
1262:
1172:
1012:
1710:
1330:
No border marks in Kalapani, locals at mercy of Indian administration
1239:
I Used To Patrol With Arms In Kalapani 48 Years Ago: Nepal Police ASI
1288:
720:
There is a walk bridge over the Mahakali River near Chhangru called
1136:
1464:"Nepal-India Boundary Issue: River Kali as International Boundary"
1101:
Delhi Can’t Anger Nepal Too — Kalapani Issue Must Be Resolved ASAP
310:
221:
1064:
532:
Tinkar is in the far-western region of Nepal, in the province of
1479:
Manzardo, Andrew E.; Dahal, Dilli Ram; Rai, Navin Kumar (1976),
1629:
666:
tri-junction between China, India and Nepal. Article 1 of the
1124:
1578:
Strachey, Lieut. H. (September 1848), James Prinsep (ed.),
1462:
Manandhar, Mangal Siddhi; Koirala, Hriday Lal (June 2001),
1349:
Nepal-Tibet trade hit for lack of road and other facilities
1161:
Manandhar & Koirala, Nepal-India Boundary Issue (2001)
1049:
Manandhar & Koirala, Nepal-India Boundary Issue (2001)
984:
Strachey, Narrative of a Journey to Cho Lagan etc. (1848)
1251:
Schrader, Trading Patterns in the Nepal Himalayas (1988)
1037:
Schrader, Trading Patterns in the Nepal Himalayas (1988)
1455:
India's Quest for Security: Defence Policies, 1947–1965
1067:, p. 253: "The drainage area of the Kalapani lies
662:
The Tinkar Pass at the top of the Tinkar Valley is the
1457:, Berkeley, California: University of California Press
1149:
Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, Vol. 2, Part 2 (1981)
1113:
Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, Vol. 2, Part 2 (1981)
1061:
Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, Vol. 3, Part 2 (1981)
803:
Sen, N. C. (1969), "Changing Indo-Nepal Relations",
619:. The expansion lasted till 1815. In that year, the
1663:
191:
183:
175:
165:
155:
145:
21:
247:(5,258 m), which provides a trading route for the
1025:Heim & Gansser, The Throne of the Gods (1939)
1366:Nepal-China Connectivity Aid Wildlife Smuggling
1307:
1305:
672:
255:. However, the Tinkaris are said to prefer the
239:At the top of the Tinkar valley near the Tibet
1431:The Indian checkposts, Lipu Lekh, and Kalapani
651:where they spend the winters as part of their
1641:
1263:Manzardo, Dahal & Rai, The Byanshi (1976)
1173:Manzardo, Dahal & Rai, The Byanshi (1976)
1013:Manzardo, Dahal & Rai, The Byanshi (1976)
251:of the region for the Tibetan trading centre
8:
1584:The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
1420:, Cosmo Publications – via archive.org
1409:, Cosmo Publications – via archive.org
1344:
1342:
1648:
1634:
1626:
1137:Rose, Nepal – Strategy for Survival (1971)
18:
1417:The Himalayan Gazetteer, Volume 3, Part 2
1406:The Himalayan Gazetteer, Volume 2, Part 2
901:
899:
1434:, School of Oriental and African Studies
1095:
1093:
1065:Walton, Almora District Gazetteer (1911)
907:"Valleys of Nepal's Northwestern Corner"
874:
1529:Trading Patterns in the Nepal Himalayas
867:
794:
190:
182:
174:
144:
109:
34:
1439:Heim, Arnold; Gansser, August (1939),
1233:
1231:
1229:
979:
977:
1566:from the original on 26 November 2020
1220:
1208:
1196:
1184:
951:
949:
232:, which it joins near the village of
164:
154:
7:
1125:Whelpton, A History of Nepal (2005)
1546:Śreshṭha, Buddhi Nārāyaṇa (2003),
1512:, University of California Press,
68:Show map of Sudurpashchim Province
16:Village in Darchula, Sudurpashchim
14:
1414:Atkinson, Edwin Thomas (1981) ,
1403:Atkinson, Edwin Thomas (1981) ,
1313:Kalapani's new ‘line of control’
1241:, The Rising Nepal, 12 May 2020.
516:
502:
488:
474:
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455:
443:
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417:
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386:
372:
358:
344:
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288:
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274:
84:
77:
48:
41:
1069:wholly within British territory
986:: "We met a smiling rosy-faced
540:), which is a tributary of the
1612:, Cambridge University Press,
1103:, The Quint, 17 December 2019.
887:Tinker transit point unguarded
85:
49:
1:
1509:Nepal – Strategy for Survival
187:3,650 m (11,980 ft)
179:5,258 m (17,251 ft)
1468:Tribhuvan University Journal
1595:Walton, H. G., ed. (1911),
957:"Api Best Camp, West Nepal"
1793:
1590:: 98–120, 127–182, 327–351
1549:Border Management of Nepal
817:10.1177/000944556900500505
228:river, a tributary of the
778:Tinker Bhanjyang , Nepal
668:China–Nepal border treaty
110:
35:
28:
1777:Mountain passes of Nepal
1657:Mountain passes of Nepal
1532:, Bow Historical Books,
1526:Schrader, Heiko (1988),
1453:Kavic, Lorne J. (1967),
623:saw the British general
224:. It is named after the
210:Byans Rural Municipality
1606:Whelpton, John (2005),
1063:, pp. 381–382 and
962:. Mountain Kingdoms Ltd
754:are raised only by the
684:Buddhi Narayan Shrestha
1772:Sudurpashchim Province
1328:Ram Chandra Bhandari,
836:It is to the south of
677:
534:Sudurpashchim Province
176:Highest elevation
64:Sudurpashchim Province
1506:Rose, Leo E. (1971),
184:Lowest elevation
1370:The Pangolin Reports
1319:, 10 September 2004.
613:unification of Nepal
208:is a village in the
1598:Almora: A Gazetteer
1336:, 10 November 2019.
1115:, pp. 679–680.
911:www.ai.stanford.edu
891:The Himalayan Times
783:Tinker Pass , Nepal
605:Himalayan Gazetteer
130:30.1355°N 80.9848°E
126: /
1609:A History of Nepal
1355:, 20 October 2018.
1353:The Kathmandu Post
893:, 19 January 2019.
768:Kalapani territory
752:Kalapani territory
742:The Kathmandu Post
637:Kalapani territory
621:Anglo-Nepalese War
593:Kalapani territory
261:Kalapani territory
166:Rural Municipality
1759:
1758:
1671:Amphu Labtsa pass
1619:978-0-521-80470-7
1559:978-99933-57-42-1
1539:978-3-88156-405-2
1519:978-0-520-01643-9
1199:, pp. 16–17.
629:Treaty of Sugauli
603:According to the
214:Darchula District
203:
202:
101:Show map of Nepal
1784:
1664:Himalayan passes
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1127:, p. 41-42.
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1099:Ashok K. Mehta,
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697:The Rising Nepal
670:of 1961 states:
580:Kalapani village
563:language called
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1676:Chiyo Bhanjyang
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1552:, Bhumichitra,
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1289:10.2307/2645605
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1237:Gokarna Dayal,
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875:Śreshṭha (2003)
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849:
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764:
726:conflict period
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703:After the 1962
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561:West Himalayish
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1398:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1374:
1357:
1338:
1321:
1311:K. C. Sharad,
1301:
1283:(1): 155–162,
1267:
1255:
1243:
1225:
1213:
1201:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1105:
1089:
1087:, 2 July 1998.
1073:
1053:
1041:
1029:
1027:, p. 207.
1017:
996:
973:
945:
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895:
879:
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865:
863:
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857:
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847:
829:
793:
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790:
787:
786:
785:
780:
775:
770:
763:
760:
713:
710:
688:Ashok K. Mehta
600:
597:
588:British Indian
559:, who speak a
542:Mahakali River
522:
515:
508:
501:
494:
487:
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473:
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230:Mahakali River
201:
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108:
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98:Tinkar (Nepal)
97:
91:
90:
83:
82:
76:
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61:
55:
54:
47:
46:
40:
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1789:
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1707:
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1682:
1681:Cho La, Nepal
1679:
1677:
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1419:
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1412:
1408:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1389:, 9 May 2020.
1388:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1364:Sonia Awale,
1361:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
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1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1210:
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1202:
1198:
1193:
1190:
1187:, p. 16.
1186:
1181:
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1174:
1169:
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1162:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1142:
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1126:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:The Economist
1082:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1039:, p. 99.
1038:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1015:, p. 85.
1014:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
980:
978:
974:
958:
952:
950:
946:
934:
933:"Tinkar Pass"
928:
925:
912:
908:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
883:
880:
877:, p. 243
876:
871:
868:
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851:
848:
844:
839:
833:
830:
826:
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814:
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788:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
765:
761:
759:
757:
753:
748:
745:
743:
737:
735:
731:
730:Maoist rebels
727:
723:
718:
711:
709:
706:
701:
699:
698:
694:According to
692:
689:
685:
680:
676:
671:
669:
665:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
645:Lipulekh Pass
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
598:
596:
594:
589:
585:
581:
576:
574:
568:
566:
562:
558:
557:Byansi people
553:
551:
548:(part of the
547:
543:
539:
535:
525:
519:
470:
389:
326:
312:
284:
277:
266:
264:
262:
258:
257:Lipulekh Pass
254:
250:
246:
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:Sudurpashchim
215:
211:
207:
199:
196:
194:
186:
178:
171:
168:
161:
158:
151:
150:Sudurpashchim
148:
139:
111:Coordinates:
80:
65:
44:
27:
20:
1745:
1731:Sherpani Col
1696:Kang La Pass
1608:
1597:
1587:
1583:
1568:, retrieved
1548:
1528:
1508:
1491:
1488:INAS Journal
1487:
1471:
1467:
1454:
1441:
1430:
1416:
1405:
1397:Bibliography
1386:
1377:
1369:
1360:
1352:
1333:
1324:
1317:Nepali Times
1316:
1280:
1277:Asian Survey
1276:
1270:
1258:
1246:
1223:, p. 8.
1221:Cowan (2015)
1216:
1209:Kavic (1967)
1204:
1197:Cowan (2015)
1192:
1185:Cowan (2015)
1180:
1168:
1156:
1144:
1132:
1120:
1108:
1084:
1076:
1068:
1056:
1044:
1032:
1020:
991:
987:
964:. Retrieved
936:. Retrieved
927:
915:. Retrieved
913:. April 2016
910:
890:
882:
870:
850:
843:Nepali Times
842:
832:
811:(5): 20–22,
808:
805:China Report
804:
797:
773:Kuthi Valley
749:
746:
741:
738:
734:Nepali Times
733:
721:
719:
715:
702:
695:
693:
681:
678:
673:
663:
661:
656:
653:transhumance
641:
633:Kuthi Valley
611:. After the
604:
602:
582:, it is the
577:
569:
554:
538:Tinkar Khola
537:
531:
244:
238:
233:
226:Tinkar Khola
225:
220:province of
205:
204:
62:Location in
1570:25 November
1448:, Macmillan
966:28 November
938:20 November
917:20 November
550:Uttarakhand
245:Tinkar Pass
133: /
1766:Categories
1741:Thorong La
1721:Nyalu Pass
1426:Cowan, Sam
862:References
705:border war
625:Ochterlony
121:80°59′05″E
118:30°08′08″N
1736:South Col
1716:Nangpa La
1706:Larkya La
1701:Kongma La
1387:The Print
1081:It's ours
825:155924339
756:Kathmandu
657:zamindars
584:watershed
439:Om Parvat
267:Geography
193:Time zone
1751:Tipta La
1726:Renjo La
1686:Ganja La
1564:archived
1500:12311979
1428:(2015),
1334:Lokantar
762:See also
722:Sita Pul
664:de facto
649:Khalanga
635:and the
552:state).
510:Lipulekh
496:Kalapani
380:Kalapani
234:Chhangru
198:UTC+5:45
160:Darchula
156:District
146:Province
1691:Helambu
1297:2645605
617:Garhwal
599:History
565:Byangsi
498:village
413:Changru
319:(INDIA)
305:(CHINA)
249:Byansis
243:is the
216:in the
30:village
1746:Tinkar
1711:Lho La
1616:
1556:
1536:
1516:
1498:
1295:
988:Tinker
823:
712:Status
609:Kumaon
573:Burang
546:Kumaon
484:ground
451:P.6172
425:Tinkar
401:Tinkar
352:Pankha
338:Tinkar
317:KUMAON
298:3miles
253:Burang
241:border
206:Tinkar
92:Tinkar
56:Tinkar
23:Tinkar
1484:(PDF)
1446:(PDF)
1381:PTI,
1293:JSTOR
960:(PDF)
838:Gunji
821:S2CID
789:Notes
675:hand.
463:Gunji
382:River
340:Khola
303:TIBET
222:Nepal
1614:ISBN
1572:2020
1554:ISBN
1534:ISBN
1514:ISBN
1496:PMID
968:2019
940:2019
919:2019
512:Pass
482:camp
427:Pass
366:Lipu
170:Byas
1474:(1)
1285:doi
992:Man
813:doi
368:Gad
354:Gad
296:5km
212:of
1768::
1588:17
1586:,
1582:,
1562:,
1490:,
1486:,
1472:23
1470:,
1466:,
1385:,
1368:,
1351:,
1341:^
1332:,
1315:,
1304:^
1291:,
1281:39
1279:,
1228:^
1092:^
1083:,
999:^
976:^
948:^
909:.
898:^
889:,
819:,
807:,
744:.
595:.
263:.
236:.
1649:e
1642:t
1635:v
1492:3
1287::
970:.
942:.
921:.
815::
809:5
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