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359:, is commonly used in road repair to protect crack sealants. The sealants require upwards of 40 minutes to cure enough to not stick onto passing traffic. The application of toilet paper removes the stickiness and keeps the tar in place, allowing the road to be reopened immediately and increasing road repair crew productivity. The paper breaks down and disappears in the following days. The use has been credited to
375:. These are used for wrapping/packing various items, cushioning fragile items, stuffing in shoes/bags etc. to keep shape intact or, for inserting in garments etc. while packing/folding to keep them wrinkle free and safe. It is generally used printed with the manufacturers brand name or, logo to enhance the look and aesthetic appeal of the product. It is a type of thin, translucent
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20:
347:", where the high frequencies are reflected back into the tweeter instead of being absorbed. The author derided the tissue practice as "aberrant behavior", saying that engineers usually fear comb filtering and its associated cancellation effects, suggesting that more controllable and less random electronic filtering would be preferable.
395:
The
European tissue market is worth approximately 10 billion Euros annually and is growing at a rate of around 3%. The European market represents around 23% of the global market. Of the total paper and board market tissue accounts for 10%. An analysis and market research in Europe, Germany was one of
205:
Facial tissue (paper handkerchiefs) refers to a class of soft, absorbent, disposable paper that is suitable for use on the face. The term is commonly used to refer to the type of facial tissue, usually sold in boxes, that is designed to facilitate the expulsion of nasal mucus although it may refer to
685:
schemes". There are a number of ‘eco-labels’ designed to help consumers identify paper tissue products which meet such environmental standards. Eco-labelling entered mainstream environmental policy-making in the late seventies, first with national schemes such as the German Blue Angel programme, to
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for the non-woven absorbent hygiene products industry (which includes products such as household wipes for use in the home) has reported annually on the industry's environmental performance since 2005. Less than 1% of all commercial wood production ends up as wood pulp in absorbent hygiene products.
391:
In North
America, people are consuming around three times as much tissue as in Europe. Out of the world's estimated production of 21 million tonnes (21,000,000 long tons; 23,000,000 short tons) of tissue, Europe produces approximately 6 million tonnes (5,900,000 long tons; 6,600,000 short
209:
The first tissue handkerchiefs were introduced in the 1920s. They have been refined over the years, especially for softness and strength, but their basic design has remained constant. Today each person in
Western Europe uses about 200 tissue handkerchiefs a year, with a variety of 'alternative'
615:
Total environmental impacts vary case by case, depending on for example the location of the tissue paper mill, availability of fibres close to the mill, energy options and waste utilization possibilities. There are opportunities to minimise environmental impacts when using each fibre type.
342:
magazine suggested that had the speakers' grilles been used in studios, they would have had the same effect on the treble output as the improvised tissue paper filter. Another tissue study found inconsistent results with different paper, but said that tissue paper generally demonstrated an
437:. In 2015, the global market for tissue paper is growing at per annum rates between 8–9% (China, currently 40% of global market) and 2–3% (Europe). Tissue demand on the consumer side booms while the AfH business turns down as majority stay at home amid COVID-19.
123:
that is scraping the dry paper off the cylinder surface. The crinkle (crêping) is controlled by the strength of the adhesive, geometry of the doctor blade, speed difference between the Yankee and final section of the paper machine and paper pulp characteristics.
719:
This type of eco-label is one where the criteria are set by third parties (not the manufacturer). They are in theory based on life cycle impacts and are typically based on pass/fail criteria. The one that has
European application is the EU Flower.
560:
consumption of toilet paper was 3.8 kilograms in 2005. The WWF estimates that "every day, about 270,000 trees are flushed down the drain or end up as garbage all over the world", a rate of which about 10% are attributable to toilet paper alone.
310:
can be made of tissue paper. These are made from one up to four plies and in a variety of qualities, sizes, folds, colours and patterns depending on intended use and prevailing fashions. The composition of raw materials varies a lot from
268:
Custom-printed wrapping tissue is becoming a popular trend for boutique retail businesses. There are various on-demand custom printed wrapping tissue paper available online. Sustainably printed custom tissue wrapping paper are printed on
607:
There has been a great deal of interest, in particular, in the use of recovered fibres to manufacture new tissue paper products. However, whether this is actually better for the environment than using new fibres is open to question. A
53:
Tissue paper is very versatile, and different kinds of tissue are made to best serve these purposes, which are hygienic tissue paper, facial tissues, paper towels, as packing material, among other (sometimes creative) uses.
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690:(1989). In 1992 a European eco-labelling regulation, known as the EU Flower, was also adopted. The stated objective is to support sustainable development, balancing environmental, social and economical criteria.
213:
The importance of the paper tissue on minimising the spread of an infection has been highlighted in light of fears over a swine flu epidemic. In the UK, for example, the
Government ran a campaign called
588:
decreased by 25% due to process-related measures and the increased use of low-carbon and biomass fuels. Once consumed, most forest-based paper products start a new life as recycled material or biofuel
287:
Rolls of toilet paper have been available since the end of the 19th century. Today, more than 20 billion rolls of toilet tissue are used each year in
Western Europe. Toilet paper brands include,
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135:
and CTMP. This gives a bulky paper with high wet tensile strength and good water holding capacity. The TAD process uses about twice the energy compared with conventional drying of paper.
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The most well known example in the paper industry is the Paper
Profile. You can tell a Paper Profile meets the Type III requirements when the verifiers logo is included on the document.
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study indicated that neither fibre type can be considered environmentally preferable. In this study both new fibre and recovered fibre offer environmental benefits and shortcomings.
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407:. The members of ETS represent the majority of tissue paper producers throughout Europe and about 90% of total European tissue production. ETS was founded in 1971 and is based in
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736:), these labels are based on an independent review of the life cycle of the product. The data supplied by the manufacturing companies are also independently reviewed.
948:
1022:"Examining the Yamaha NS-10M 'Tissue Paper Phenomenon' – An Analysis of the Industry-Wide Practice of Using a Tissue-Paper Layer to Reduce High-Frequency Output"
338:
The phenomenon became the subject of hot debate and an investigation into the sonic effects of many different types of tissue paper. The authors of a study for
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released a report grading various brands of toilet paper, paper towels, and facial tissue; the report criticized major brands for lacking recycled material.
396:
the top tissue-consuming countries in
Western Europe while Sweden was on top of the per-capita consumption of tissue paper in Western Europe. Market Study.
175:, bathroom tissue and household towels. Paper has been used for hygiene purposes for centuries, but tissue paper as we know it today was not produced in the
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employee Fred
Muellerleile, who came up with the idea in 1970 after initially trying standard office paper, which worked, but did not disintegrate easily.
674:
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These are based on the manufacturers or retailers own declarations. Well known amongst these are claims of "100% recycled" in relation to tissue/paper.
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Consider opportunities to introduce new and more renewable energy sources and increase the use of biomass fuels to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide.
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239:. This type of paper has usually a basis weight of 20 to 24 g/m. Normally such paper towels are two-ply. This kind of tissue can be made from 100%
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677:(CEPI) has published reports focusing on the industry's environmental credentials. In 2002, it noted that "a little over 60% of the
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Select the recovered paper depending on the end-product requirements and that also allows the most efficient recycling process.
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Pressure on use of tissue papers has grown in the wake of improved hygiene concerns in response to the coronavirus pandemic.
945:
1138:
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Investigate opportunities for alternative product disposal systems that minimize the environmental impact of used products.
2176:
1249:"Is tissue becoming a safe haven for the global pulp and paper industry? Global paper and board industry is in transition"
514:
2391:
997:
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Meanwhile, the paper tissue industry, along with the rest of the paper manufacturing sector, has worked to minimise its
1827:
732:
These claims give quantitative details of the impact of the product based on its life cycle. Sometimes known as EPDs (
573:
1406:
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Manage the raw material sources to maintain legal, sustainable forestry practices by implementing processes such as
2123:
2044:
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270:
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568:. Recovered fibres now represent some 46.5% of the paper industry's raw materials. The industry relies heavily on
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functions including the treatment of minor wounds, the cleaning of face and hands and the cleaning of spectacles.
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548:, to become an environmentally responsible company; in 2012, the WWF launched a campaign to remove a brand of
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Manage deinked sludge in order to maximise beneficial applications and minimise waste burden on society; and
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572:(about 50% of its primary energy). Its specific primary energy consumption has decreased by 16% and the
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between 17 and 40 GSM, that can be rough or, shining, hard or soft, depending upon the nature of use.
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or a combination of the two. Normally, some long fibre chemical pulp is included to improve strength.
1939:
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operations to eliminate the need for thermal drying of fibre or long distance transport of wet pulp,
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1977 Yamaha NS-10M Speakers|Mix
Inducts the Yamaha NS10M Speakers into the TECnology Hall of Fame
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218:", which encouraged people to cover their mouth with a paper tissue when coughing or sneezing.
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has decreased by 11%, due to measures such as improved process technology and investment in
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Hygienic tissue paper is commonly for personal use as facial tissue (paper handkerchiefs),
61:, around 21 million tonnes in North America and 6 million in Europe, and is growing due to
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Homepage – Producer for Sanitary Paper – toilet paper, tissues, kitchen towels and napkins
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produced in Europe comes from mills certified under one of the internationally recognised
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Apart from above, a range of speciality tissues are also manufactured to be used in the
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831:. Papermaking Science and Technology. Vol. 18. Finland: Fapet Oy. pp. 75–92.
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69:. However, more companies are presently using more recycled fibres in tissue paper.
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924:. Papermaking Science and Technology. Vol. 18. Finland: Fapet Oy. p. 80.
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81:, thickness, bulk (specific volume), brightness, stretch, appearance and comfort.
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Examine opportunities for changing to alternative, non fossil based sources, of
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1047:"Littleton TP's its own streets as a way to fill its cracks — single-ply only"
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in general has a long history of accusations for being responsible for global
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known to be made from APP fiber from grocery store shelves. According to the
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2009:
1979:
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The industry contributes less than 0.5% of all solid waste and around 2% of
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1484:"The Issue with Tissue: How Americans Are Flushing Forests Down the Toilet"
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Deliver products that maximise functionality and optimize consumption; and
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used for wrapping/packing various articles and cushioning fragile items.
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large scale industrial production started in the beginning of the 1960s.
713:, each defined by ISO (International Organization for Standardization).
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Paper towels are the second largest application for tissue paper in the
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The largest tissue producing companies by capacity – some of them also
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541:(APP), "one of the world's most notorious deforesters" especially in
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Tissue paper production and consumption is predicted to continue to
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In the late 1970s and early 1980s, a sound recording engineer named
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was said to have hung tissue paper over the tweeter of his pair of
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2019:
2014:
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946:"Yamaha's NS-10: The Most Important Speaker You've Never Heard Of"
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376:
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94:
35:
18:
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1077:"City crews hitting the streets with single-ply toilet paper"
127:
The highest water absorbing applications are produced with a
206:
other types of facial tissues including napkins and wipes.
99:
Tissue Paper Converting Machines with Jumbo Rolls attached.
65:. As a result, the industry has often been scrutinized for
995:"The Yamaha NS10M: Twenty Years a Reference Monitor. Why?"
273:-certified, acid-free paper; and only use soy-based inks.
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742:
An example of an organization that sets standards is the
119:
to make the paper stick. Creping is done by the Yankee's
1539:
335:
speakers to tame the over-bright treble coming from it.
1329:"Does your toilet paper cause rain forest destruction?"
146:
and additives (both in base paper and as coating). The
604:
which each comprise between 18 and 20 percent of MSW.
600:(MSW) compared with paper and board, garden waste and
261:
Wrapping tissue is a type of thin, translucent tissue
107:
that has a single large steam heated drying cylinder (
1243:
1241:
414:
In the U.S., the tissue industry is organized in the
131:(TAD) process. These papers contain high amounts of
77:
The key properties of tissues are absorbency, basis
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2099:
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1703:
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852:Nanko, Hirko; Button, Allan; Hillman, Dave (2005).
652:When using either fibre type, it is beneficial to:
1444:"Sustainable Use of New and Recovered Fibre Types"
656:Improve energy efficiency in tissue manufacturing;
619:When using recovered fibres, it is beneficial to:
111:) fitted with a hot air hood. The raw material is
355:Tissue paper, in the form of standard single-ply
1424:"Sustainability and Absorbent Hygiene Products"
856:. Appleton, WI, USA: WOMP, LLC. pp. 44–46.
521:Toilet paper § Environmental considerations
1422:European Disposables and Nonwoven Association
399:In Europe, the industry is represented by the
1555:
8:
637:When using new fibres, it is beneficial to:
150:is often an important parameter for tissue.
1379:"Don't flush forests down the toilet | WWF"
645:systems and chain of custody standards; and
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1640:
1614:
1562:
1548:
1540:
675:Confederation of European Paper Industries
1354:"Flushing Forests | Worldwatch Institute"
1016:
1014:
989:
987:
993:PR Newell, KR Holland & JP Newell.
901:"Respiratory and hand hygiene guidance"
797:
16:Lightweight paper or, light crêpe paper
963:
961:
875:
873:
806:Tissue Paper Converting Machine Photos
361:Minnesota Department of Transportation
115:. The Yankee cylinder is sprayed with
1282:April 2020|publisher=Fastmarkets RISI
944:Gardiner, Bryan (15 September 2010).
449:– in 2015 are (in descending order):
57:The use of tissue paper is common in
7:
2361:
1033:Recording Engineer/Producer Magazine
1176:Western European Tissue Consumption
1107:"Road T.P. was his idea that stuck"
663:for tissue manufacturing operations
42:. Tissue can be made from recycled
1217:"Tissue Products | AF&PA"
734:Environmental Product Declarations
167:Tissue paper rolls used in toilets
14:
1535:Sustainably printed custom tissue
1513:"European-Wide Tissue Eco labels"
138:The properties are controlled by
2360:
2351:
2350:
574:specific electricity consumption
299:(Australia), among many others.
1494:from the original on 2020-05-13
1385:from the original on 2016-04-11
1360:from the original on 2016-04-21
1335:from the original on 2016-04-04
1299:from the original on 2016-06-25
1255:from the original on 2016-05-29
1227:from the original on 2021-10-09
1117:from the original on 2020-02-26
1087:from the original on 2017-09-23
1057:from the original on 2017-11-23
1008:, Institute of Acoustics (2001)
920:Paulapuro, Hannu (2000). "3".
827:Paulapuro, Hannu (2000). "3".
623:Source fibres from integrated
103:Tissue paper is produced on a
1:
2177:Environmental impact of paper
515:Environmental impact of paper
343:undesirable effect known as "
1272:COVID-19 and tissue markets
1251:. paperindustryworld. 2015.
1105:Ojanpa, Brian (2011-08-12).
1075:Salter, Peter (2014-12-31).
1045:Aguilar, John (2016-11-03).
881:"Tissue Product Properties"
879:European Tissue Symposium.
2413:
2124:Surface chemistry of paper
1627:(Zuo Bo/Tso Po/Tso Tzǔ-yi)
1511:European Tissue Symposium
1442:European Tissue Symposium
1195:European Tissue Symposium
1154:European Tissue Symposium
1134:European Tissue Symposium
910:, retrieved on 2009-06-05.
890:, Retrieved on 2010-01-02.
744:Forest Stewardship Council
518:
512:
379:generally in the range of
280:
254:
228:
190:
88:
2346:
1577:
1206:. Retrieved on 2010-01-02
1165:. Retrieved on 2010-01-02
1145:. Retrieved on 2009-06-05
1004:. Report commissioned by
709:There are three types of
566:impact on the environment
401:European Tissue Symposium
216:Catch it, Bin it, Kill it
179:before the mid-1940s. In
1656:Friedrich Gottlob Keller
1293:"Tissue - SCA Corporate"
854:The World of Market Pulp
582:carbon dioxide emissions
425:because of factors like
2172:Elemental chlorine free
2129:Units of paper quantity
1473:Retrieved on 2010-02-04
1464:"Environmental Reports"
1453:Retrieved on 2009-06-05
1433:Retrieved on 2009-06-05
1413:Retrieved on 2010-02-04
1404:"Environmental Issues"
578:combined heat and power
201:A box of facial tissues
2152:Bleaching of wood pulp
1113:. Mankato, Minnesota.
922:Paper and Board grades
829:Paper and Board grades
319:depending on quality.
202:
168:
100:
24:
2071:Corrugated fiberboard
1828:Electrical insulation
1681:Thomas Francis Carter
1083:. Lincoln, Nebraska.
899:Department of Health
771:Tissue-pack marketing
610:life-cycle assessment
598:municipal solid waste
539:Asia Pulp & Paper
513:Further information:
469:Asia Pulp & Paper
200:
166:
159:Hygienic tissue paper
98:
22:
1156:"Profile of the ETS"
1081:Lincoln Journal-Star
1053:. Denver, Colorado.
643:forest certification
554:Worldwatch Institute
537:. The WWF has urged
493:WEPA Hygieneprodukte
478:Procter & Gamble
295:(United States) and
2392:Packaging materials
1136:"Facts and Figures"
730:Type III: ISO 14025
705:Types of eco-labels
686:be followed by the
91:Fourdrinier machine
1518:2015-05-11 at the
1469:2010-02-09 at the
1449:2011-07-10 at the
1429:2009-05-02 at the
1409:2010-02-06 at the
1278:2020-07-12 at the
1202:2010-02-06 at the
1181:2017-12-07 at the
1161:2010-02-06 at the
1141:2008-06-20 at the
1111:Mankato Free Press
1027:2013-09-08 at the
1000:2012-06-04 at the
973:2014-02-02 at the
951:2014-02-12 at the
906:2009-06-08 at the
886:2010-02-12 at the
812:2017-12-20 at the
724:Type II: ISO 14021
533:through legal and
431:disposable incomes
323:Acoustic disrupter
291:(United Kingdom),
203:
169:
129:through air drying
101:
25:
23:Tissue paper sheet
2374:
2373:
1699:
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1691:Tsien Tsuen-hsuin
1669:
1668:
1639:
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1582:Paper engineering
981:(28 August 2008).
717:Type I: ISO 14024
435:consumer spending
405:trade association
329:Bob Clearmountain
59:developed nations
34:is a lightweight
2404:
2364:
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2338:Beverage cartons
2328:Watercolor paper
2187:Hollander beater
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580:(CHP). Specific
373:packing industry
367:Packing industry
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2387:Craft materials
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2222:Sulfite process
2207:Paper recycling
2162:Conical refiner
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2081:Paper chemicals
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1695:
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1661:Charles Fenerty
1635:
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1609:Missal of Silos
1604:Battle of Talas
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1520:Wayback Machine
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1221:www.afandpa.org
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1204:Wayback Machine
1197:"ETS: About Us"
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1183:Wayback Machine
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1163:Wayback Machine
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1529:External links
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679:pulp and paper
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229:Main article:
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693:In 2019, the
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531:deforestation
528:
522:
516:
508:
504:
501:
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494:
491:
489:
486:
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483:Sofidel Group
481:
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467:
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386:
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366:
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346:
341:
336:
334:
330:
322:
320:
318:
317:chemical pulp
314:
309:
308:Table napkins
303:Table napkins
302:
300:
298:
294:
290:
284:
276:
274:
272:
266:
264:
258:
250:
248:
246:
242:
241:chemical pulp
238:
232:
224:
222:
219:
217:
211:
207:
199:
194:
193:Facial tissue
186:
184:
182:
178:
177:United States
174:
165:
158:
153:
151:
149:
145:
141:
136:
134:
130:
125:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
105:paper machine
97:
92:
84:
82:
80:
72:
70:
68:
67:deforestation
64:
60:
55:
51:
49:
48:paper machine
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
2317:
2303:Papier-mâché
2298:Paper towels
2217:Soda pulping
2134:Wet strength
1989:
1935:Photographic
1808:Cotton (rag)
1781:Construction
1507:
1496:. Retrieved
1487:
1478:
1458:
1438:
1418:
1398:
1387:. Retrieved
1373:
1362:. Retrieved
1348:
1337:. Retrieved
1323:
1312:
1301:. Retrieved
1287:
1268:
1257:. Retrieved
1229:. Retrieved
1220:
1211:
1191:
1174:
1170:
1150:
1130:
1119:. Retrieved
1110:
1100:
1089:. Retrieved
1080:
1070:
1059:. Retrieved
1050:
1040:
1032:
1005:
978:
940:
921:
915:
895:
853:
847:
828:
822:
817:. Al Baraka.
804:
800:
781:Yankee dryer
766:Handkerchief
741:
738:
729:
728:
723:
722:
716:
715:
708:
692:
672:
651:
636:
618:
614:
606:
590:
586:fossil fuels
563:
556:, the world
550:toilet paper
546:rain forests
524:
444:
427:urbanization
420:
413:
411:since 1992.
400:
398:
394:
390:
387:The industry
370:
357:toilet paper
354:
340:Studio Sound
339:
337:
333:Yamaha NS-10
326:
306:
286:
283:Toilet paper
277:Toilet paper
267:
260:
234:
225:Paper towels
220:
212:
208:
204:
170:
154:Applications
148:wet strength
137:
126:
121:doctor blade
109:Yankee dryer
102:
76:
63:urbanization
56:
52:
31:
28:Tissue paper
27:
26:
2333:Paper money
2293:Lined paper
2212:Papermaking
2145:and process
2143:Manufacture
2119:Paper sizes
1848:Greaseproof
1833:Genkō yōshi
1686:Dard Hunter
1618:Originators
1586:Papermaking
1020:Bob Hodas.
761:Crêpe paper
699:Stand.earth
688:Nordic swan
591:EDANA, the
498:Metsä Group
351:Road repair
231:Paper towel
40:crêpe paper
2381:Categories
2270:Paper mill
2197:Organosolv
2076:Fiber crop
2066:China clay
2025:Waterproof
1925:Paperboard
1803:Correction
1796:Carbonless
1644:Developers
1498:2019-09-03
1389:2016-04-11
1364:2016-04-11
1339:2016-04-11
1303:2016-06-23
1259:2016-06-23
1231:2021-10-09
1121:2017-09-22
1091:2017-09-22
1061:2017-09-22
792:References
711:eco-labels
602:food waste
593:trade body
558:per capita
519:See also:
113:paper pulp
85:Production
73:Properties
44:paper pulp
30:or simply
2323:Notebooks
2308:Cardboard
2091:Wood pulp
2059:Materials
2035:Wood-free
2010:Wallpaper
2005:Tree-free
1945:Red rosin
1930:Parchment
1915:Onionskin
1910:Newsprint
1771:Cartridge
1766:Cardstock
1761:Cardboard
1711:Acid-free
955:. Gizmodo
473:Sinar Mas
441:Companies
416:AF&PA
403:(ETS), a
381:grammages
142:quality,
117:adhesives
38:or light
2356:Category
2313:Clothing
2231:Industry
2167:Deinking
2157:Calender
2114:Grammage
2000:Transfer
1965:Security
1838:Glassine
1741:Blotting
1716:Air-laid
1674:Scholars
1516:Archived
1492:Archived
1467:Archived
1447:Archived
1427:Archived
1407:Archived
1383:Archived
1358:Archived
1333:Archived
1297:Archived
1276:Archived
1253:Archived
1225:Archived
1200:Archived
1179:Archived
1159:Archived
1139:Archived
1115:Archived
1085:Archived
1055:Archived
1025:Archived
998:Archived
971:Archived
949:Archived
904:Archived
884:Archived
810:Archived
750:See also
625:deinking
570:biofuels
543:Sumatran
503:Cascades
409:Brussels
243:to 100%
2366:Commons
2318:Tissues
2109:Density
2086:Papyrus
2045:Writing
1995:Tracing
1985:Thermal
1960:Scritta
1955:Rolling
1920:Origami
1883:Butcher
1818:Display
1786:Contact
1751:Bristol
1726:Asphalt
1631:Damjing
1625:Cai Lun
1596:History
1331:. WWF.
392:tons).
313:deinked
297:Quilton
293:Charmin
173:napkins
144:crêping
2248:Europe
2243:Canada
1990:Tissue
1900:Manila
1873:Korean
1868:Ingres
1863:Inkjet
1776:Coated
1756:Carbon
1731:Banana
928:
860:
835:
661:energy
471:(APP)/
454:Essity
289:Andrex
79:weight
32:tissue
2397:Paper
2258:Japan
2253:India
2020:Wasli
2015:Washi
1975:Stone
1905:Mummy
1895:Lokta
1878:Kraft
1858:India
1843:Graph
1813:Crêpe
1736:Bible
1721:Amate
1704:Types
1571:Paper
776:Washi
584:from
377:paper
263:paper
46:on a
36:paper
2286:Uses
2275:List
2050:Xuan
2040:Wove
1970:Seed
1950:Rice
1890:Laid
1853:Hemp
1791:Copy
1746:Bond
1488:NRDC
926:ISBN
858:ISBN
833:ISBN
697:and
695:NRDC
673:The
525:The
488:CMPC
433:and
423:grow
140:pulp
133:NBSK
2030:Wax
1980:Tar
979:Mix
315:to
271:FSC
2383::
1823:Dó
1584:/
1490:.
1486:.
1381:.
1356:.
1295:.
1240:^
1223:.
1219:.
1109:.
1079:.
1049:.
1031:.
1013:^
986:^
977:.
960:^
872:^
808:.
746:.
418:.
50:.
1563:e
1556:t
1549:v
1501:.
1392:.
1367:.
1342:.
1306:.
1262:.
1234:.
1124:.
1094:.
1064:.
934:.
866:.
841:.
214:"
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