54:
90:
430:
515:
642:, which made a territorial settlement along the Mahakali River, the Nepalese appealed to the British governor general that they were entitled to the areas to the east (here, southeast) of the Mahakali River. The British conceded the demand, and the Tinkar Valley with its large villages of Chhangru and Tinkar was transferred to Nepal. The British, however, retained the areas to the northwest of the Mahakali River, including the
287:
294:
399:
529:
480:
336:
322:
385:
1174:, p. 4: Quoting Government of India's letter to the Almora officials: "... the occupation of the villages and lands of Pergunnah Byans on that side of the river, having taken place under erroneous view of the questions, they must now be transferred to the Nipaulese, however desirous the British Government may be to retain under its own sway the Zamindars and Inhabitants of those villages."
343:
357:
371:
301:
444:
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711:, a checkpost was established at the Tinkar village around 1972, by an Assistant Sub-Inspector, who was also in charge of patrolling up to Chhangru. The officer claimed to have patrolled up to the Kalapani village with arms once, along the Indian road, while the Indian security kept him under surveillance. He was denied a permit to visit it a second time.
418:
406:
468:
97:
61:
586:. This pass is however insignificant for the overall economy of Nepal because the far-western region is cut off from the rest of the country by "high impassable mountains and glaciers". Manzard et al. state that the Tinkar Byansis also used to use the Lipulekh Pass because the Tinkar Pass is quite difficult to traverse.
1383:, 6 September 2019. "New trans-Himalayan roads have also made it easier for wildlife smugglers transporting contraband from India to China via Nepal. Besides Rasuwagadi, Olangchungola in Taplejung, Kimathanka in Sankhuwasaba, Ilam in eastern Nepal, Tinkar Pass in Darchula and Hilsa in Humla are new smuggling routes."
727:
According to the
Chairperson of the Byas Rural Municipality, Chhangru is the last Nepali village along the Mahakali river heading north. He states that the roads on the Nepali side are bad and the villagers have to use the Indian roads to get to Chhangru. They have to obtain permits from the Indian
1062:, pp. 3–4: "The map 'District Almora' published by the Survey of India for the first time shifted the boundary further east beyond even the Lipu Khola (Map-5). The new boundary moving away from Lipu Khola follows the southern divide of Pankhagadh Khola and then moves north along the ridge."
718:
between India and China, India closed the
Lipulekh Pass at the top of the Kalapani river valley. The Byansis of Kumaon then used the Tinkar Pass for all their trade with Tibet. In 1997, India and China agreed to reopen the Lipulekh pass, and the use of the Tinkar Pass had declined.
601:
government in the 19th century. Two significant peaks, P. 6172 and Om Parvat (5590 m), lie on this watershed range, which are popular trekking destinations. Nepal has ongoing claims to the territory beyond the watershed, up to the main headwater stream, which is termed the
578:. The region across the border in Kumaon is also populated by Byansi people, with whom the Byansis of the Tinkar Valley have cultural and historical links. A third village called Ghaga, at the confluence of Tinkar and Nampa rivers, is populated by other classes of people.
1222:, p. 55: "The extent of these precautionary measures is reflected in the rise in the cost of these defence posts from $ 42,000 (1952) to $ 280,000 (1954)".... " The initiative reportedly came from Nepal. See Robert Trumbull in the New York Times, 16 February 1950."
750:
News reports in May 2018 state that the trade with Tibet is "almost nil", and it has been so for the last five or six years. "There is neither road access from the Nepal side to bring goods imported from Tibet nor is there customs office," according to
851:
where the Kuthi Yankti and
Kalapani rivers merge, which India officially regards as the starting point of the Kali river. Even though the Chairperson says that Changru is the last village "not under India's control", that assertion is contracted by the
653:
Since the
British operated an open border with Nepal, allowing free movement of people across it, the normal intercourse of the Tinkaris with their fellow Byansis on the Indian side is likely to have continued unhindered. They continued to use the
685:
The
Chinese-Nepalese boundary line starts from the point where the watershed between the Kali River and the Tinkar River meet the watershed between the tributaries of the Mapchu (Karnali) River on the one hand and the Tinkar River on the other
743:, who charged "tax" (protection money) on wildlife trafficking through the Tinkar route. Illegal animal products from India are said to have been trafficked, including tiger skins, tiger bones and parts, musk deer pouches and yarsagumba. The
697:, one of these was at the Tinkar Pass. In 1969, Nepal asked for the Indian personnel to be withdrawn from the posts, and India did so, with the understanding that Nepal would continue to man the posts. Former Indian Army general
1276:, p. 85: "Previously there were two passes to Tibet, the Lipu pass (Lipu la) and the Tinkar pass (Tinkar la), but now only the Tinkar pass is accessible, since the Indians have closed Lipu pass to trans-Himalayan traffic."
1150:, pp. 83–85: "Ochterlony forced Amar Singh Thapa to agree at Malaun to terms under which the Nepali army retired with their arms, and the territory between the Kali and Sutlej rivers came under the control of the British."
701:
states that none of the posts remained afterwards. Subsequently, India stepped up security and surveillance on the Indian side of the Nepal–India border and also introduced a permit system for the use of Indian roads.
581:
Upstream along one of the headwaters of the Tinkar Khola is the Tinkar Pass (or "Tinkar Lipu") at the top of the Great
Himalayan range, which provides a historical trading route for the Byansis to the Tibetan town of
758:
Between 2013 and 2020, India laid a (motorable) link road on the Indian side of the river. When it was inaugurated in May 2020, the
Nepalese government protested, calling it a "unilateral act".
1162:, pp. 679–680: "... this arrangement divided into two parts parganah Byans, which had hitherto been considered as an integral portion of Kumaon as distinguished from Doti and Jumla."
1186:, p. 85: "Tinkar pass reaches an altitude of 20,000 feet and is considerably more difficult to traverse than Lipu pass, which was the main route to Taklakot (Purang)."
693:
Following the
Chinese take-over of Tibet, India and Nepal jointly operated a number of checkposts along the Tibet border starting in 1952. According to Nepalese geographer
566:
Along the Tinkar Valley, closer to the border, is another large village called
Chhangru (or Changru). Tinkar (80 households) and Chhangru (100 households) are populated by
1658:
53:
1001:
on the top of
Nirpaniah, who ... informed me that his pass is not so easy as Lipu Lekh, and the snow on it more troublesome, because his village has but 5 or 6
690:
This being the precise geographical description of the location of the Tinkar Pass, the Border Pillar numbered 1 of the China–Nepal border was placed here.
1111:
812:
Shrestha calls them "Indian posts", but they were in fact Nepalese posts set up with Indian assistance, and had only technical personnel from India. See
547:
at the high end of the Great Himalayan range, elevation 3,650 metres (11,980 ft). It is the principal village in the valley of the Tinkar River (
1591:"Narration of a Journey to Cho Lagan, (Rakas Tal), Cho Mapan (Manasarowar), and the valley of Pruang in Gnari, Hundes, in September and October 1846"
1393:
1651:
1249:
1628:
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1264:, p. 99: "Lipu La, however, was closed in 1962, due to the strained Sino-Indian relations. Today remaining trade moves via Tinkar La."
747:
journalists estimated that the rebels earned Rs. 35 million annually through such "taxes". Such trafficking is still ongoing as of 2019.
1612:, District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, vol. 35, Government Press, United Provinces – via archive.org
666:
practices. The footbridge at Sitapul near the mouth of Tinkar Khola is used to transit to the Indian side of the border. Likewise the
1340:
555:(or Kali River and Sarda River). Mahakali serves as the western boundary of Nepal with India, beyond which lies the Indian region of
1787:
1667:
1644:
735:, which allows passage between India and Nepal. Nepal used to have a customs point at this location, which was abandoned during the
728:
administration for this purpose. He complained of the attitude of the Indian administrators, which he described as "condescending".
1782:
270:
across the border in Indian territory due to its higher volume. Nepal has ongoing claims to the Lipulekh Pass, as part of the
1491:
1574:
761:
Bir Bahadur Chand, the police officer that established the Tinkar checkpost, states that the controversies surrounding the
89:
865:
Even earlier, Manzardo et al. noted that the Byansis used the road on the Indian side because it was easier to traverse.
856:
journalists, who reported going up to 600 metres near the Kalapani stream before being stopped by the Indian security.
125:
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on the Indian side for their commerce with the Tibetans. They also use the road on the Indian side to travel to
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near the headwaters of the Mahakali. Thus the "parganah Byans" got divided across the two countries.
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618:, the entire Byans region to the south as well as north of the Mahakali River used to be part of
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739:, and has not yet been reinstated. During the conflict period, the area was controlled by the
639:
626:
in the 18th century, Nepal expanded northwest and conquered the kingdoms of Kumaon as well as
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1082:, but a short way below the springs the Kali forms the boundary with Nepal." (Emphasis added)
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707:
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575:
1451:
670:(landholders) on the Indian side that owned land in Nepal continued to operate such lands.
1686:
1286:
Rose, Leo E. (January–February 1999), "Nepal and Bhutan in 1998: Two Himalayan Kingdoms",
715:
627:
594:
589:
While the general border runs along the Mahakali River, in the upper headwaters above the
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evict the Nepalese from Garhwal and Kumaon across the Mahakali River. After agreeing the
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240:
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1453:
The Throne of the Gods: An account of the first Swiss expedition to the Himalayas
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Nepal objects to India's ‘unilateral’ opening of link road to Kailash Manasarovar
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1047:
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media, and they cause a lot of difficulties for the people of the Tinkar region.
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1492:"The Byanshi: An ethnographic note on a trading group in far western Nepal"
1005:(families) whose small traffic is insufficient to make a good beaten path."
1035:
1761:
1736:
1505:(2), Institute of Nepal and Asian Studies, Tribhuvan University: 84–118,
597:
of the streams that flow into the river. This was a decision made by the
17:
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1307:
1273:
1183:
1023:
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No border marks in Kalapani, locals at mercy of Indian administration
1250:
I Used To Patrol With Arms In Kalapani 48 Years Ago: Nepal Police ASI
1299:
731:
There is a walk bridge over the Mahakali River near Chhangru called
1147:
1475:"Nepal-India Boundary Issue: River Kali as International Boundary"
1112:
Delhi Can’t Anger Nepal Too — Kalapani Issue Must Be Resolved ASAP
321:
232:
1075:
543:
Tinkar is in the far-western region of Nepal, in the province of
1490:
Manzardo, Andrew E.; Dahal, Dilli Ram; Rai, Navin Kumar (1976),
1640:
677:
tri-junction between China, India and Nepal. Article 1 of the
1135:
1589:
Strachey, Lieut. H. (September 1848), James Prinsep (ed.),
1473:
Manandhar, Mangal Siddhi; Koirala, Hriday Lal (June 2001),
1360:
Nepal-Tibet trade hit for lack of road and other facilities
1172:
Manandhar & Koirala, Nepal-India Boundary Issue (2001)
1060:
Manandhar & Koirala, Nepal-India Boundary Issue (2001)
995:
Strachey, Narrative of a Journey to Cho Lagan etc. (1848)
1262:
Schrader, Trading Patterns in the Nepal Himalayas (1988)
1048:
Schrader, Trading Patterns in the Nepal Himalayas (1988)
1466:
India's Quest for Security: Defence Policies, 1947–1965
1078:, p. 253: "The drainage area of the Kalapani lies
673:
The Tinkar Pass at the top of the Tinkar Valley is the
1468:, Berkeley, California: University of California Press
1160:
Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, Vol. 2, Part 2 (1981)
1124:
Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, Vol. 2, Part 2 (1981)
1072:
Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, Vol. 3, Part 2 (1981)
814:
Sen, N. C. (1969), "Changing Indo-Nepal Relations",
630:. The expansion lasted till 1815. In that year, the
1674:
202:
194:
186:
176:
166:
156:
32:
258:(5,258 m), which provides a trading route for the
1036:Heim & Gansser, The Throne of the Gods (1939)
1377:Nepal-China Connectivity Aid Wildlife Smuggling
1318:
1316:
683:
266:. However, the Tinkaris are said to prefer the
250:At the top of the Tinkar valley near the Tibet
1442:The Indian checkposts, Lipu Lekh, and Kalapani
662:where they spend the winters as part of their
1652:
1274:Manzardo, Dahal & Rai, The Byanshi (1976)
1184:Manzardo, Dahal & Rai, The Byanshi (1976)
1024:Manzardo, Dahal & Rai, The Byanshi (1976)
262:of the region for the Tibetan trading centre
8:
1595:The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
1431:, Cosmo Publications – via archive.org
1420:, Cosmo Publications – via archive.org
1355:
1353:
1659:
1645:
1637:
1148:Rose, Nepal – Strategy for Survival (1971)
29:
1428:The Himalayan Gazetteer, Volume 3, Part 2
1417:The Himalayan Gazetteer, Volume 2, Part 2
912:
910:
1445:, School of Oriental and African Studies
1106:
1104:
1076:Walton, Almora District Gazetteer (1911)
918:"Valleys of Nepal's Northwestern Corner"
885:
1540:Trading Patterns in the Nepal Himalayas
878:
805:
201:
193:
185:
155:
120:
45:
1450:Heim, Arnold; Gansser, August (1939),
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990:
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1577:from the original on 26 November 2020
1231:
1219:
1207:
1195:
962:
960:
243:, which it joins near the village of
175:
165:
7:
1136:Whelpton, A History of Nepal (2005)
1557:Śreshṭha, Buddhi Nārāyaṇa (2003),
1523:, University of California Press,
79:Show map of Sudurpashchim Province
27:Village in Darchula, Sudurpashchim
25:
1425:Atkinson, Edwin Thomas (1981) ,
1414:Atkinson, Edwin Thomas (1981) ,
1324:Kalapani's new ‘line of control’
1252:, The Rising Nepal, 12 May 2020.
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1080:wholly within British territory
997:: "We met a smiling rosy-faced
551:), which is a tributary of the
1623:, Cambridge University Press,
1114:, The Quint, 17 December 2019.
898:Tinker transit point unguarded
96:
60:
1:
1520:Nepal – Strategy for Survival
198:3,650 m (11,980 ft)
190:5,258 m (17,251 ft)
1479:Tribhuvan University Journal
1606:Walton, H. G., ed. (1911),
968:"Api Best Camp, West Nepal"
1804:
1601:: 98–120, 127–182, 327–351
1560:Border Management of Nepal
828:10.1177/000944556900500505
239:river, a tributary of the
789:Tinker Bhanjyang , Nepal
679:China–Nepal border treaty
121:
46:
39:
1788:Mountain passes of Nepal
1668:Mountain passes of Nepal
1543:, Bow Historical Books,
1537:Schrader, Heiko (1988),
1464:Kavic, Lorne J. (1967),
634:saw the British general
235:. It is named after the
221:Byans Rural Municipality
1617:Whelpton, John (2005),
1074:, pp. 381–382 and
973:. Mountain Kingdoms Ltd
765:are raised only by the
695:Buddhi Narayan Shrestha
1783:Sudurpashchim Province
1339:Ram Chandra Bhandari,
847:It is to the south of
688:
545:Sudurpashchim Province
187:Highest elevation
75:Sudurpashchim Province
1517:Rose, Leo E. (1971),
195:Lowest elevation
1381:The Pangolin Reports
1330:, 10 September 2004.
624:unification of Nepal
219:is a village in the
1609:Almora: A Gazetteer
1347:, 10 November 2019.
1126:, pp. 679–680.
922:www.ai.stanford.edu
902:The Himalayan Times
794:Tinker Pass , Nepal
616:Himalayan Gazetteer
141:30.1355°N 80.9848°E
137: /
1620:A History of Nepal
1366:, 20 October 2018.
1364:The Kathmandu Post
904:, 19 January 2019.
779:Kalapani territory
763:Kalapani territory
753:The Kathmandu Post
648:Kalapani territory
632:Anglo-Nepalese War
604:Kalapani territory
272:Kalapani territory
177:Rural Municipality
1770:
1769:
1682:Amphu Labtsa pass
1630:978-0-521-80470-7
1570:978-99933-57-42-1
1550:978-3-88156-405-2
1530:978-0-520-01643-9
1210:, pp. 16–17.
640:Treaty of Sugauli
614:According to the
225:Darchula District
214:
213:
112:Show map of Nepal
16:(Redirected from
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1675:Himalayan passes
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708:The Rising Nepal
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1514:
1487:
1470:
1461:
1447:
1433:
1422:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1385:
1368:
1349:
1332:
1322:K. C. Sharad,
1312:
1294:(1): 155–162,
1278:
1266:
1254:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1152:
1140:
1128:
1116:
1100:
1098:, 2 July 1998.
1084:
1064:
1052:
1040:
1038:, p. 207.
1028:
1007:
984:
956:
935:
906:
890:
877:
876:
874:
871:
868:
867:
858:
840:
804:
803:
801:
798:
797:
796:
791:
786:
781:
774:
771:
724:
721:
699:Ashok K. Mehta
611:
608:
599:British Indian
570:, who speak a
553:Mahakali River
533:
526:
519:
512:
505:
498:
491:
484:
477:
472:
465:
460:
453:
448:
441:
434:
427:
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410:
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396:
389:
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375:
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361:
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333:
326:
319:
312:
305:
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241:Mahakali River
212:
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206:
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191:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
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154:
153:
119:
118:
109:Tinkar (Nepal)
108:
102:
101:
94:
93:
87:
86:
85:
84:
72:
66:
65:
58:
57:
51:
50:
49:
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47:
44:
43:
40:
37:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
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10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1800:
1789:
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1723:
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1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
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1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1692:Cho La, Nepal
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1657:
1655:
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1515:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1493:
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1476:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1400:, 9 May 2020.
1399:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1375:Sonia Awale,
1372:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1319:
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1279:
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1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1198:, p. 16.
1197:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1096:The Economist
1093:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1050:, p. 99.
1049:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1026:, p. 85.
1025:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
969:
963:
961:
957:
945:
944:"Tinkar Pass"
939:
936:
923:
919:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
894:
891:
888:, p. 243
887:
882:
879:
872:
862:
859:
855:
850:
844:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
809:
806:
799:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
772:
770:
768:
764:
759:
756:
754:
748:
746:
742:
741:Maoist rebels
738:
734:
729:
722:
720:
717:
712:
710:
709:
705:According to
703:
700:
696:
691:
687:
682:
680:
676:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
656:Lipulekh Pass
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
609:
607:
605:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
579:
577:
573:
569:
568:Byansi people
564:
562:
559:(part of the
558:
554:
550:
546:
536:
530:
481:
400:
337:
323:
295:
288:
277:
275:
273:
269:
268:Lipulekh Pass
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
229:Sudurpashchim
226:
222:
218:
210:
207:
205:
197:
189:
182:
179:
172:
169:
162:
161:Sudurpashchim
159:
150:
122:Coordinates:
91:
76:
55:
38:
31:
19:
1756:
1742:Sherpani Col
1707:Kang La Pass
1619:
1608:
1598:
1594:
1579:, retrieved
1559:
1539:
1519:
1502:
1499:INAS Journal
1498:
1482:
1478:
1465:
1452:
1441:
1427:
1416:
1408:Bibliography
1397:
1388:
1380:
1371:
1363:
1344:
1335:
1328:Nepali Times
1327:
1291:
1288:Asian Survey
1287:
1281:
1269:
1257:
1234:, p. 8.
1232:Cowan (2015)
1227:
1220:Kavic (1967)
1215:
1208:Cowan (2015)
1203:
1196:Cowan (2015)
1191:
1179:
1167:
1155:
1143:
1131:
1119:
1095:
1087:
1079:
1067:
1055:
1043:
1031:
1002:
998:
975:. Retrieved
947:. Retrieved
938:
926:. Retrieved
924:. April 2016
921:
901:
893:
881:
861:
854:Nepali Times
853:
843:
822:(5): 20–22,
819:
816:China Report
815:
808:
784:Kuthi Valley
760:
757:
752:
749:
745:Nepali Times
744:
732:
730:
726:
713:
706:
704:
692:
689:
684:
674:
672:
667:
664:transhumance
652:
644:Kuthi Valley
622:. After the
615:
613:
593:, it is the
588:
580:
565:
549:Tinkar Khola
548:
542:
255:
249:
244:
237:Tinkar Khola
236:
231:province of
216:
215:
73:Location in
1581:25 November
1459:, Macmillan
977:28 November
949:20 November
928:20 November
561:Uttarakhand
256:Tinkar Pass
144: /
1777:Categories
1752:Thorong La
1732:Nyalu Pass
1437:Cowan, Sam
873:References
716:border war
636:Ochterlony
132:80°59′05″E
129:30°08′08″N
1747:South Col
1727:Nangpa La
1717:Larkya La
1712:Kongma La
1398:The Print
1092:It's ours
836:155924339
767:Kathmandu
668:zamindars
595:watershed
450:Om Parvat
278:Geography
204:Time zone
1762:Tipta La
1737:Renjo La
1697:Ganja La
1575:archived
1511:12311979
1439:(2015),
1345:Lokantar
773:See also
733:Sita Pul
675:de facto
660:Khalanga
646:and the
563:state).
521:Lipulekh
507:Kalapani
391:Kalapani
245:Chhangru
209:UTC+5:45
171:Darchula
167:District
157:Province
18:Chhangru
1702:Helambu
1308:2645605
628:Garhwal
610:History
576:Byangsi
509:village
424:Changru
330:(INDIA)
316:(CHINA)
260:Byansis
254:is the
227:in the
41:village
1757:Tinkar
1722:Lho La
1627:
1567:
1547:
1527:
1509:
1306:
999:Tinker
834:
723:Status
620:Kumaon
584:Burang
557:Kumaon
495:ground
462:P.6172
436:Tinkar
412:Tinkar
363:Pankha
349:Tinkar
328:KUMAON
309:3miles
264:Burang
252:border
217:Tinkar
103:Tinkar
67:Tinkar
34:Tinkar
1495:(PDF)
1457:(PDF)
1392:PTI,
1304:JSTOR
971:(PDF)
849:Gunji
832:S2CID
800:Notes
686:hand.
474:Gunji
393:River
351:Khola
314:TIBET
233:Nepal
1625:ISBN
1583:2020
1565:ISBN
1545:ISBN
1525:ISBN
1507:PMID
979:2019
951:2019
930:2019
523:Pass
493:camp
438:Pass
377:Lipu
181:Byas
1485:(1)
1296:doi
1003:Man
824:doi
379:Gad
365:Gad
307:5km
223:of
1779::
1599:17
1597:,
1593:,
1573:,
1501:,
1497:,
1483:23
1481:,
1477:,
1396:,
1379:,
1362:,
1352:^
1343:,
1326:,
1315:^
1302:,
1292:39
1290:,
1239:^
1103:^
1094:,
1010:^
987:^
959:^
920:.
909:^
900:,
830:,
818:,
755:.
606:.
274:.
247:.
1660:e
1653:t
1646:v
1503:3
1298::
981:.
953:.
932:.
826::
820:5
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
