834:
746:. The poems also involved glorifying the feat of Shiva in the particular location – the usage of locale continuously occurring in the verses is a testament. According to Prentiss, the poems do not represent social space as a contested space, the hymns represent the hymnists were free to wander and to offer their praise of Shiva. The emotional intensity of the hymns represent spontaneous expression of thought as an emotional responses to God. The hymnists made classificatory lists of places like
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system, and thus of Tamil Saiva soteriology", states Cort, by emphasizing the instrumentality and efficacy of the temple and its rituals. According to Appar and others, the Vedic and the Agamic overlap, are alternate roads to the same spiritual end, both evoke a transformation in the devotee, with the difference that temple-based Saiva puja alone is emphasized in the tradition that Appar and other
Nayanars helped create.
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520:). Then they went together to a Shiva temple in Atikai, where he spontaneously composed his first hymn of Tevaram. As he sang the second verse, he was miraculously cured of his stomach illness. Thereafter, he came to be known as Navukkaracar (from Skt: Vagisa, "king of speech") or more popularly just Appar. He thus left Jainism and become a devout Shaiva.
657:. Appar's poems dealt with inner, emotional and psychological state of the poet saint. The metaphors used in the poems have deep agrarian influence that is considered one of the striking chords for common people to get accustomed to the verse. The quote below is a popular song of Appar glorifying Shiva in simple diction.
653:. They continue to be part of temple liturgy today. Several of these poems refer to historic references pointing to the saint-poets' own life, voice of devotee persona, using interior language of the mystic. Multi-vocal rhetoric is commonly used taking on personal emotions and genres and some voices of classical
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Appar's hymns provide a window into the history and culture of Tamil Hindus between the 7th and 9th-century, states
Paramasivanandan. They mention names of rulers, towns, villages, festivals, agriculture, trade, temples, role of temple in providing social support during famines and economic hardship,
523:
Appar's hymns are intimately devotional to Shiva, but occasionally include verses where he repents the Jain period of his life. In
Tevaram hymn IV.39 and others, he criticizes the Jain monastic practice of not brushing teeth, the lack of body hygiene, their barbaric ascetic practices, the doctrine of
509:
Unlike his sister, Appar turned to
Jainism. He left home, joined a Jain monastery, where he was renamed Dharmasena (Tarumacenar). He studied Jainism and years later became the head of the Jain monastery in Tiruppatirippuliyur. After a while, afflicted by a painful stomach illness, Dharmasena returned
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caste by birth. His childhood name was
Marunikkiyar (Marulneekiar). Orphaned, he was raised by his older sister Thilagavathiar. Thilagavathiar was betrothed to a military commander who died in war. She never married thereafter, devoted herself to Shaivism and to taking care of her little brother. He
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or charitable establishments. The charitable establishments that ran on philanthropy of individuals and merchant caravans had come to be because after the 13th century, the time of ancient nation states viz. cholas etc. was finished, and the temples became only denominated, voluntary, charitable
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that is ever since followed in Shiva temples. According to John Cort – a scholar of
Jainism and Hinduism studies, the Agamic temple rituals perpetuate the Vedic practices. Appar and other Nayanars helped transform this "as the central element of the Saiva Siddhanta philosophical and theological
249:"King of the Tongue, Lord of Language"). His birth-name was Marulneekkiyar, and was renamed to Dharmasenar while he studied and later served as the head of a Jain monastery. After he returned to Shaivism and began composing devotional hymns to Shiva, he has been historically referred to as
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in his court. He sought the help of Nambi Andar Nambi, who was a priest in a temple. It is believed by Tamil Shaiva that Nambi found the scripts by divine intervention, in the form of cadijam leaves half eaten by white ants in a chamber inside the second precinct in
44:
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In 1959, Dorai
Rangaswamy published a prose translation with commentary on about 100 Appar's hymns in Volume 3 of his collected works on Tevaram. More recent English translations of many more select hymns by Appar have been published by Indira Peterson.
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role of temples in dance, music, arts, life rituals, social conditions, literature, and the education system. Given Appar's study of
Digambara Jainism prior to returning to Shaiva Hinduism, it also includes a historic view into the two traditions.
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to
Shaivism. His efforts helped expand the sacred geography of Shaivism and bring fame to smaller Shiva temples. Appar sanctified all these temples by his verses and was also involved in cleaning of the dilapidated temples with his
215:
poet-saint. Born in a peasant Shaiva family, raised as an orphan by his sister, he lived about 80 years and is generally placed sometime between 570 and 650 CE. Appar composed 4,900 devotional hymns to the god
812:
Francis
Kingsbury and Godfrey Phillips selected and translated 39 out of 313 of Appar's hymns into English in 1921. These were published with small collection of Sambandar and Sundarar hymns in a book titled
587:
The Tamil Shaiva tradition believes that Appar extolled Siva in 4,900 hymns (49,000 stanzas). Of these 313 hymns (3,130 stanzas) have survived, later compiled in the fourth, fifth and sixth volumes of the
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after the daily rituals. These are usually carried out as chorus programme soon after the divine offering. The singing of Tevaram was followed by musicals from the music pillars in such temples like
567:(father) and he and Appar travelled together singing hymns. Appar is said to have traveled to about a hundred and twenty-five temples in different cities or villages in Tamil Nadu. He died in
797:. The king added the images of the Nayanar poet-saints inside the Shiva temple. Nambi arranged the hymns of three saint poets Sambanthar, Appar and Sundarar as the first seven books.
290:
Appar was born in late 6th-century, likely between 570 and 596 CE. Some scholars place him a bit later, in early 7th-century. Appar was born in the Guruaruludaiyan kothiraam of the
1405:
1344:
Xavier Irudayaraj,"Self Understanding of 'Saiva Siddanta' Scriptures," in The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India, Ollur 2010 Ed. George Menachery, Vol. III, p.14 ff.
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His images are found and revered in Tamil Shiva temples. His characteristic iconography in temples show him carrying a farmer's small hoe – a gardening tool and weed puller.
833:
273:. A written collection of his hymns as well as more details are found in texts about four centuries after he died. One of the most studied version is the Sekkizhar's
528:(anekantavada) as self-contradictory relativism, the hypocrisy of running away from the world and work yet begging for food in that same world, and others.
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800:
In 1918, 11 more songs were found engraved in a stone temple in Tiruvidavayil in a village close to Nannillam, and it was the first instance found where
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places. This is briefed by a 15th-century, chidambaram temple inscription. During the time of cholas etc. the temple hymn service workers were known as
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of Manickavasagar during special occasion in the temple. From the 13th century, the texts were passed on to the Odhuvars by the
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Appar largely stayed at Atikai with his sister before visiting other Shiva temples to sing in praise of Shiva. He heard of
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The tendency to incorporate place names known to the folks in the idiom of the poems is another characteristic feature of
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of Appar with 57 cm (22 in) in standing posture dated to about 12th century was found in Vembavur in
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762:(field) being used – thus both structured and unstructured places in the religious context find a mention in
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An outline about Appar's life, without specifics, are found in his own hymns that were preserved by an
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777:(ruled 985–1013 CE) embarked on a mission to recover the hymns after hearing short excerpts of
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817:, released by the Oxford University Press. They stated that these were some of the hymns from
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metres. In the last four decades of his life, he visited on foot no less than 125 shrines of
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821:(Tevaram) that they could hear being chanted in South Indian Shiva temples of their times.
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1565:
912:
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643:, Tamil:பதிகம்) are believed to be in sets of ten. The hymns were set to music denoted by
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An exhibition on Chola bronzes - 1000th anniversary of Thanjavur Big temple celebration
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2011:
1984:
Periya Puranam: A Tamil Classic on the Great Saiva Saints of South India by Sekkizhar
427:
95:
70:
220:, out of which 313 have survived and are now canonized as the 4th to 6th volumes of
43:
2373:
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2258:
2248:
2218:
975:
971:. These terms are of very ancient origin and traceable to even early sangam times.
407:
1972:
B.G.L. Swamy (1975). "The Date of the Tevaram Trio: An Analysis and Reappraisal".
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and went to Sirkali to meet him. Sambandar respectfully addressed Navukkarasar as
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1982:
1885:
1787:
1735:
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1529:(Report). Chennai: Department of Archaeology & Government Museum. p. 25.
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Amirthakadaieeshwarar temple relief depicting Appar bearing Sambandar's palanquin
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927:
17:
1905:
Spencer, George W. (1970). "The Sacred Geography of the Tamil Shaivite Hymns".
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on both his arms and neck. The bronze image is stored in the Bronze gallery in
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Historic inscriptions give details about the gifts rendered to the singers of
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Appar's stone image is revered in almost all Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu. A
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471:
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231:
222:
2072:"Tevaram Of Tirunavukkaracu Cuvamikal Tirumurai 5 part - 2 Poems(510-1016)"
2032:"Tevaram Of Tirunavukkaracu Cuvamikal Tirumurai 4 part - 2 Poems(488-1070)"
1956:
1128::"He was born in the Guruaruludaiyan kothiraam of Vellala caste by birth ."
2112:"Tevaram Of Tirunavukkaracu Cuvamikal Tirumurai 6 part - 2 Poems(509-981)"
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Appar celebrated the Vedas, and connected the Vedic ritual to the temple
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2092:"Tevaram Of Tirunavukkaracu Cuvamikal Tirumurai 6 part - 1 Poems(1-508)"
2052:"Tevaram Of Tirunavukkaracu Cuvamikal Tirumurai 5 part - 1 Poems(1-509)"
2012:"Tevaram Of Tirunavukkaracu Cuvamikal Tirumurai 4 part - 1 Poems(1-487)"
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1926:
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Bronze image of Appar from 12th century - Vembavur, Perambalur district
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spent his childhood in Tiruvamur village near Atikai by most accounts.
154:
1800:
Ethnic attachments in Sri Lanka: social change and cultural continuity
1634:
Land and people of Indian states and union territories. 25. Tamil Nadu
1571:
A History of Indian Literature, 500-1399: From Courtly to the Popular
138:
915:
in the Tiruvallam Bilavaneswara temple records. Rajaraja deputed 48
516:(sacred ash) and taught him the five syllable mantra "namaccivaya" (
257:"father"), after the child poet-saint Sambandar lovingly called him
887:
offer musical programmes in Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu by singing
287:
and in 428 verses, Sekkizhar presents the legendary life of Appar.
1821:
The royal temple of Rajaraja: an instrument of imperial Cola power
919:
and made liberal provisions for their maintenance and successors.
633:
621:
545:
530:
217:
108:
79:
1876:
The Religion And Philosophy Of Tevaram, Book II (Volumes 3 and 4)
1865:
The Religion And Philosophy Of Tevaram, Book I (Volumes 1 and 2)
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with the establishment of a department. There are records from
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604:
2134:
1655:
Open boundaries: Jain communities and culture in Indian history
2130:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
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from Nallanyanar temple in South Arcot indicating singing of
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1314:
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636:. He sang 312 decads comprising 3,056 stanzas of devotion.
319:
306:
854:(farmer's gardening hoe) – now a part of his iconography.
598:. The compilation of these books is generally ascribed to
1779:"Thirunavukkarasar Varalaru(Thirunavukkarasar Biography)"
1844:
A History of Indian literature Vol.10 (Tamil Literature)
1113:
Actes Du Sixième Congrès International Des Orientalistes
602:(10th century CE). Some of Appar's hymns set to various
1676:
According to tradition: hagiographical writing in India
1110:
Leiden, International Congress of Orientalists (2018).
226:. One of the most prominent of the sixty-three revered
1542:
The Historical Study of the Thevaram Hymns, Tamilkalai
1470:, pp. Chapter 6: Vedic Nature of Appar’s Saivism.
875:
Appar's tradition has thrived in Tamil Shiva temples.
302:
841:
Appar is traditionally credited with converting the
1884:R. Champakalakshmi (2007). Meenakshi Khanna (ed.).
722:"My Lord's twin feet are like the blemishless Veena
202:
162:
149:
144:
131:
126:
116:
87:
58:
53:
34:
1756:
1974:Bulletin of the Institute of Traditional Cultures
1631:Bhargava, Gopal K.; Shankarlal C. Bhatt (2006).
1431:
903:. The singers of these hymns were referred as
1981:G. Vanmikanathan (1985). N. Mahalingam (ed.).
1658:. Albany: State University of New York Press.
579:at Tirupukalur Shiva temple at the age of 81.
2146:
1207:
1205:
1067:
728:like the gentle breeze blowing from the South
8:
1939:Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints
1673:Callewaert, Winand M.; Rupert Snell (1994).
1331:
1329:
1034:
1032:
1030:
299:Conversion to Jainism and return to Shaivism
1290:
1288:
930:of the 8th century. A record belonging to
2153:
2139:
2131:
1478:
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1352:
1350:
1302:
1300:
42:
31:
1941:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1592:The First Spring: The Golden Age of India
1509:
1467:
1454:
1452:
1413:. Oxford University Press. pp. 35–68
1184:
1050:
245:Appar is also known as Tirunavukkaracar (
1443:
1407:Hymns of the Tamil Saivite Saints (1921)
1320:
1196:
1160:
1148:
1021:
832:
158:4,5 (Tirukkuruntokai), 6 (Tiruttantakam)
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1098:. Canadian Scholars' Press. p. 33.
1079:
1007:
942:and shows the institutionalisation of
27:Seventh-century Tamil Śaiva poet-saint
1698:, New York: Oxford University Press,
639:All the songs in the Tevaram (called
7:
1759:'Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend
784:Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram
1824:, New Delhi: Abhinav Publications,
1172:
1024:, pp. 19–21, 270–273, 283–297.
804:verses were found in inscriptions.
1887:Cultural History of Medieval India
1716:Cultural History of Medieval India
1199:, pp. 286–293 with footnotes.
230:, he was an older contemporary of
25:
2538:Converts to Hinduism from Jainism
1694:Prentiss, Karen Pechilis (1992),
1613:South Indian shrines: illustrated
815:Hymns of the Tamil Śaivite Saints
725:like the full-moon of the evening
649:and are part of the canon of the
1976:. University of Madras: 119–179.
1116:. Wentworth Press. p. 300.
668:வீசு தென்றலும் வீங்கிள வேனிலும்
1890:. Delhi: Social Science Press.
1873:Dorai Rangaswamy, M.A. (1959).
1862:Dorai Rangaswamy, M.A. (1958).
1797:Sabaratnam, Lakshmanan (2001).
1719:. Delhi: Social Science Press.
1522:T.S., Dr. Sridhar, ed. (2011).
1095:Developments in Indian Religion
699:mūcu vaṇţaṛai pǒykaiyum pōņṛatē
689:"Mācil vīṇaiyum mālai matiyamum
1637:. Delhi: Kalpaz Publications.
1616:. Asian Educational Services.
1610:Ayyar, P. V. Jagadisa (1993).
1539:A.M. Paramasivanandan (1982),
982:. He is sported with beads of
893:Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple
789:Rajaraja thus became known as
671:மூசு வண்டறை பொய்கையும் போன்றதே
211:, was a seventh-century Tamil
1:
1092:Smith, Ronald Morton (2002).
694:vīcu těņṛalum vīŋkiḷa vēņilum
665:மாசில் வீணையும் மாலை மதியமும்
1935:Peterson, Indira Viswanathan
1574:. Chennai: Sahitya Akademi.
594:, the Tamil poetic canon of
2110:Swamigal, Tirunavukkarasu.
2090:Swamigal, Tirunavukkarasu.
2070:Swamigal, Tirunavukkarasu.
2050:Swamigal, Tirunavukkarasu.
2030:Swamigal, Tirunavukkarasu.
2010:Swamigal, Tirunavukkarasu.
1376:Vasudevan 2003, pp. 109-110
911:, from the inscriptions of
905:Tirupadiyam Vinnapam seyvar
704:īcaņ ěntai iṇaiyaţi nīļalē"
203:
2569:
1818:Vasudevan, Geetha (2003),
1786:Vanmikanathan, G. (1983).
1755:Anna Dallapiccola (2002).
1713:Khanna, Meenakshi (2007).
1306:Sabaratnam 2001, pp. 27-28
988:Government Museum, Chennai
793:meaning one who saved the
510:home. His sister gave him
2492:
2169:
734:like a bee-humming pond "
500:
493:
486:
477:
338:hymns of the sixty-three
330:
305:
195:
183:
41:
1696:The embodiment of bhakti
674:ஈசன் எந்தை இணையடி நீழலே"
632:on the western coast of
1919:10.1163/156852770X00063
1879:. University of Madras.
1868:. University of Madras.
1589:Eraly, Abraham (2011).
1273:Callewaert 1994, p. 199
628:to visit the shrine at
608:, the melodic modes of
582:
279:, the last book of the
74:(modern day Tiruvamur,
1734:Nagaswamy, R. (1989).
1652:Cort, John E. (1998).
1282:Sabaratnam 2001, p. 27
1220:Sabaratnam 2001, p. 26
838:
791:Tirumurai Kanda Cholan
612:– the rest are set to
551:
543:
535:Appar (Wooden Image),
331:The twelve volumes of
325:
312:
186:) also referred to as
2449:Thirukkurippu Thondar
1500:Bhargava 2006, p. 467
1458:Vasudevan 2003, p. 13
1432:Dorai Rangaswamy 1959
1404:Kingsbury, F (1921).
1385:Zvelebil 1974, p. 191
1100::"Appar was a vaisya"
1053:, pp. Chapter 2.
836:
731:like the young spring
549:
534:
323:
310:
2497:Paadal Petra Sthalam
1913:(Fasc. 3): 232–244.
1847:. Otto Harrasowitz.
1740:. South Asia Books.
1679:. Otto Harrasowitz.
1294:Aiyangar 2004, p. 35
1211:Zvelebil 1974, p. 96
1038:Zvelebil 1974, p. 95
948:Kulothunga Chola III
938:, the supervisor of
488:Paadal Petra Sthalam
480:Paadal Petra Sthalam
69:Tiruvamur, Panruti,
2502:Thiruthondar Thogai
1255:. Indiantemples.com
1151:, pp. 283–287.
1082:, pp. 234–235.
994:History and culture
980:Perambalur district
610:Ancient Tamil music
2548:Tamil Hindu saints
1792:. Sahitya Akademi.
1491:Ghose 1996, p. 239
1335:Culter 1987, p. 50
1068:Vanmikanathan 1983
897:Nellaiappar Temple
839:
754:(port or refuge),
552:
544:
326:
324:Om symbol in Tamil
313:
2525:
2524:
2117:. Project Madurai
2097:. Project Madurai
2077:. Project Madurai
2057:. Project Madurai
2037:. Project Madurai
2017:. Project Madurai
1994:978-81-7823-148-8
1897:978-81-87358-30-5
1726:978-81-87358-30-5
1602:978-0-670-08478-4
1595:. Penguin Books.
1482:Cort 1998, p. 176
1356:Cort 1998, p. 178
1253:"Abodes of Shiva"
1123:978-0-27090-885-5
775:Raja Raja Chola I
758:(water tank) and
655:Sangam literature
600:Nambiyandar Nambi
507:
506:
502:Nambiyandar Nambi
385:Thirunavukkarasar
201:
173:
172:
16:(Redirected from
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2294:Chēramān Perumāḷ
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2016:
1998:
1977:
1968:
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1585:
1566:Das, Sisir Kumar
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1336:
1333:
1324:
1323:, p. 51-52.
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1101:
1099:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1054:
1048:
1039:
1036:
1025:
1019:
596:Shaiva Siddhanta
569:Sadhaya Nakshtra
366:Thirukadaikkappu
303:
285:Thiruninrasargam
206:
204:Tirunāvukkaracar
200:romanized:
199:
197:
188:Tirunavukkaracar
185:
145:Religious career
91:650 CE (aged 80)
46:
32:
21:
18:Tirunavukkarasar
2568:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2488:
2284:Karaikkal Ammai
2165:
2159:
2129:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2003:Further reading
1995:
1980:
1971:
1949:
1933:
1904:
1898:
1883:
1872:
1861:
1855:
1839:Zvelebil, Kamil
1837:
1832:
1817:
1811:
1796:
1785:
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1771:
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1733:
1727:
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1561:
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1155:
1147:
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1124:
1109:
1108:
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1078:
1074:
1066:
1057:
1049:
1042:
1037:
1028:
1020:
1009:
1005:
996:
913:Nandivarman III
860:
858:Temple services
831:
810:
772:
714:translating to
585:
583:Appar's Tevaram
557:
431:
411:
301:
283:. There, under
267:
243:
196:திருநாவுக்கரசர்
112:
98:
92:
83:
73:
67:
65:
64:
63:Marul Neekkiyar
49:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2566:
2564:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2530:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2507:Periya Puranam
2504:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2474:Rudra Pasupati
2471:
2466:
2461:
2459:Tirunilakantar
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
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2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
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2329:Mangayarkarasi
2326:
2321:
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2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
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2256:
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2226:
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2216:
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2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
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2176:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2135:
2128:
2127:
2107:
2087:
2067:
2047:
2027:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1993:
1978:
1969:
1947:
1931:
1902:
1896:
1881:
1870:
1859:
1853:
1835:
1830:
1815:
1809:
1794:
1783:
1775:
1769:
1752:
1747:978-8170130284
1746:
1731:
1725:
1710:
1704:
1691:
1685:
1670:
1664:
1649:
1643:
1628:
1622:
1607:
1601:
1586:
1580:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1532:
1514:
1512:, p. 101.
1510:Vasudevan 2003
1502:
1493:
1484:
1472:
1468:Nagaswamy 1989
1460:
1448:
1436:
1424:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1358:
1346:
1337:
1325:
1308:
1296:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1244:
1222:
1213:
1201:
1189:
1185:Nagaswamy 1989
1177:
1165:
1153:
1130:
1122:
1102:
1084:
1072:
1055:
1051:Nagaswamy 1989
1040:
1026:
1006:
1004:
1001:
995:
992:
859:
856:
847:Mahendravarman
830:
827:
809:
806:
771:
768:
750:(for forest),
740:
739:
738:
737:
736:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
712:
711:
710:
709:
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680:
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584:
581:
556:
553:
505:
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498:
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491:
490:
484:
483:
475:
474:
469:
467:Periya Puranam
464:
460:
459:
456:
452:
451:
446:
444:Thirumandhiram
441:
437:
436:
433:
432:Tiruppallaandu
425:
421:
420:
418:Manickavasagar
415:
413:Thirukkovaiyar
405:
401:
400:
395:
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388:
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373:
372:
367:
364:
360:
359:
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328:
327:
300:
297:
276:Periya Puranam
271:oral tradition
266:
263:
242:
239:
171:
170:
164:
160:
159:
151:
150:Literary works
147:
146:
142:
141:
133:
129:
128:
124:
123:
118:
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113:
94:Thiruppugalur
93:
89:
85:
84:
68:
62:
60:
56:
55:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2565:
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2327:
2325:
2324:Manakanchārar
2322:
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2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
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2300:
2297:
2295:
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2250:
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2240:
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2222:
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2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2168:
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2156:
2151:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2113:
2108:
2093:
2088:
2073:
2068:
2053:
2048:
2033:
2028:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1948:9780691067674
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1889:
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1878:
1877:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1860:
1856:
1854:3-447-01582-9
1850:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1831:81-7017-383-3
1827:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1812:
1810:0-312-29348-8
1806:
1802:
1801:
1795:
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1770:0-500-51088-1
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1705:0-19-512813-3
1701:
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1686:3-447-03524-2
1682:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1667:
1665:0-7914-3786-8
1661:
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1656:
1650:
1646:
1644:81-7835-381-4
1640:
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1635:
1629:
1625:
1623:81-206-0151-3
1619:
1615:
1614:
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1604:
1598:
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1581:81-260-2171-3
1577:
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1485:
1479:
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1473:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1444:Peterson 1989
1440:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1409:
1408:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1382:
1379:
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1363:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1321:Prentiss 1992
1317:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1276:
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1254:
1248:
1245:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1197:Peterson 1989
1193:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1163:, p. 95.
1162:
1161:Zvelebil 1974
1157:
1154:
1150:
1149:Peterson 1989
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:Peterson 1989
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
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1000:
993:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
936:Tevaranayakan
933:
929:
925:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
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869:
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848:
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828:
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776:
769:
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749:
745:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
720:
719:
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702:
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673:
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663:
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631:
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619:
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580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
554:
548:
542:
538:
533:
529:
527:
521:
519:
518:Namah Shivaya
515:
514:
503:
499:
496:
492:
489:
485:
482:
481:
476:
473:
470:
468:
465:
462:
461:
457:
454:
453:
450:
447:
445:
442:
439:
438:
434:
429:
428:Thiruvisaippa
426:
423:
422:
419:
416:
414:
409:
406:
403:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
389:
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368:
365:
362:
361:
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355:
353:
350:
348:
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344:
341:
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334:
329:
322:
318:
317:
309:
304:
298:
296:
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288:
286:
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278:
277:
272:
264:
262:
260:
256:
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248:
240:
238:
235:
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229:
225:
224:
219:
214:
210:
205:
193:
189:
181:
177:
168:
165:
161:
157:
156:
152:
148:
143:
140:
137:
134:
130:
125:
122:
119:
115:
110:
106:
102:
97:
96:Chola Kingdom
90:
86:
81:
77:
72:
71:Chola Kingdom
61:
57:
52:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
2434:Somasi Mārar
2399:Pugaḻ Thunai
2369:Muniyaraiyar
2349:Munaiyaduvar
2299:Kochengannār
2249:Isaignaniyar
2219:Aenātinathar
2193:
2119:. Retrieved
2099:. Retrieved
2079:. Retrieved
2059:. Retrieved
2039:. Retrieved
2019:. Retrieved
1983:
1973:
1938:
1910:
1906:
1886:
1875:
1864:
1843:
1820:
1803:. Palgrave.
1799:
1788:
1758:
1736:
1715:
1695:
1675:
1654:
1633:
1612:
1591:
1570:
1559:Bibliography
1540:
1535:
1517:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1463:
1439:
1427:
1415:. Retrieved
1406:
1399:
1394:Ayyar, p. 23
1390:
1381:
1340:
1278:
1269:
1257:. Retrieved
1247:
1235:. Retrieved
1225:
1216:
1192:
1180:
1175:, p. 33
1168:
1156:
1112:
1105:
1094:
1087:
1080:Spencer 1970
1075:
1070:, p. 8.
997:
976:Chola bronze
973:
968:
964:
959:
955:
952:Tiruvempavai
951:
943:
939:
935:
923:
921:
916:
908:
904:
888:
885:Kattalaiyars
884:
880:
876:
874:
863:
861:
852:ulavarapadai
851:
840:
823:
818:
814:
811:
808:Translations
801:
799:
794:
790:
788:
778:
773:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
741:
713:
703:
698:
693:
688:
644:
640:
638:
630:Tirukokarnam
625:
617:
613:
603:
589:
586:
576:
568:
564:
558:
525:
522:
511:
508:
478:
408:Thiruvasakam
356:
351:
346:
314:
289:
284:
280:
274:
268:
258:
254:
250:
246:
244:
236:
221:
209:Navukkarasar
208:
187:
175:
174:
169:saint, Muvar
153:
127:Organization
99:(modern day
29:
2553:Chola poets
2484:Viranmindar
2429:Siruttondar
2419:Seruthtunai
2394:Pugal Chola
2289:Kalarsingar
2274:Kanampullar
2264:Kalikkambar
2254:Iyarpagaiār
2204:Arivāttayar
2174:Adipaththar
2121:13 December
2101:13 December
2081:13 December
2061:13 December
2041:13 December
2021:13 December
1957:j.ctt7zvqbj
1737:Siva Bhakti
1233:. TempleNet
928:Parantaka I
770:Compilation
651:Tamil music
614:Tirunerisai
573:Tamil month
2532:Categories
2469:Nilanakkar
2334:Meiporulār
2314:Kulachirai
2234:Gananāthar
2229:Kalikkāmar
1259:10 January
1237:10 January
1231:"Glossary"
1003:References
932:Rajendra I
901:Suchindram
881:Sthanikars
495:Rajaraja I
449:Thirumular
394:Thirupaatu
265:Early life
132:Philosophy
105:Tamil Nadu
101:Thiruvarur
76:Tamil Nadu
2512:Tirumurai
2454:Tirumular
2444:Sambandar
2424:Sirappuli
2379:Nedumārar
2359:Naminandi
2279:Kannappar
2224:Eripathar
2209:Chandesar
2184:Amarneedi
2179:Aiyadigal
1965:884013180
984:Rudraksha
960:Adheenams
956:Tiruvalam
934:mentions
795:Tirumurai
591:Tirumurai
577:Chithirai
561:Sambandar
472:Sekkizhar
370:Sambandar
316:Tirumurai
311:Om symbol
281:Tirumurai
232:Sambandar
223:Tirumurai
2543:Nayanars
2464:Yālpānar
2439:Sundarar
2414:Saktiyār
2409:Sākkiyar
2404:Sadaiyār
2384:Kurumbar
2364:Nantanār
2304:Kutruvar
2239:Idangaḻi
2163:Nayanars
1937:(1989).
1841:(1974).
1568:(2005).
1551:13103354
1173:Das 2005
965:uvacchar
917:pidarars
877:Odhuvars
641:pathikam
626:kuravars
618:Viruttam
539:Museum,
526:pallurai
513:Tiruniru
458:Various
435:Various
398:Sundarar
380:Thevaram
340:Nayanars
292:Vellalar
228:Nayanars
136:Shaivism
121:Hinduism
117:Religion
54:Personal
2517:Tevaram
2479:Vāyilār
2389:Pusalar
2354:Murugar
2339:Murkhar
2319:Kalayar
2309:Kotpuli
2244:Māranār
1927:3269705
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940:Tevaram
924:Tevaram
909:Pidarar
889:Tevaram
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779:Tevaram
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155:Tevaram
2269:Kaliya
2199:Apputi
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1851:
1828:
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829:Legacy
555:Bhakti
357:Author
213:Shaiva
184:அப்பர்
163:Honors
139:Bhakti
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2214:Dandi
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