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manipulation, resulting in pamphlets denouncing the practice, local riots and the refusal of soldiers and mercenaries to fight unless paid in real, non-debased money. Also the states began to get back their own debased coins in taxes and customs fees. Due to these problems the practice largely stopped around 1623; however, the damage done was so large that it created financial disarray in almost all the city-states in the area. The same thing re-occurred on a smaller scale near the end of the century and again during the middle of the 18th century; however, the debasement spread from
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clipping. Wipper correlates to the financial crisis because it means to wag or seesaw. While merchants or money exchangers weighted money, they would continuously keep the scale in motion so that they could switch the good money with bad, debased coins. Frequently, coins would be melted and mixed with less rare and less precious metals such as copper.
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means "seesaw". During the financial crisis of Kipper und Wipper, people clipped or shaved the sides of coins. They were able to shave off the sides of coins that contained precious metals because the sides of the coins were not milled. Milled coins are coins with grooves on the sides that prevent
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from other territories and then spent them in yet other territories as far as possible from their own lands, hoping that the resulting damage would then occur to the economy of those other regions rather than their own. This worked for a while; but after a time, the general public caught on to the
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wrote, "Bad money was taken by debasing states to their neighbors and exchanged for good." Referring to good money, he said that states would mint debased coins, exchange it in a neighboring state, and bring good coins back. This brought in coins that had a higher content of silver. However, the
161:
During Kipper und Wipper, there were two forms of debasement. To finance the Thirty Years' War, which was occurring simultaneously, coins were either shaved down or melted. By clipping or shaving coins, the amount of silver or precious metal in the coin decreased. Additionally, by melting coins,
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In Europe, there were many sources of debased money. Though there is not one specific place where the debasement of coins can be traced back to, there were early traces in Italy and
Switzerland. It was said that debased coins were put into circulation and were created as early as 1580.
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A major decision made between cities that resulted in the creation of more mints and eventually more debased coin was when six cities decided to allow the establishment of more mints, a place to manufacture coins and money. By doing so, mints were able to mint more debased coins.
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neighboring states also debased their coins to prevent a loss of money. This resulted in hyperinflation, the rapid increase of prices in a short period of time, which eventually became a crisis throughout many states in Europe as debased coins spread rapidly from state to state.
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mixing them with lesser metals, making new coins, and circulating them, the nominal value, face value, greater deferred from the melt value or value of the metal in the coin.
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318:"“Kipper und Wipper”: Rogue Traders, Rogue Princes, Rogue Bishops and the German Financial Meltdown of 1621–23"
314:. The Journal of Economic History, vol. 51, no. 1, 1991, pp. 149–175. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2123055.
231:'Kipper und Wipper'. Rogue Traders, Rogue Princes, Rogue Bishops and the German Financial Meltdown of 1621–23"
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Dool, Donald H. (December 2001), "Coppers hail from kipper und wipper period",
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in order to raise revenue for the Thirty Years' War, as effective
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Manias, Panics and
Crashes. A History of Financial Crises
56:(1618–1648). Starting around 1621, city-states in the
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Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks
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293:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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1623:Russian financial crisis (2014–2016)
1476:2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis
1469:2008–2009 Ukrainian financial crisis
1434:2000s U.S. housing market correction
1274:1998–2002 Argentine great depression
1780:2023–2024 Egyptian financial crisis
1615:Puerto Rican government-debt crisis
1608:2014–2016 Brazilian economic crisis
981:1963–1965 Indonesian hyperinflation
884:Shanghai rubber stock market crisis
573:Dutch Republic stock market crashes
312:The Economic Crisis of 1619 to 1623
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1490:2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis
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1455:2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis
1150:1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis
645:British credit crisis of 1772–1773
139:means "the clipping of coins" and
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1579:2011 Bangladesh share market scam
1267:1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis
1231:Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994
1157:Japanese asset price bubble crash
1098:Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash
848:Australian banking crisis of 1893
652:Dutch Republic financial collapse
270:Kindleberger, Charles P. (1978),
135:summarizes the financial crisis.
1878:Economy of the Holy Roman Empire
630:Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763
27:Financial crisis in 17th century
1355:2007 Chinese stock bubble crash
681:Danish state bankruptcy of 1813
131:Based on a 17th-century slang,
1736:Chinese property sector crisis
1644:2015–2016 stock market selloff
1572:August 2011 stock markets fall
1483:2008–2011 Irish banking crisis
1180:1990s Swedish financial crisis
929:Weimar Republic hyperinflation
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1843:1622 in the Holy Roman Empire
1838:1621 in the Holy Roman Empire
1809:List of sovereign debt crises
1751:2022 Russian financial crisis
1448:2008 Latvian financial crisis
1441:U.S. bear market of 2007–2009
1319:Stock market downturn of 2002
1260:1998 Russian financial crisis
1113:1983 Israel bank stock crisis
68:did not exist. More and more
1511:Greek government-debt crisis
1348:2004 Argentine energy crisis
1305:2001 Turkish economic crisis
1194:1990s Armenian energy crisis
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921:Early Soviet hyperinflation
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1385:2007–2008 financial crisis
1040:Latin American debt crisis
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1758:Pakistani economic crisis
1744:2021–2023 inflation surge
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619:1st Industrial Revolution
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1888:Debased coins of Germany
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1062:Brazilian hyperinflation
899:Financial crisis of 1914
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52:during the start of the
1802:List of economic crises
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1713:Financial market impact
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1297:9/11 stock market crash
1253:October 1997 mini-crash
1224:1994 bond market crisis
1216:Yugoslav hyperinflation
1127:Savings and loan crisis
728:European potato failure
181:Charles P. Kindleberger
148:Origin of debased coins
18:Tipper and See-Saw Time
1795:List of banking crises
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974:Kennedy Slide of 1962
546:Commercial revolution
188:Attempt at prevention
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1289:Dot-com bubble crash
1201:Cuban Special Period
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565:The Great Debasement
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133:Kipper und Wipper
126:Kipper und Wipper
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1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1413:December 2008
1410:
1407:
1406:November 2008
1403:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:
997:
993:
989:
982:
978:
975:
971:
970:
968:
964:
960:
953:
952:Panic of 1930
949:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
917:
915:
911:
907:
900:
896:
893:
889:
885:
881:
878:
877:Panic of 1907
874:
871:
870:Panic of 1901
867:
864:
863:Panic of 1896
860:
856:
852:
849:
845:
842:
841:Panic of 1893
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:Baring crisis
822:
818:
817:Arendal crash
814:
811:
810:Panic of 1884
807:
804:
800:
797:
796:Panic of 1873
793:
792:
790:
786:
782:
774:
770:
767:
766:Panic of 1866
763:
760:
759:Panic of 1857
756:
753:
752:Panic of 1847
749:
744:
740:
737:
733:
732:
729:
725:
724:
722:
718:
711:
710:Panic of 1837
707:
704:
703:Panic of 1825
700:
697:
696:Panic of 1819
693:
689:
685:
682:
678:
675:
671:
668:
667:Panic of 1792
664:
661:
657:
653:
649:
646:
642:
638:
634:
631:
627:
626:
624:
620:
616:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
583:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
553:
551:
547:
543:
535:
531:
530:
528:
526:
521:
514:
510:
507:
506:Social crisis
503:
500:
499:Minsky moment
496:
491:
487:
484:
480:
477:
473:
470:
466:
465:
463:
459:
456:
452:
449:
445:
440:
436:
435:
433:
429:
426:
425:Energy crisis
422:
419:
415:
412:
408:
405:
401:
398:
397:Credit crunch
394:
391:
387:
384:
380:
379:
376:
372:
365:
360:
358:
353:
351:
346:
345:
342:
336:
333:
330:
327:, Mike Dash,
326:
322:
319:
316:
313:
309:
305:
300:
296:
290:
283:
281:0-465-04380-1
277:
273:
268:
267:
263:
255:
250:
247:
243:
240:, Mike Dash,
239:
235:
232:
224:
221:
214:
210:
207:
206:
202:
200:
197:
195:
194:Gresham's law
187:
185:
182:
174:
172:
165:
163:
156:
154:
147:
145:
142:
138:
134:
127:
123:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
94:
90:
86:
81:
79:
78:Ivan the Fool
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
33:
19:
1399:October 2008
1281:Samba effect
1137:(1987–2000s)
1032:Steel crisis
855:Black Monday
833:Encilhamento
773:Black Friday
581:
580:
536:(235–284 CE)
404:Credit cycle
328:
311:
303:
274:, New York,
271:
256:, Bundesbank
249:
241:
223:
198:
191:
178:
169:
160:
151:
140:
136:
132:
130:
125:
82:
31:
30:
29:
1676:(2017–2018)
1661:(2016–2022)
1617:(2014–2022)
1377:(2007–2009)
1342:(2003–2008)
1291:(2000–2004)
1240:(1994–1996)
1218:(1992–1994)
1203:(1991–2000)
1167:(1990–1992)
1159:(1990–1992)
1129:(1986–1995)
1092:(1982–1994)
1082:(1982–2007)
1064:(1980–1982)
1042:(1975–1982)
1034:(1973–1982)
1005:(1973–1980)
995:(1973–1982)
966:(1945–1973)
931:(1921–1923)
923:(1917–1924)
913:(1918–1939)
835:(1890–1893)
788:(1870–1914)
730:(1845–1856)
690:(1815–1816)
639:(1769–1784)
622:(1760–1840)
585:(1621–1623)
567:(1544–1551)
549:(1000–1760)
448:Flash crash
418:Debt crisis
329:Smithsonian
242:Smithsonian
124:Meaning of
74:Leo Tolstoy
1832:Categories
469:Accounting
325:Archive-It
238:Archive-It
215:References
157:Debasement
1727:Recession
720:1840–1870
38:‹See Tfd›
383:Bank run
321:Archived
289:citation
234:Archived
203:See also
66:taxation
483:Funding
476:Capital
306:: 34–38
114:Bohemia
110:Hungary
106:Austria
102:Germany
1653:(2016)
1299:(2001)
1283:(1999)
1100:(1982)
939:(1927)
886:(1910)
857:(1894)
827:(1890)
819:(1886)
775:(1869)
609:(1720)
601:(1720)
593:(1637)
490:Market
278:
175:Effect
141:Wipper
137:Kipper
118:Poland
116:, and
89:copper
42:German
166:Cause
97:coins
70:mints
1420:2009
525:1000
523:Pre-
295:link
276:ISBN
85:lead
104:to
93:tin
91:or
80:".
1834::
291:}}
287:{{
120:.
112:,
108:,
87:,
44::
1076:/
363:e
356:t
349:v
297:)
229:"
35:(
20:)
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