Titanis - Knowledge

159: 1925: 2460: 6288: 2149: 771: 2158: 5631: 180: 999: 1018:. Though fossils from Europe and Africa have been assigned to the group, their classification is disputed. It is unclear where the group originated; both cariamids and phorusrhacids may have arisen in South America, or arrived from elsewhere when southern continents were closer together or when sea levels were lower. Since phorusrhacids survived until the Pleistocene, they appear to have been more successful than the South American 523: 514: 6299: 796: 3815: 787: 778: 6294: 814: 805: 834: 840: 2218:, the skull of the phorusrhacid showed relatively high stress under sideways loadings, but low stress where force was applied up and down, and in simulations of "pullback" where the head returned to its normal position. Due to the relative weakness of the skull at the sides and midline, these researchers considered it unlikely that 5142: 3482: 2083:

suggested 27 m/s (97 km/h; 60 mph); the latter is greater than that of a modern ostrich, approaching that of a cheetah, 29 m/s (100 km/h; 65 mph). They found these estimates unlikely due to the large body size of these birds, and instead suggested the strength could have

2247:

were adapted to carrying a large head and for raising the head after the neck had been fully extended. The researchers assumed same would be true for other large, big-headed phorusrhacids. A 2020 study of phorusrhacid skull morphology by Degrange found that there were two main morphotypes within the

2042:

that dominated Cenozoic South America in the absence of placental mammalian predators. They co-existed with some large, carnivorous borhyaenid mammals for much of their existence. Earlier hypotheses of phorusrhacid feeding ecology were mainly inferred from their large skulls with hooked beaks rather

1993:

dinosaurs, such as the dromaeosaurs. It was later pointed out by Gould and Quitmyer in a 2005 study that demonstrated that this wing joint is not unique and is present in seriemas, which do not have specialized grasping hands. The wing bones articulated in an unusual joint-like structure, suggesting

2483:

era. This period of separation from the rest of the Earth's continents led to an age of unique mammalian and avian evolution, with the dominance of phorusrhacids and sparassodonts as predators in contrast to the North American placental carnivores. The fauna of North America was composed of living

2050:

Alvarenga and Elizabeth Höfling made some general remarks about phorusrhacid habits in a 2003 article. They were flightless, as evidenced by the proportional size of their wings and body mass, and the wing-size was more reduced in larger members of the group. These researchers pointed out that the

1811:

due to the fragmentary nature of the known specimens. In 1995, Jon A. Baskin proposed that a 2-meter (6.6 ft) tall individual would have weighed 150 kilograms (330 lb), but the 2005 study which cited Baskin suggested it to be over 300 kilograms (660 lb). In spite of this, it would

2100:

inside the bones, or by using the legs as kicking weapons (like some modern ground birds do), consistent with the large, curved, and sideways compressed claws known in some phorusrhacids. They also suggested future studies could examine whether they could have used their beaks and claws against

421:

at 1.4 to 2 meters (4.6 to 6.6 ft) in height and over 300 kilograms (660 lb) in body mass. Due to the fragmentary fossils, the anatomy is poorly known, but several distinct characters on the tarsometatarsus have been observed. The skull is estimated to have been between 36 centimeters

1989:. It also had a relatively rigid wrist, which would not have allowed the hand to fold back against the arm to the same degree as other birds. This led R. M. Chandler to suggest in a 1994 paper that the wings may have supported some type of clawed, mobile hand similar to the hands of non-avian 743:

were the first to discover fossils in the clay sediments in 1967, sparking a wave of large-scale excavations by curator David Webb of the Florida Museum of Natural History. Work on the site lasted from 1967 to 1973, during which over 18,000 fossils were collected. Of the many fossils, only 12

2256:

and other large members, that was more specialized, with more rigid skulls. Despite the differences, studies have shown the two types handled prey similarly; the more rigid skulls and resulting larger bite force of the "Terror Bird" type would have been an adaptation to handling larger prey.

1872:

is incomplete, consisting of its frontmost end including the characteristic long, sharp beak tip of Phorusrhacidae that would have been used for hunting. Its preserved length is 9 centimeters (3.5 in) with a height of 5.5 centimeters (2.2 in) with a triangular shape in vertical

723:, 27 have been unearthed from the Santa Fe River, many of them collected in the 1960s and '70s following Brodkorb's description. The Santa Fe River specimens come from two localities within the river, 1a and 1b. The former locality is more productive, producing elements of 1860:(cheek bones) have been mentioned in scientific literature. The skull is estimated to have been between 36 centimeters (14 in) and 56 centimeters (22 in) in length, one of the largest known from any bird. These sizes are based on the size of quadratojugals from 4649:

Emslie, Steven D.; Czaplewski, Nicholas J. (1999). "Two New Fossil Eagles from the Late Pliocene (Late Blancan) of Florida and Arizona and Their Biogeographic Implications". In Storrs, S. L.; Wellnhofer, P.; Mourer-Chauviré, C.; Steadman, D. W.; Martin, L.D. (eds.).

2532:

made it to North America millions of years before the volcanic formation of Panama. The period following the Isthmus's foundation saw the extinction of many groups, including the South American phorusrhacids; the last phorusrhacids went extinct in the Pleistocene.

3479: 2293:

scrub are known to have occupied the area, similar to the modern flora. More recent interpretations suggest that the environment of Pliocene-Pleistocene Florida was a mosaic of different communities (i.e. a mixture of forests, savannas, wetlands, etc.), and that

760:. As for Port Charlotte, a single fossil, a partial pedal phalanx from the fourth digit, was donated to the UF in 1990. Another partial tarsometatarsus was reportedly found in a shell pit in Sarasota County, making it the only other tarsometatarsus known from 2504:. Phorusrhacids evolved in South America to fill gaps in niches otherwise filled by placentals in other continents, such as that of apex predator. Flight-capable birds could more easily migrate between continents, creating a more homogenous avian fauna. 2324:, the climate was cooler but temperatures did not reach those of the Pleistocene, creating a warm period. Sea levels were higher, but this was reversed at the end of the Pliocene during the beginning of large glaciations that fostered the Pleistocene's 1911:

development in the smaller quadratojugal, meaning they both come from adults. In the lower jaw, a partial mandible is known but it is unfigured and undescribed in scientific literature. Being a phorusrhacine, it would have had a long and narrow

873:

fossils from outside Florida. The pit was largely disorganized, with fossils dating to the Early Pliocene and Late Pleistocene jumbled together. The description followed Brodkorb's erroneous Late Pleistocene age assessment. Later analyses of

2222:

engaged in potentially risky behavior that involved using its beak to subdue large, struggling prey. Instead, they suggested that it fed on smaller prey that could be killed and consumed more safely by swallowing it whole. Alternatively, if

2577:

fossils by MacFadden and colleagues in 2007 dispelled this, demonstrating that the genus lived during the Pliocene and earliest Pleistocene. Some phorusrhacid material from South America dates to the Late Pleistocene, younger than

2231:

conjectured that it probably used a series of well-targeted repetitive strikes with the beak in an "attack-and-retreat" strategy. Struggling prey could also have been restrained with the feet, despite the lack of sharp talons.

990:

in the family Cariamidae. Although phorusrhacids are the most taxon-rich group within Cariamiformes, their interrelationships are unclear due to the incompleteness of their remains. A lineage of related predatory birds, the

463:

is known from the Pliocene deposits of Florida, southern California, and southeastern Texas, regions that had large open savannas and a menagerie of mammalian megafauna. It likely preyed on mammals such as the extinct

1942:

is distinguished from other phorusrhacines by the anatomy of its tarsometatarsus; the distal end of the mid-trochlea is spread out onto its sides and its slenderness compared to related genera of the same size. The

2281:

is known are all tropical or subtropical in climate, with traditional interpretations indicating a habitat of dense forests and a variety of flora. In Inglis 1a specifically, previous studies have reported that

384:(toe bone), but comes from one of the largest phorusrhacid individuals known. In the years following the description, many more isolated elements have been unearthed from sites from other areas of Florida, 5609: 3426:

Chandler, Robert; Jefferson, George; Lindsay, Lowell; Vescera, Susan (2013). "The terror bird, Titanis (Phorusrhacidae), from Pliocene Olla Formation, Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, southern California".

2511:

and Pliocene, though most species crossed at around 2.7 million years ago. The momentous final stage witnessed the movement of glyptodonts, capybaras, pampatheres, and marsupials to North America via the

2516:, which connected South America to the rest of the Americas, and a reverse migration of ungulates, proboscideans, felids, canids, and many other mammal groups to South America. The oldest fossil of 1891:, an Argentine phorusrhacid. The pterygoid is enlarged, as seen in other phorusrhacids, at 10 centimeters (3.9 in) in complete length with a medially placed joint for its articulation to the 3772:"Osteology and phylogenetic affinities of the middle Eocene North American Bathornis grallator—one of the best represented, albeit least known Paleogene cariamiform birds (seriemas and allies)" 459:

show that large phorusrhacids had very stiff and stress-resistant skulls; this indicates they may have swallowed small prey whole or targeted larger prey with repetitive strikes of the beak.

3041: 4710:

Kay, R. F.; Vizcaino, S. F.; Bargo, M. S. (2012). "A review of the paleoenvironment and paleoecology of the Miocene Santa Cruz Formation". In Vizcaino, S.F.; Kay, R.F.; Bargo, M.S. (eds.).

2428:

Along with mammals, a menagerie of reptiles including lizards, turtles, and snakes is known from fossils. There are abundant remains of avifauna, with thousands of known fossils, including

449:

co-existed with many placental predators in North America and was likely one of several apex predators in its ecosystem. The tarsometatarsus was long and slender, like that of its relative

2524:

was able to traverse the gap to North America is unknown. A hypothesis made by a 2006 article suggested that it could have island-hopped through Central America and the Caribbean islands.

595:(toe bone), deposited under specimen numbers UF 4108 and 4109 respectively. They remained without analysis in the museum's donations until they were recognized as unique by paleontologist 934:, the authors citing the bone's age and phorusrhacid features. The age of the Anza-Borrego premaxilla is estimated at 3.7 million years old, making it the oldest confirmed fossil of 4653:

Avian Paleontology at the Close of the 20th Century: Proceedings of the 4th International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution, Washington, D.C, 4–7 June 1996

4627: 2055:

could have been adaptations to enable the birds to search for and take smaller animals in tall plant growth or broken terrain. The large expansions above the eyes formed by the

411:

had elongated hind limbs, a thin pelvis, proportionally small wings, and a large skull with a hooked beak. It was one of the largest phorusrhacids, possibly similar in size to

4044: 2637: 2125:, and that while there were other large predators in South America at the time, they were limited in numbers and not as fast and agile as the phorusrhacids, and the many 4860:

Morgan, G. S., & Hulbert Jr, R. C. (1995). "Overview of the geology and vertebrate biochronology of the Leisey Shell Pit local fauna, Hillsborough County, Florida".

2047:

studies. Detailed analyses of their running and predatory adaptations were only conducted from the beginning of the 21st century through the use of computer technology.

6378: 4454: 2520:

is estimated to be 5 million years old, at least half a million years older than the earliest date for the Isthmus's formation about 4.5–3.5 million years ago. How

2980: 2874: 2825: 5601: 2273:

mammals as well as new immigrants from Asia and South America. Because of this, the fauna of the Blancan starkly contrasted with the fauna of the Pleistocene and

2063:) would have protected the eyes against the sun, and enabled keen eyesight, which indicates they hunted by sight in open, sunlit areas, and not shaded forests. 1110:

the Argentinian paleontologist Federico J. Degrange and colleagues performed a phylogenetic analysis of Phorusrhacidae, wherein they found Phorusrhacinae to be

2075:(shin bone) of phorusrhacids to determine their speed, but conceded that such estimates can be unreliable even for extant animals. The tibiotarsal strength of 4891: 6457: 3582: 3279: 3165: 2797: 732: 5027: 2243:, finding the neck to be divided into three sections. By manually manipulating the vertebrae, they concluded that the neck musculature and skeleton of 1938:

and other phorusrhacines were heavily built. They all preserve an elongated, thin tarsometatarsus that was at least 60% the length of the tibiotarsus.

2904: 5364: 5278: 4839: 6452: 6365: 3011: 5664: 4780: 736: 4989: 4675:

Morgan, Gary S.; Emslie, Steven D. (2010). "Tropical and western influences in vertebrate faunas from the Pliocene and Pleistocene of Florida".

3395: 894:

fossil at 5 million years old, compared to the Floridan fossils which are around 2.2–1.8 million years old, and therefore from the Blancan age.

6467: 6462: 6447: 2561:) carnivores that occupied the same ancient terrestrial ecosystems during the Great American Interchange. However, this has been contested as 5496: 4727: 3095: 2214:. These researchers interpreted this loss as an adaptation for enhanced rigidity of the skull; compared to the modern red-legged seriema and 951: 822: 6287: 1799:. Accurate scaling after the discovery of new material estimated its total height around 1.4 to 2 meters (4.6 to 6.6 ft) tall. Though 995:, occupied North America before the arrival of phorusrhacids, living from the Eocene to Miocene and filling a similar niche to cariamids. 158: 5211: 4617: 4136: 1771:

with long hind limbs, narrow pelvises, and proportionally small wings. They had elongated skulls ending in a thin, hooked beak. Overall,

3952:"Understanding specifics in generalist diets of carnivorans by analyzing stable carbon isotope values in Pleistocene mammals of Florida" 770: 4332: 2721: 4928: 3078:

Alvarenga, Herculano; Chiappe, Luis; Bertelli, Sara (2011). "Phorusrhacids: The Terror Birds". In Dyke, Gareth; Kaiser, Gary (eds.).

6432: 5080: 1895:. Two quadratojugals are preserved, both with different anatomies. The larger of the two has a more pronounced crest cranial to the 568: 167: 4186:"A new Mesembriornithinae (Aves, Phorusrhacidae) provides new insights into the phylogeny and sensory capabilities of terror birds" 4021: 930:

This was supported by later studies, but a 2013 paper by paleontologist Robert Chandler and colleagues assigned the premaxilla to

5449: 4159:

Reappraisal on the phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic flightless bird (Brontornis burmeisteri) Moreno and Mercerat, 1891.

1924: 2537:, climate change, and other factors likely led to the extinction of most of the remaining native South American mammal families. 3885:"The youngest large carnassial bird (Phorusrhacidae, Phorusrhacinae) from South America (Pliocene-Early Pleistocene of Uruguay)" 2569:

as being from the latest Pleistocene, an error followed by later studies, postulated that it went extinct as recently as 15,000

2565:

had competed successfully against both groups for several million years upon entering North America. Brodkorb's description of

2026:

Features such as the pointed premaxillary beak tip and recurved pedal unguals are direct evidence of its carnivorous lifestyle.

3995: 3242:

Noll, Steven, and David Tegeder. (2009). Ditch of Dreams: The Cross Florida Barge Canal and the Struggle for Florida’s Future.

2614: 2549:

and other phorusrhacids throughout the Americas was originally theorized to have been due to competition with large placental (

2129:

mammals would have provided ample prey. Chiappe remarked that phorusrhacids crudely resembled earlier predatory dinosaurs like

901:, G. Davidson Woodward acquired several avian fossils from sediments in the Pliocene-aged (3.7 million year old) strata of the 496:

is unique among phorusrhacids in that it is the only one known from North America, crossing over from South America during the

1014:(when the continent was an isolated island) and survived until the Pleistocene, eventually spreading to North America through 6472: 906: 551:

fossils occurred in the winter of 1961/1962, when amateur archaeologists Benjamin Waller and Robert Allen were searching for

392:. The species was classified in the subfamily Phorusrhacinae, which includes some of the last and largest phorusrhacids like 641:, an error which made it to the final publication. In that publication, Brodkorb erroneously classified it as a relative of 3771: 3454: 5106: 3678: 1807:

based on comparing the dimensions of known specimens, researchers weren't able to definitively estimate the body mass of

2965: 2866: 2822: 2299: 959: 5657: 3307: 1062: 1985:

The wings are small and could not have been used for flight, but were much more strongly built than those of living

4879: 3221: 2534: 2464: 2454: 2079:

and an indeterminate large phorusrhacine suggested a speed of 14 m/s (50 km/h; 31 mph), and that of

1679: 1095:

of Phorusrhacidae in 2011 that did not separate Brontornithinae, Phorusrhacinae, and Patagornithinae, resulting in

866: 497: 5166:"The Evolution of the Cenozoic Terrestrial Mammalian Predator Guild in South America: Competition or Replacement?" 4184:

Degrange, Federico J.; Tambussi, Claudia P.; Taglioretti, Matías L.; Dondas, Alejandro; Scaglia, Fernando (2015).

3928: 3539: 2459: 6477: 4091:

Jones, Washington; Rinderknecht, Andrés; Alvarenga, Herculano; Montenegro, Felipe; Ubilla, Martín (1 June 2018).

2135:, in having gigantic heads, very small forelimbs, and very long legs, and thereby similar carnivore adaptations. 712: 560: 3562: 3271: 2210:(mobility of skull bones in relation to each other), as was also the case for other large phorusrhacids such as 1783:, its closest relatives. Little is known of its body structure, but it seems to have been less wide-footed than 179: 4953:"A new Sylvilagus (Mammalia: Lagomorpha) from the Blancan (Pliocene) and Irvingtonian (Pleistocene) of Florida" 3668:"A review of the Bathornithidae (Aves, Gruiformes), with remarks on the relationships of the suborder Cariamae" 2764: 1966:

have been collected. The cervical vertebrae are elongated anteroposteriorly and somewhat flexible, whereas the

1874: 1585: 716: 564: 556: 355: 5122: 3012:"Revised age of the late Neogene terror bird (Titanis) in North America during the Great American Interchange" 2002:, with large tubercles called quill knobs present on their ulnae. These quill knobs would have supported long 6442: 5024: 2475:

South America, the continent where phorusrhacids originated, was isolated after the breakup of the landmass

2207: 2191: 1892: 1602: 708: 666: 2939: 6318: 5650: 2335:

sites preserve over a hundred species and many different mammals. This includes extinct proboscideans and

731:

during the Pliocene, but became a sedimentary layer of clay that was uncovered during construction of the

704: 552: 453:

which has been suggested to have been agile and capable of running at high speeds. Studies of the related

4426: 1877:. Sides of the fossil are flat bearing a large dorsal crest, as in other thin-skulled phorusrhacids like 857:

was described in 1995; an isolated pedal phalanx that had been recovered from a sand and gravel pit near

6404: 5388:"North American Glyptodontines (Xenarthra, Mammalia) in the Upper Pleistocene of northern South America" 2325: 1092: 740: 5299:

McDonald, H. G. (2005). "Palecology of extinct xenarthrans and the Great American Biotic Interchange."

4359:

Degrange, Federico J.; Tambussi, Claudia P.; Moreno, Karen; Witmer, Lawrence M.; Wroe, Stephen (2010).

2148: 1025:

predators (which disappeared in the Pliocene), and it is possible that they competed ecologically with

354:. The first fossils were unearthed by amateur archaeologists Benjamin Waller and Robert Allen from the 5318: 5234: 4803: 6437: 6298: 5476: 5399: 5330: 5246: 4965: 4952: 4815: 4756: 4684: 4513: 4376: 4197: 4104: 3963: 3896: 3783: 3716: 3624: 3379: 3363: 3025: 2307: 2093: 1913: 1619: 281: 6247: 5025:"Tropical and western influences in vertebrate faunas from the Pliocene and Pleistocene of Florida." 4804:"A global synthesis of the marine and terrestrial evidence for glaciation during the Pliocene Epoch" 4712:

Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia (High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation)

4068:

Emslie, S. D. (1995). "The fossil record of Arctodus pristinus (Ursidae: Tremarctinae) in Florida".

902: 5636: 5553:"The Great American Biotic Interchange: Dispersals, Tectonics, Climate, Sea Level and Holding Pens" 5471:

Cione, Alberto; Gasparini, Germán; Soibelzon, Esteban; Leopoldo, Soibelzon; Eduardo, Tonni (2015).

2126: 1978:

were more boxy and rigid. The dorsal vertebrae have tall neural spines atop the centra. The dorsal

1506: 1088: 646: 32: 5932: 3194:"Avian community, climate, and sea-level changes in the Plio-Pleistocene of the Florida Peninsula" 2235:

A 2012 follow-up study by Claudia Tambussi and colleagues analyzed the flexibility of the neck of

1076:, however, has consistently been regarded as being within the subfamily Phorusrhacinae along with 6217: 6009: 5939: 5879: 5782: 5510: 5441: 5415: 5203: 5134: 4598: 4324: 4223: 4128: 4093:"The last terror birds (Aves, Phorusrhacidae): new evidence from the late Pleistocene of Uruguay" 3987: 3920: 3807: 3648: 3531: 3213: 2931: 2789: 2347: 2248:

group, derived from a seriema-like ancestor. These were the "Psilopterine Skull Type", which was

2215: 2177: 2173: 1967: 1857: 1459: 1149: 1003: 875: 749: 596: 174: 6293: 6031: 5999: 5953: 5792: 5760: 4427:"On the Extinct Birds of Patagonia .–I. The Skull and Skeleton of Phororhacos inflatus Ameghino" 2528:

is possibly not the only large animal to have done this; two genera of large ground sloth and a

2018:

due to a scarcity of fossil remains. Many of its habits are inferred based on related taxa like

422:(14 in) and 56 centimeters (22 in) in length, one of the largest known from any bird. 6409: 6075: 5925: 5911: 6391: 6383: 5817: 5642: 5582: 5502: 5492: 5433: 5356: 5270: 5262: 5195: 5126: 5072: 4981: 4831: 4772: 4723: 4590: 4541: 4496:

Tambussi, Claudia P.; de Mendoza, Ricardo; Degrange, Federico J.; Picasso, Mariana B. (2012).

4446: 4404: 4316: 4277: 4120: 3979: 3912: 3799: 3752: 3734: 3640: 3523: 3091: 3016: 2513: 2363: 1904: 1636: 1530: 998: 923: 898: 887: 6396: 6020: 5962: 3153: 1068:

Though for many decades the internal phylogenetics of Phorusrhacidae were uncertain and many

645:, though Ray pushed Brodkorb to assign the fossils to Phorusrhacidae. Brodkorb published his 6083: 5572: 5564: 5484: 5423: 5407: 5346: 5338: 5254: 5185: 5177: 5118: 5064: 4973: 4920: 4823: 4764: 4715: 4692: 4657: 4580: 4531: 4521: 4438: 4394: 4384: 4308: 4267: 4259: 4213: 4205: 4112: 4036: 3971: 3904: 3863: 3791: 3742: 3724: 3632: 3574: 3515: 3387: 3323: 3205: 3131: 3083: 3033: 2923: 2781: 2713: 2694: 2629: 2397: 2321: 2180:), and hypothetical up and downwards range of movement of the neck in the same genus (right) 1829: 1768: 1653: 1045: 757: 4480:(Doctoral thesis) (in Spanish). Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Uruguay. 4296: 6150: 6046: 5031: 4914: 4802:

De Schepper, Stijn; Gibbard, Philip L.; Salzmann, Ulrich; Ehlers, Jürgen (1 August 2014).

4651: 4022:"A new species of Hemiauchenia (Artiodactyla, Camelidae) from the Late Blancan of Florida" 3486: 2829: 2433: 2157: 2110: 1994:

the digits could flex to some degree. Evidence of elongated quill-feathers are known from

1952: 1900: 1896: 1825: 914: 753: 631: 588: 534: 377: 369: 323: 277: 5602:"The Last Terror Birds: A review of Phorusrhacids and their Plio-Pleistocene occurrences" 3703:

Angst, Delphine; Buffetaut, Eric; Lécuyer, Christophe; Amiot, Romain (27 November 2013).

727:

including vertebrae, limb bones, and even parts of the skull. Inglis 1b was originally a

5480: 5403: 5334: 5250: 4969: 4819: 4760: 4688: 4517: 4380: 4201: 4108: 3967: 3900: 3787: 3720: 3705:"'Terror Birds' (Phorusrhacidae) from the Eocene of Europe Imply Trans-Tethys Dispersal" 3628: 3383: 3029: 3010:

MacFadden, Bruce J.; Labs-Hochstein, Joann; Hulbert, Richard C.; Baskin, Jon A. (2007).

6106: 6058: 5840: 5577: 5552: 4536: 4497: 4442: 4399: 4360: 4272: 3747: 3704: 2570: 2489: 2370: 2252:(more similar to the ancestral type), and the "Terror Bird Skull Type", which included 2240: 2039: 2003: 1853: 1845: 1439: 1136: 992: 979: 971: 967: 674: 604: 489: 430: 331: 257: 244: 5258: 522: 6426: 6356: 6263: 6233: 6187: 6159: 5989: 5902: 5888: 5750: 5726: 5711: 5674: 5529: 5514: 5445: 5317:

Scillato-Yané, G. J.; Carlini, A. A.; Tonni, E. P.; Noriega, J. I. (1 October 2005).

5207: 5138: 4185: 4132: 3652: 3612: 3154:"The squamate reptiles of the Inglis 1A fauna (Irvingtonian: Citrus County, Florida)" 3119: 2935: 2772: 2497: 2442: 2336: 2283: 2249: 2168: 2131: 2071:

In 2005, Rudemar Ernesto Blanco and Washington W. Jones examined the strength of the

2056: 1944: 1849: 1474: 1363: 1228: 1171: 1022: 983: 975: 700: 635: 584: 538: 476: 455: 343: 231: 109: 4827: 4602: 4478:

Fororrácidos (Aves, Phorusrhacidae) basados en el análisis de estructuras biológicas

4328: 4227: 3991: 3868: 3851: 3811: 6166: 6129: 6091: 5856: 5012:

The squamate reptiles of the Inglis IA fauna (Irvingtonian: Citrus County, Florida)

4977: 4248:"Terror birds on the run: a mechanical model to estimate its maximum running speed" 4247: 3908: 3391: 2927: 2429: 2389: 2381: 2312: 2290: 2166:

Stress distribution in bird skulls during various movements, including the related

2044: 1841: 1245: 1211: 1111: 862: 683: 608: 592: 413: 381: 289: 3636: 603:

features and giant size of the fossils, which led him to believe they were from a

5342: 4719: 4696: 4526: 4389: 4209: 3729: 1061:. All of these genera, including the last phorusrhacids, went extinct during the 6350: 6226: 6203: 6115: 5802: 5705: 5475:. SpringerBriefs in Earth System Sciences (1st ed.). London: SpringerLink. 3446: 2529: 2493: 2374: 2106: 2097: 2072: 1796: 1286: 1105: 1019: 883: 858: 689: 576: 394: 351: 84: 65: 61: 3667: 567:

in Florida, United States. The two collectors donated their discoveries to the

513: 17: 6196: 6173: 6067: 5973: 5826: 5771: 5626: 5568: 5488: 5181: 4116: 3087: 2966:"Nannippus phlegon (Mammalia, Equidae) from the Pliocene (Blancan) of Florida" 2501: 2437: 2417: 2359: 2199: 2102: 2035: 1886: 1787:, with a proportionally much stronger middle toe. In its initial description, 1329: 1194: 910: 699:

has been found in five locales in Florida: Santa Fe River sites 1a and 1b and

642: 619: 442: 426: 389: 129: 94: 6341: 5506: 5437: 5419: 5360: 5266: 5199: 5130: 5076: 4985: 4924: 4835: 4776: 4661: 4656:. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. Vol. 89. pp. 185–198. 4450: 4320: 4312: 4158: 4124: 3983: 3916: 3803: 3738: 3644: 3527: 2903:

MacFadden, B.; Labs-Hochstein, J.; Hulbert Jr., R. C.; Baskin, J. A. (2006).

6256: 5849: 5165: 5068: 4744: 4092: 4040: 3327: 3135: 2717: 2633: 2508: 2409: 2355: 2286: 2122: 2085: 1346: 1051: 1034: 1033:

itself coexisted with a variety of placental mammalian predators, including

1026: 1011: 963: 918: 613: 607:(or "terror bird", a group of large, predatory birds). Ray also noted their 470: 465: 438: 191: 134: 78: 5586: 5274: 5164:

Prevosti, Francisco J.; Forasiepi, Analía; Zimicz, Natalia (1 March 2013).

4594: 4545: 4408: 4281: 4263: 3756: 3331: 2492:, and equids populating the region alongside now extinct families like the 441:

mammalian predators, though they did co-exist with some large, carnivorous

2202:

and stress distribution in its skull. They found its bite force to be 133

6335: 6122: 5918: 5864: 5693: 4768: 3368:(Aves: Phorusrhacidae) from the Pleistocene coastal plain of South Texas" 2480: 2476: 2405: 2274: 2270: 2195: 2186:

A 2010 study by Degrange and colleagues of the medium-sized phorusrhacid

1990: 1979: 1975: 1963: 1955: 1928: 1908: 1303: 1100: 1057: 1039: 987: 947: 728: 580: 531: 434: 400: 373: 347: 211: 124: 119: 104: 99: 89: 57: 5325:. Quaternary Paleontology and biostratigraphy of southern South Africa. 5319:"Paleobiogeography of the late Pleistocene pampatheres of South America" 5052: 3795: 3613:"A revision of skull morphology in Phorusrhacidae (Aves, Cariamiformes)" 3578: 3217: 3082:(1st ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 187–208. 6370: 5982: 5428: 5411: 5351: 4585: 4560: 4218: 3924: 3884: 3535: 3503: 3193: 2793: 2554: 2550: 2421: 2351: 2303: 2203: 1792: 955: 693:. This was the first discovery of phorusrhacids outside South America. 638: 624: 572: 485: 481: 359: 335: 139: 114: 69: 39: 5386:

Carlini, Alfredo A.; Zurita, Alfredo E.; Aguilera, Orangel A. (2008).

5190: 4361:"Mechanical analysis of feeding behavior in the extinct 'terror bird' 3037: 1816:

one of the largest phorusrhacids and birds known, only relatives like

833: 5687: 5387: 3209: 2401: 2052: 1986: 1971: 1948: 1084: 962:, and some bird groups around the world developed a tendency towards 662: 319: 201: 6312: 3519: 2785: 681:

with the subfamily Phorusrhacinae within Phorusrhacidae, along with

611:

origin; they were found in a sedimentary layer containing the equid

5473:

The Great American Biotic Interchange: A South American Perspective

2380:

One of the largest groups known from the Blancan of Florida is the

1010:

The oldest phorusrhacid fossils come from South America during the

839: 5699: 3975: 2458: 2413: 2393: 2340: 2089: 2060: 1947:

is large and had three digits, the third of which had an enlarged

1923: 1072:

were named, they have received more analysis in the 21st century.

997: 909:, California, including a wing bone found in association with the 654: 385: 327: 4743:

Robinson, Marci M.; Dowsett, Harry J.; Chandler, Mark A. (2008).

630:

Ray presented the Santa Fe fossils to the museum's ornithologist

3951: 3480:

A new genus for the incredible teratorn (Aves: Teratornithidae).

2558: 2485: 2034:

Phorusrhacids are thought to have been terrestrial predators or

1882: 1069: 600: 376:

material is fragmentary, consisting of only an incomplete right

339: 221: 6316: 5724: 5646: 5107:"The Great American Biotic Interchange: Patterns and Processes" 3852:"Systematic revision of the Phorusrhacidae (Aves: Ralliformes)" 2615:"An Idiosyncratic History of Floridian Vertebrate Paleontology" 4622: 1982:

connected to the sacral ribs, creating a basketed underbelly.

1885:(upper arc) of the exposed premaxilla is identical to that in 1029:

predators that entered from North America in the Pleistocene.

587:. Waller and Allen's avian fossils consisted of only a distal 5233:

Blondel, Jacques; Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile (1 December 1998).

3478:

Campbell Jr, K. E., Scott, E., & Springer, K. B. (1999).

2316:

was discovered also consisted of a variety of habitats, with

623:, indicating that they originated from the upper part of the 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 2823:

Turtles of the Early Pleistocene Santa Fe River 1B Locality.

1117: 5534:

Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions

5235:"Evolution and history of the western Palaearctic avifauna" 4559:

Hudson, Penny E.; Corr, Sandra A.; Wilson, Alan M. (2012).

2973:

Bulletin of the Florida State Museum of Biological Sciences

425:

Phorusrhacids are thought to have been ground predators or

334:("terror birds", a group originating in South America), an 5053:"Size and Locomotion in Teratorns (Aves: Teratornithidae)" 4880:"Saber-Toothed Cats from the Plio-Pleistocene of Nebraska" 2206:

at the bill tip, and showed it had lost a large degree of

1907:

has been suggested due to the lack of signs of unfinished

986:, the only living members of which are the two species of 417:

based on preserved material. More recent estimates placed

5123:

10.3417/0026-6493(2006)93[245:TGABIP]2.0.CO;2

3883:

Tambussi, Claudia; Ubilla, Martín; Perea, Daniel (1999).

2765:"A giant flightless bird from the Pleistocene of Florida" 5051:

Campbell, Kenneth E.; Tonni, Eduardo P. (1 April 1983).

3312:(Aves: Phorusrhacidae) from the Late Blancan of Florida" 2369:

Armadillos and their relatives are also known such as a

4916:

Vertebrate fossils from the Blanco local fauna of Texas

4498:"Flexibility along the neck of the Neogene terror bird 4252:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

739:

during the 1960s. A pair of graduate students from the

4878:

Martin, Larry; Schultz, C. B.; Schultz, M. R. (1988).

2573:(about 13,000 BC). The rare-earth element analysis of 2507:

The Great American Interchange took place between the

1006:, one of the closest living relatives of phorusrhacids 795: 4246:

Blanco, Rudemar Ernesto; Jones, Washington W (2005).

2441:, one of the largest flight-capable birds known, and 537:(UF 4108, left) in anterior and posterior views, and 6244: 6214: 6184: 6147: 6103: 6055: 6043: 6027: 6016: 6005: 5995: 5950: 5899: 5876: 5837: 5814: 5798: 5788: 5778: 5767: 5756: 5746: 4431:

The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London

3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 922:

at that time, an assessment backed by ornithologist

296: 6325: 6243: 6213: 6183: 6146: 6102: 6054: 6042: 5972: 5949: 5898: 5875: 5836: 5813: 5737: 4745:"Pliocene Role in Assessing Future Climate Impacts" 4618:"Huge 'terror bird' fossil discovered in Patagonia" 4295:Deeming, D. Charles; Birchard, Geoffrey F. (2009). 3950:Feranec, Robert S.; DeSantis, Larisa R. G. (2014). 2909:) from Florida and Texas using rare earth elements" 2088:of medium-sized mammals, the size for example of a 913:of a giant bird. The wing bone was referred to the 4951: 3120:"The Great American Biotic Interchange in Florida" 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 5301:Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 4862:Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 4070:Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 4029:Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 3316:Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 3124:Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 2706:Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 2622:Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 2320:suggested to live in open grasslands. During the 1791:has been suggested to be larger than the African 5530:"South Texas and the Great American Interchange" 4884:Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences 4714:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 331–365. 2096:. This strength could be used for accessing the 579:, and many other Floridan fossils from the late 4569:): spatio-temporal and kinetic characteristics" 3301: 3299: 3297: 1899:, whereas the smaller quadratojugal has a deep 1795:and more than twice the size of South American 886:stage, a period preceding the formation of the 372:in 1963, the species name honoring Waller. The 4491: 4489: 4487: 2905:"Refined age of the late Neogene terror bird ( 2821:Parmley, D., Chandler, R., & Chandler, L. 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 890:. This would make it the oldest estimate of a 878:within the fossil demonstrated that the Texan 673:, honors Waller, one of the collectors of the 634:, who mistakenly believed that they were from 5658: 4749:Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 4354: 4352: 4350: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 8: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2051:narrowing of the pelvis, upper maxilla, and 982:. Phorusrhacids are an extinct group within 346:that inhabited the United States during the 5023:Morgan, G. S., & Emslie, S. D. (2010). 4297:"Why Were Extinct Gigantic Birds So Small?" 4179: 4177: 4175: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2463:Examples of fauna that participated in the 2339:represented by grazing equids and browsing 2113:, an Argentine paleontologist, stated that 1103:(topology 1). In their 2015 description of 869:, Texas. This was the first description of 6313: 6099: 6051: 5734: 5721: 5665: 5651: 5643: 4919:. Lubbock: Museum, Texas Tech University. 3611:Degrange, Federico J. (10 December 2020). 2582:, and close to the time of human arrival. 2014:Little is known about the paleobiology of 938:, though the Texan specimen may be older. 649:in 1963, naming the new genus and species 157: 47: 5576: 5427: 5350: 5189: 4584: 4535: 4525: 4398: 4388: 4271: 4217: 3867: 3850:Alvarenga, H. M. F.; Höfling, E. (2003). 3746: 3728: 3490:Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 2172:(left, A-C, the other skulls belong to a 2059:bones (similar to what is seen in modern 1958:. The spinal column is poorly known from 1916:ending in a sharp tip pointing downward. 1803:is suggested to be comparable in size to 1114:, or an unnatural grouping (topology 2). 5323:Journal of South American Earth Sciences 4241: 4239: 4237: 3451:Anza-Borrego Desert Paleontology Society 3244:University Press of Florida, Gainesville 2693:Gould, G. C. & Quitmyer, I. (2005). 677:. As suggested by Ray, Brodkorb grouped 665:, due to the bird's large size, and the 5111:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 2590: 2412:. Many fossils of smaller mammals like 2331:The Blancan age strata of Florida from 1775:was very similar to the South American 813: 31:For the Greek mythological figure, see 5100: 5098: 4561:"High speed galloping in the cheetah ( 4086: 4084: 4082: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3147: 3145: 804: 5528:Baskin, J. A.; Thomas, R. G. (2007). 4420: 4418: 4015: 4013: 3931:from the original on 14 February 2023 3563:"Flights of Fancy in Avian Evolution" 3542:from the original on 14 February 2023 3474: 3472: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 2803:from the original on 21 December 2014 2727:from the original on 15 December 2012 2043:than through detailed hypotheses and 952:extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs 7: 5452:from the original on 29 October 2023 5367:from the original on 29 October 2023 5281:from the original on 29 October 2023 5214:from the original on 29 October 2023 5145:from the original on 29 October 2023 5083:from the original on 29 October 2023 4842:from the original on 29 October 2023 4783:from the original on 29 October 2023 4457:from the original on 29 October 2023 4335:from the original on 2 February 2023 3998:from the original on 29 October 2023 3818:from the original on 29 October 2023 3168:from the original on 29 October 2023 3158:Bulletin of the Florida State Museum 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2467:, with South American migrants like 2322:Miocene-Pliocene climatic transition 786: 777: 555:and fossils using scuba gear in the 5612:from the original on 30 August 2023 1840:Of the skull, only the premaxilla, 1577: 1570: 1546: 1522: 1498: 1452: 1445: 1435: 1278: 1186: 1164: 1142: 1132: 882:derived from Pliocene rocks of the 627:stage (2.2–1.8 million years old). 6458:Pleistocene birds of North America 4958:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4443:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1899.tb00019.x 4190:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3889:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3617:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3561:Ksepka, Daniel (6 February 2017). 3372:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2986:from the original on 10 March 2022 2916:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 719:. Of the 40 Floridan specimens of 25: 5600:Thomsen, Søren Bay Kruse (2022). 5239:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 5105:David Webb, S. (23 August 2006). 4913:Dalquest, Walter Woelber (1975). 4894:from the original on 31 July 2023 4139:from the original on 14 July 2020 3684:from the original on 31 July 2023 3398:from the original on 20 June 2023 3044:from the original on 20 June 2023 2877:from the original on 10 June 2020 2643:from the original on 20 June 2023 2038:, and have often been considered 849:Texan and Californian discoveries 569:Florida Museum of Natural History 492:, and other Pliocene herbivores. 429:, and have often been considered 168:Florida Museum of Natural History 6297: 6292: 6286: 5629: 4992:from the original on 13 May 2023 4931:from the original on 13 May 2023 4630:from the original on 27 May 2022 4050:from the original on 14 May 2023 3457:from the original on 11 May 2023 3282:from the original on 11 May 2023 3224:from the original on 11 May 2023 2535:Human settlement in the Americas 2424:have been found associated with 2227:did target large prey, Degrange 2156: 2147: 2121:, would have been as quick as a 1934:As for the postcranial anatomy, 838: 832: 812: 803: 794: 785: 776: 769: 521: 512: 437:South America in the absence of 178: 166:Reconstructed Titanis skeleton, 6453:Pliocene birds of North America 4950:White, John A. (20 June 1991). 4828:10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.04.003 4573:Journal of Experimental Biology 3869:10.1590/S0031-10492003000400001 3585:from the original on 7 May 2018 3504:"The Incredible Teratorn Again" 2239:based on the morphology of its 571:(UF) later along with bones of 5557:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 5170:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 4978:10.1080/02724634.1991.10011391 3909:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011154 3392:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011266 2928:10.1080/02724634.2006.10010069 1903:instead of a crest. Potential 907:Anza-Borrego Desert State Park 1: 6468:Taxa named by Pierce Brodkorb 6463:Fossil taxa described in 1963 6448:Pleistocene genus extinctions 5259:10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01461-X 4365:(Gruiformes: Phorusrhacidae)" 3637:10.1080/02724634.2020.1848855 2384:represented by three families 2101:well-armored mammals such as 5392:Paläontologische Zeitschrift 5343:10.1016/j.jsames.2005.06.012 4720:10.1017/CBO9780511667381.018 4697:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.11.030 4565:) and the racing greyhound ( 4527:10.1371/journal.pone.0037701 4390:10.1371/journal.pone.0011856 4210:10.1080/02724634.2014.912656 3730:10.1371/journal.pone.0080357 2484:groups like canids, felids, 1063:Late Pleistocene extinctions 960:evolutionary diversification 5551:Woodburne, Michael (2010). 4616:Joyce, Christopher (2006). 3502:Howard, Hildegarde (1972). 3364:"The giant flightless bird 1091:and colleagues published a 1055:, and the short-faced bear 1037:like the saber-toothed cat 338:family of large, predatory 6494: 4476:Jones, Washington (2010). 3856:Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 3276:Florida Vertebrate Fossils 2871:Florida Vertebrate Fossils 2465:Great American Interchange 2455:Great American Interchange 2452: 2449:Great American Interchange 2277:. The localities in which 2265:During the Blancan stage, 2109:. In a 2006 news article, 1767:Phorusrhacids were large, 1680:Paraphysornis brasiliensis 547:The earliest discovery of 498:Great American Interchange 29: 6283: 5733: 5720: 5682: 5569:10.1007/s10914-010-9144-8 5489:10.1007/978-94-017-9792-4 5182:10.1007/s10914-011-9175-9 4117:10.1007/s12542-017-0388-y 3675:American Museum Novitates 3447:"Titanis in Anza-Borrego" 3198:Ornithological Monographs 3088:10.1002/9781119990475.ch7 2964:MacFadden, Bruce (1980). 2763:Brodkorb, Pierce (1963). 1730: 1676: 1650: 1633: 1616: 1599: 1582: 1575: 1568: 1551: 1544: 1527: 1520: 1503: 1496: 1472: 1457: 1450: 1443: 1396: 1360: 1343: 1326: 1300: 1283: 1276: 1259: 1242: 1225: 1208: 1191: 1184: 1169: 1162: 1147: 1140: 733:Cross Florida Barge Canal 318:(meaning "Titan" for the 295: 288: 175:Scientific classification 173: 165: 156: 50: 6433:Extinct flightless birds 5677:and their extinct allies 5035:Quaternary international 5014:. University of Florida. 4925:10.5962/bhl.title.142927 4677:Quaternary International 4662:10.5479/si.00810266.89.1 4313:10.3184/175815508X402482 4157:Agnolin, F. L. (2021). " 2388:The carnivorans include 1586:Phorusrhacos longissimus 617:and "bone-crushing" dog 599:in 1962. He noticed the 407:Like all phorusrhacids, 38:Not to be confused with 4500:Andalgalornis steulleti 4425:Andrews, C. W. (1899). 4363:Andalgalornis steulleti 4041:10.58782/flmnh.stwk6834 4020:Meachen, Julie (2005). 3776:Journal of Paleontology 3666:Cracraft, Joel (1968). 3328:10.58782/flmnh.muov4423 3136:10.58782/flmnh.pkqn7297 2922:(3): 92A (Supplement). 2828:29 October 2023 at the 2718:10.58782/flmnh.xumx1681 2634:10.58782/flmnh.kbpj7372 2208:intracranial immobility 2192:Finite Element Analysis 2139:Skull and neck function 2084:been used to break the 1897:articulation tubercular 1603:Andalgalornis steulleti 1078:Phorusrhacos, Kelenken, 591:(lower leg bone) and a 5010:Meylan, P. A. (1982). 4502:(Aves Phorusrhacidae)" 4301:Avian Biology Research 4264:10.1098/rspb.2005.3133 3362:Baskin, J. A. (1995). 2699:: bones of contention" 2472: 1931: 1007: 843:Early Pleistocene-aged 56:Temporal range: Early 27:Extinct genus of birds 6473:Fossils of California 6405:Paleobiology Database 5069:10.1093/auk/100.2.390 5030:28 March 2023 at the 4808:Earth-Science Reviews 3770:Mayr, Gerald (2016). 3118:Morgan, Gary (2005). 2613:Ray, Clayton (2005). 2462: 2453:Further information: 2269:lived alongside both 2117:, a similar genus to 1927: 1893:basipterygoid process 1093:phylogenetic analysis 1001: 853:A newer discovery of 826:Fossil localities of 741:University of Florida 715:; and a shell pit in 380:(lower leg bone) and 4769:10.1029/2008EO490001 3306:Chandler, R (1994). 2398:"saber-toothed" cats 2373:, a glyptodont, and 2308:Santa Cruz Formation 1920:Postcranial skeleton 1868:. The premaxilla of 1852:(skull joint bone), 1620:Andrewsornis abbotti 966:; this included the 837:Early Pliocene-aged 823:class=notpageimage| 5637:Paleontology portal 5481:2015gabi.book.....C 5404:2008PalZ...82..125C 5335:2005JSAES..20..131S 5251:1998TEcoE..13..488B 4970:1991JVPal..11..243W 4820:2014ESRv..135...83D 4761:2008EOSTr..89..501R 4689:2010QuInt.217..143M 4518:2012PLoSO...737701T 4381:2010PLoSO...511856D 4258:(1574): 1769–1773. 4202:2015JVPal..35E2656D 4109:2018PalZ...92..365J 3968:2014Pbio...40..477F 3901:1999JVPal..19..404T 3796:10.1017/jpa.2016.45 3788:2016JPal...90..357M 3721:2013PLoSO...880357A 3629:2020JVPal..40E8855D 3579:10.1511/2014.106.36 3485:12 May 2023 at the 3384:1995JVPal..15..842B 3030:2007Geo....35..123M 2404:are represented by 2350:existed, including 1929:Life reconstruction 1864:and the cranium of 1507:Kelenken guillermoi 1089:Herculano Alvarenga 876:rare-earth elements 867:San Patricio County 33:Titanis (mythology) 6218:Mesembriornithinae 5880:Eleutherornithidae 5412:10.1007/BF02988404 4586:10.1242/jeb.066720 3567:American Scientist 3334:on 20 October 2017 3192:Emslie, S (1998). 3152:P, Meylan (1983). 2833:Journal of Science 2545:The extinction of 2479:at the end of the 2473: 2300:xeric thorn-scrubs 2298:lived in areas of 2216:white-tailed eagle 2178:white-tailed eagle 2174:red-legged seriema 1932: 1844:(top orbit bone), 1460:Mesembriornithinae 1150:Mesembriornithinae 1008: 1004:red-legged seriema 750:cervical vertebrae 737:federal government 585:latest Pleistocene 6420: 6419: 6392:Open Tree of Life 6319:Taxon identifiers 6310: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6281: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6273: 6272: 5818:Ameghinornithidae 5498:978-94-017-9791-7 4729:978-0-511-66738-1 4579:(14): 2425–2434. 3097:978-1-119-99047-5 3038:10.1130/G23186A.1 2945:on 4 October 2018 2867:"Titanis walleri" 2514:Isthmus of Panama 2364:white-tailed deer 2362:, and the extant 2306:. Similarly, the 2094:Thomson's gazelle 1962:, though several 1905:sexual dimorphism 1888:Patagornis marshi 1759: 1758: 1751: 1750: 1727: 1726: 1718: 1717: 1709: 1708: 1700: 1699: 1691: 1690: 1665: 1664: 1637:Patagornis marshi 1531:Devincenzia pozzi 1485: 1484: 1417: 1416: 1393: 1392: 1384: 1383: 1375: 1374: 1315: 1314: 946:During the early 924:Hildegarde Howard 899:fossil collecting 888:Isthmus of Panama 661:, references the 565:Columbia Counties 559:on the border of 541:(UF 4109) (right) 504:Discovery and age 368:by ornithologist 311: 310: 284: 16:(Redirected from 6485: 6478:Fossils of Texas 6413: 6412: 6400: 6399: 6387: 6386: 6374: 6373: 6361: 6360: 6359: 6346: 6345: 6344: 6314: 6301: 6296: 6290: 6246: 6216: 6186: 6149: 6105: 6100: 6084:Paleopsilopterus 6057: 6052: 6045: 6029: 6018: 6007: 5997: 5952: 5901: 5878: 5839: 5816: 5800: 5790: 5780: 5769: 5758: 5748: 5735: 5722: 5667: 5660: 5653: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5580: 5548: 5542: 5541: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5431: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5354: 5314: 5308: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5193: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5102: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5048: 5042: 5021: 5015: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4955: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4875: 4869: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4683:(1–2): 143–158. 4672: 4666: 4665: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4588: 4567:Canis familiaris 4563:Acinonyx jubatus 4556: 4550: 4549: 4539: 4529: 4493: 4482: 4481: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4422: 4413: 4412: 4402: 4392: 4356: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4275: 4243: 4232: 4231: 4221: 4181: 4170: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4088: 4077: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4049: 4026: 4017: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3847: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3750: 3732: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3683: 3672: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3608: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3499: 3493: 3476: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3429:Desert Symposium 3423: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3359: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3330:. Archived from 3303: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3268: 3247: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3210:10.2307/40166707 3189: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3149: 3140: 3139: 3115: 3102: 3101: 3080:Living Dinosaurs 3075: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3007: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2985: 2970: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2944: 2938:. Archived from 2913: 2900: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2863: 2840: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2802: 2769: 2760: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2726: 2703: 2690: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2642: 2619: 2610: 2346:A wide array of 2261:Paleoenvironment 2198:, estimated its 2160: 2151: 2030:Feeding and diet 1976:caudal vertebrae 1951:akin to that of 1830:gastornithiforms 1824:as well as some 1769:flightless birds 1654:Physornis fortis 1578: 1571: 1547: 1523: 1499: 1453: 1446: 1436: 1279: 1187: 1165: 1143: 1133: 1118: 842: 836: 816: 815: 807: 806: 798: 797: 789: 788: 780: 779: 773: 713:Charlotte County 525: 516: 298: 276: 269: 256: 243: 183: 182: 161: 151: 81: 48: 43: 36: 21: 6493: 6492: 6488: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6423: 6422: 6421: 6416: 6408: 6403: 6395: 6390: 6382: 6377: 6369: 6364: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6340: 6339: 6334: 6321: 6311: 6302: 6291: 6269: 6239: 6209: 6179: 6151:Patagornithinae 6142: 6098: 6047:Phorusrhacoidea 6038: 5968: 5945: 5894: 5871: 5832: 5809: 5729: 5716: 5678: 5671: 5635: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5615: 5613: 5606:The Extinctions 5599: 5598: 5594: 5550: 5549: 5545: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5499: 5470: 5469: 5465: 5455: 5453: 5385: 5384: 5380: 5370: 5368: 5316: 5315: 5311: 5298: 5294: 5284: 5282: 5245:(12): 488–492. 5232: 5231: 5227: 5217: 5215: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5148: 5146: 5104: 5103: 5096: 5086: 5084: 5050: 5049: 5045: 5041:(1–2), 143–158. 5032:Wayback Machine 5022: 5018: 5009: 5005: 4995: 4993: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4934: 4932: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4897: 4895: 4877: 4876: 4872: 4859: 4855: 4845: 4843: 4801: 4800: 4796: 4786: 4784: 4742: 4741: 4737: 4730: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4674: 4673: 4669: 4648: 4647: 4643: 4633: 4631: 4615: 4614: 4610: 4558: 4557: 4553: 4495: 4494: 4485: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4460: 4458: 4424: 4423: 4416: 4358: 4357: 4348: 4338: 4336: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4245: 4244: 4235: 4183: 4182: 4173: 4156: 4152: 4142: 4140: 4090: 4089: 4080: 4067: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4024: 4019: 4018: 4011: 4001: 3999: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3934: 3932: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3849: 3848: 3831: 3821: 3819: 3769: 3768: 3764: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3670: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3623:(6): e1848855. 3610: 3609: 3598: 3588: 3586: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3545: 3543: 3520:10.2307/1366594 3501: 3500: 3496: 3487:Wayback Machine 3477: 3470: 3460: 3458: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3425: 3424: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3366:Titanis walleri 3361: 3360: 3347: 3337: 3335: 3310:Titanis walleri 3305: 3304: 3295: 3285: 3283: 3270: 3269: 3250: 3241: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3191: 3190: 3181: 3171: 3169: 3151: 3150: 3143: 3117: 3116: 3105: 3098: 3077: 3076: 3057: 3047: 3045: 3009: 3008: 2999: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2968: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2911: 2902: 2901: 2890: 2880: 2878: 2865: 2864: 2843: 2830:Wayback Machine 2820: 2816: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2786:10.2307/4082556 2767: 2762: 2761: 2740: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2701: 2697:Titanis walleri 2692: 2691: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2617: 2612: 2611: 2592: 2588: 2557:, and possibly 2543: 2457: 2451: 2263: 2184: 2183: 2182: 2181: 2163: 2162: 2161: 2153: 2152: 2141: 2069: 2032: 2012: 2004:flight feathers 1922: 1854:orbital process 1848:(palate bone), 1838: 1826:struthioniforms 1765: 1760: 1752: 1743: 1742: 1741:Patagornithinae 1739: 1734: 1728: 1719: 1710: 1701: 1692: 1666: 1555:Titanis walleri 1486: 1432:(2015) results 1420: 1418: 1409: 1408: 1407:Patagornithinae 1405: 1400: 1394: 1385: 1376: 1316: 1129:(2011) results 1087:paleontologist 1043:, cheetah-like 944: 897:In 1961, while 851: 846: 845: 844: 830: 825: 819: 818: 817: 809: 808: 800: 799: 791: 790: 782: 781: 754:carpometacarpus 717:Sarasota County 651:Titanis walleri 632:Pierce Brodkorb 589:tarsometatarsus 545: 544: 543: 542: 535:tarsometatarsus 528: 527: 526: 518: 517: 506: 433:that dominated 378:tarsometatarsus 370:Pierce Brodkorb 365:Titanis walleri 362:and were named 342:, in the order 324:Greek mythology 307: 304: 301:Titanis walleri 275: 267: 254: 241: 177: 152: 150: 149: 148: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 76: 75: 73: 54: 44: 37: 30: 28: 23: 22: 18:Titanis walleri 15: 12: 11: 5: 6491: 6489: 6481: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6443:Phorusrhacinae 6440: 6435: 6425: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6401: 6388: 6375: 6362: 6347: 6331: 6329: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6308: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6260: 6252: 6250: 6248:Physornithinae 6241: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6230: 6222: 6220: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6207: 6200: 6192: 6190: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6177: 6170: 6163: 6155: 6153: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6140: 6133: 6126: 6119: 6111: 6109: 6107:Phorusrhacinae 6097: 6096: 6088: 6080: 6072: 6063: 6061: 6059:Phorusrhacidae 6049: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6036: 6025: 6014: 6003: 5993: 5986: 5978: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5966: 5958: 5956: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5936: 5929: 5922: 5915: 5907: 5905: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5884: 5882: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5869: 5861: 5853: 5845: 5843: 5841:Bathornithidae 5834: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5822: 5820: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5796: 5786: 5776: 5765: 5754: 5743: 5741: 5739:incertae sedis 5731: 5730: 5725: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5708: 5702: 5696: 5690: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5672: 5670: 5669: 5662: 5655: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5624: 5623: 5592: 5563:(4): 245–264. 5543: 5520: 5497: 5463: 5398:(2): 125–138. 5378: 5329:(1): 131–138. 5309: 5292: 5225: 5156: 5117:(2): 245–257. 5094: 5063:(2): 390–403. 5043: 5016: 5003: 4964:(2): 243–246. 4942: 4905: 4870: 4853: 4794: 4735: 4728: 4702: 4667: 4641: 4608: 4551: 4483: 4468: 4414: 4346: 4307:(4): 187–194. 4287: 4233: 4196:(2): e912656. 4171: 4150: 4103:(2): 365–372. 4078: 4061: 4035:(4): 435–447. 4009: 3962:(3): 477–493. 3942: 3895:(2): 404–406. 3875: 3829: 3782:(2): 357–374. 3762: 3715:(11): e80357. 3695: 3677:(2326): 1–46. 3658: 3596: 3553: 3514:(3): 341–344. 3494: 3468: 3438: 3409: 3378:(4): 842–844. 3345: 3322:(6): 175–180. 3293: 3248: 3235: 3179: 3141: 3130:(4): 271–311. 3103: 3096: 3055: 3024:(2): 123–126. 2997: 2956: 2888: 2841: 2814: 2780:(2): 111–115. 2738: 2712:(4): 201–229. 2654: 2628:(4): 143–170. 2589: 2587: 2584: 2542: 2539: 2450: 2447: 2337:perissodactyls 2262: 2259: 2241:neck vertebrae 2165: 2164: 2155: 2154: 2146: 2145: 2144: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2068: 2065: 2040:apex predators 2031: 2028: 2024:Andalgalornis. 2011: 2008: 1921: 1918: 1858:quadratojugals 1837: 1834: 1832:being larger. 1764: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1740: 1737:Phorusrhacinae 1735: 1733:Physornithinae 1732: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1707: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1526: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1440:Phorusrhacidae 1434: 1422: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1406: 1403:Phorusrhacinae 1401: 1399:Physornithinae 1398: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1168: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1137:Phorusrhacidae 1131: 1116: 980:Phorusrhacidae 972:Dromornithidae 968:Gastornithidae 943: 942:Classification 940: 903:Olla Formation 850: 847: 821: 820: 811: 810: 802: 801: 793: 792: 784: 783: 775: 774: 768: 767: 766: 709:Port Charlotte 557:Santa Fe River 530: 529: 520: 519: 511: 510: 509: 508: 507: 505: 502: 431:apex predators 356:Santa Fe River 309: 308: 306:Brodkorb, 1963 305: 293: 292: 286: 285: 265: 261: 260: 258:Phorusrhacinae 252: 248: 247: 245:Phorusrhacidae 239: 235: 234: 229: 225: 224: 219: 215: 214: 209: 205: 204: 199: 195: 194: 189: 185: 184: 171: 170: 163: 162: 154: 153: 145: 144: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 82: 55: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6490: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6411: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6367: 6363: 6358: 6352: 6348: 6343: 6337: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6315: 6300: 6295: 6289: 6266: 6265: 6264:Paraphysornis 6261: 6259: 6258: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6242: 6236: 6235: 6234:Mesembriornis 6231: 6229: 6228: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6188:Psilopterinae 6182: 6176: 6175: 6171: 6169: 6168: 6164: 6162: 6161: 6160:Andalgalornis 6157: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6145: 6139: 6138: 6134: 6132: 6131: 6127: 6125: 6124: 6120: 6118: 6117: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6093: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6041: 6034: 6033: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6015: 6012: 6011: 6004: 6002: 6001: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5987: 5985: 5984: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5971: 5965: 5964: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5937: 5935: 5934: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5923: 5921: 5920: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5903:Idiornithidae 5897: 5891: 5890: 5889:Eleutherornis 5886: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5874: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5812: 5805: 5804: 5797: 5795: 5794: 5787: 5785: 5784: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5755: 5753: 5752: 5751:Elaphrocnemus 5745: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5727:Cariamiformes 5723: 5719: 5713: 5712:Cariamiformes 5709: 5707: 5703: 5701: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5689: 5685: 5684: 5681: 5676: 5668: 5663: 5661: 5656: 5654: 5649: 5648: 5645: 5638: 5627: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5596: 5593: 5588: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5547: 5544: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5524: 5521: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5467: 5464: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5382: 5379: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5313: 5310: 5307:(4), 319–340. 5306: 5302: 5296: 5293: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5229: 5226: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5160: 5157: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5047: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5020: 5017: 5013: 5007: 5004: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4946: 4943: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4917: 4909: 4906: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4874: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4854: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4798: 4795: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4739: 4736: 4731: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4703: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4671: 4668: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4654: 4645: 4642: 4629: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4612: 4609: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4555: 4552: 4547: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4512:(5): e37701. 4511: 4507: 4503: 4501: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4472: 4469: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4375:(8): e11856. 4374: 4370: 4366: 4364: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4291: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4154: 4151: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4062: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4023: 4016: 4014: 4010: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3976:10.1666/13055 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3946: 3943: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3876: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3766: 3763: 3758: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3699: 3696: 3680: 3676: 3669: 3662: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3554: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3495: 3491: 3488: 3484: 3481: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3410: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3367: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3311: 3308:"The wing of 3302: 3300: 3298: 3294: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3239: 3236: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3018: 3013: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2967: 2960: 2957: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2910: 2908: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2774: 2766: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2700: 2698: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2616: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2490:antilocaprids 2487: 2482: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2430:birds of prey 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2382:ground sloths 2379: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2284:longleaf pine 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2250:plesiomorphic 2246: 2245:Andalgalornis 2242: 2238: 2237:Andalgalornis 2233: 2230: 2226: 2225:Andalgalornis 2221: 2220:Andalgalornis 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2188:Andalgalornis 2179: 2175: 2171: 2170: 2169:Andalgalornis 2159: 2150: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2133: 2132:Tyrannosaurus 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2081:Mesembriornis 2078: 2074: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2048: 2046: 2045:biomechanical 2041: 2037: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1954: 1953:dromaeosaurid 1950: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1930: 1926: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1875:cross-section 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1762: 1755: 1747: 1746: 1738: 1723: 1722: 1714: 1713: 1705: 1704: 1696: 1695: 1687: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1674: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1661: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1655: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1614: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1597: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1587: 1580: 1579: 1573: 1572: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1549: 1548: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1525: 1524: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1501: 1500: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1475:Psilopterinae 1470: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1455: 1454: 1448: 1447: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1421: 1413: 1412: 1404: 1389: 1388: 1380: 1379: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1364:Paraphysornis 1358: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1348: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1331: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1305: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1281: 1280: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1240: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1229:Andalgalornis 1223: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1189: 1188: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1172:Psilopterinae 1167: 1166: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1145: 1144: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1107: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1059: 1054: 1053: 1048: 1047: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1023:thylacosmilid 1021: 1017: 1013: 1005: 1000: 996: 994: 993:bathornithids 989: 985: 984:Cariamiformes 981: 977: 976:Palaeognathae 973: 969: 965: 961: 958:underwent an 957: 953: 949: 941: 939: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 895: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 848: 841: 835: 829: 824: 772: 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 705:Citrus County 702: 698: 694: 692: 691: 686: 685: 680: 676: 675:type specimen 672: 668: 667:specific name 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 637: 636:Rancholabrean 633: 628: 626: 622: 621: 616: 615: 610: 609:stratigraphic 606: 602: 598: 594: 593:pedal phalanx 590: 586: 582: 578: 577:proboscideans 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 540: 539:pedal phalanx 536: 533: 524: 515: 503: 501: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 478: 477:Glyptotherium 473: 472: 467: 462: 458: 457: 456:Andalgalornis 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 423: 420: 416: 415: 410: 405: 404: 402: 397: 396: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 366: 361: 357: 353: 350:and earliest 349: 345: 344:Cariamiformes 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 316: 303: 302: 294: 291: 287: 283: 279: 274: 273: 266: 263: 262: 259: 253: 250: 249: 246: 240: 237: 236: 233: 232:Cariamiformes 230: 227: 226: 223: 220: 217: 216: 213: 210: 207: 206: 203: 200: 197: 196: 193: 190: 187: 186: 181: 176: 172: 169: 164: 160: 155: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 80: 71: 67: 63: 59: 53: 49: 46: 41: 34: 19: 6326: 6262: 6255: 6232: 6225: 6202: 6195: 6172: 6167:Andrewsornis 6165: 6158: 6136: 6135: 6130:Phorusrhacos 6128: 6121: 6114: 6092:Patagorhacos 6090: 6082: 6074: 6066: 6030: 6019: 6008: 5998: 5988: 5981: 5961: 5938: 5933:Occitaniavis 5931: 5924: 5917: 5910: 5887: 5863: 5857:Eutreptornis 5855: 5848: 5825: 5801: 5791: 5781: 5770: 5759: 5749: 5738: 5704:Superorder: 5614:. Retrieved 5605: 5595: 5560: 5556: 5546: 5537: 5533: 5523: 5472: 5466: 5454:. Retrieved 5395: 5391: 5381: 5369:. Retrieved 5326: 5322: 5312: 5304: 5300: 5295: 5283:. Retrieved 5242: 5238: 5228: 5216:. Retrieved 5173: 5169: 5159: 5147:. Retrieved 5114: 5110: 5085:. Retrieved 5060: 5056: 5046: 5038: 5034: 5019: 5011: 5006: 4994:. Retrieved 4961: 4957: 4945: 4933:. Retrieved 4915: 4908: 4896:. Retrieved 4887: 4883: 4873: 4865: 4861: 4856: 4844:. Retrieved 4811: 4807: 4797: 4785:. Retrieved 4752: 4748: 4738: 4711: 4705: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4652: 4644: 4632:. Retrieved 4621: 4611: 4576: 4572: 4566: 4562: 4554: 4509: 4505: 4499: 4477: 4471: 4459:. Retrieved 4437:(3): 55–86. 4434: 4430: 4372: 4368: 4362: 4337:. Retrieved 4304: 4300: 4290: 4255: 4251: 4193: 4189: 4166: 4162: 4153: 4141:. Retrieved 4100: 4096: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4052:. Retrieved 4032: 4028: 4000:. Retrieved 3959: 3956:Paleobiology 3955: 3945: 3933:. Retrieved 3892: 3888: 3878: 3862:(4): 55–91. 3859: 3855: 3820:. Retrieved 3779: 3775: 3765: 3712: 3708: 3698: 3686:. Retrieved 3674: 3661: 3620: 3616: 3587:. Retrieved 3570: 3566: 3556: 3544:. Retrieved 3511: 3507: 3497: 3489: 3459:. Retrieved 3450: 3441: 3432: 3428: 3400:. Retrieved 3375: 3371: 3365: 3336:. Retrieved 3332:the original 3319: 3315: 3309: 3284:. Retrieved 3275: 3243: 3238: 3226:. Retrieved 3201: 3197: 3170:. Retrieved 3161: 3157: 3127: 3123: 3079: 3046:. Retrieved 3021: 3015: 2988:. Retrieved 2976: 2972: 2959: 2947:. Retrieved 2940:the original 2919: 2915: 2906: 2879:. Retrieved 2870: 2836: 2832: 2817: 2805:. Retrieved 2777: 2771: 2729:. Retrieved 2709: 2705: 2696: 2645:. Retrieved 2625: 2621: 2579: 2574: 2566: 2562: 2546: 2544: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2506: 2498:amphicyonids 2494:gomphotheres 2488:, tapirids, 2474: 2468: 2436: 2425: 2385: 2377: 2366: 2348:artiodactyls 2343: 2332: 2330: 2318:Phorusrhacos 2317: 2313:Phorusrhacos 2311: 2295: 2278: 2266: 2264: 2253: 2244: 2236: 2234: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2211: 2187: 2185: 2167: 2130: 2118: 2114: 2111:Luis Chiappe 2080: 2076: 2070: 2067:Leg function 2049: 2033: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2013: 2010:Paleobiology 1999: 1995: 1984: 1959: 1939: 1935: 1933: 1887: 1879:Phorusrhacos 1878: 1869: 1866:Phorusrhacos 1865: 1861: 1839: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1805:Phorusrachos 1804: 1800: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1777:Phorusrhacos 1776: 1772: 1766: 1753: 1736: 1678: 1677: 1652: 1651: 1635: 1634: 1618: 1617: 1601: 1600: 1584: 1583: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1529: 1528: 1505: 1504: 1473: 1458: 1429: 1425: 1424: 1419: 1402: 1362: 1361: 1345: 1344: 1328: 1327: 1302: 1301: 1285: 1284: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1246:Phorusrhacos 1244: 1243: 1227: 1226: 1212:Andrewsornis 1210: 1209: 1193: 1192: 1170: 1148: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1112:polyphyletic 1104: 1096: 1082:Devincenzia. 1081: 1077: 1073: 1067: 1056: 1050: 1049:, wolf-like 1044: 1038: 1030: 1015: 1009: 950:, after the 945: 935: 931: 927: 917: 896: 891: 879: 870: 863:Nueces River 854: 852: 827: 761: 748:, including 745: 744:belonged to 724: 720: 696: 695: 688: 684:Phorusrhacos 682: 678: 670: 663:Greek Titans 658: 655:generic name 650: 629: 618: 612: 605:phorusrhacid 548: 546: 493: 475: 469: 460: 454: 450: 446: 424: 418: 414:Phorusrhacos 412: 408: 406: 399: 393: 364: 363: 332:phorusrhacid 314: 313: 312: 300: 299: 290:Type species 271: 270: 51: 45: 6438:Bird genera 6351:Wikispecies 6227:Llallawavis 6204:Psilopterus 6116:Devincenzia 6010:Pseudolarus 5940:Propelargus 5803:Lavocatavis 5783:Similiornis 5706:Australaves 5429:11336/36844 5352:11336/80762 5176:(1): 3–21. 4890:: 153–163. 4755:(49): 501. 4219:11336/38650 3272:"Inglis 1A" 2979:(1): 1–37. 2390:borophagins 2190:, based on 2107:glyptodonts 2073:tibiotarsus 2000:Llallawavis 1909:ontogenetic 1818:Devincenzia 1812:still make 1785:Devincenzia 1781:Devincenzia 1763:Description 1426:Topology 2: 1287:Devincenzia 1123:Topology 1: 1106:Llallawavis 1046:Miracinonyx 1035:carnivorans 1020:metatherian 884:Hemphillian 690:Devincenzia 647:description 597:Clayton Ray 395:Devincenzia 352:Pleistocene 251:Subfamily: 77:5–1.8 66:Hemphillian 62:Pleistocene 6427:Categories 6197:Procariama 6174:Patagornis 6068:Brontornis 6032:Smiliornis 6000:Miocariama 5974:Cariamidae 5954:Salmilidae 5827:Strigogyps 5793:Talantatos 5772:Itaboravis 5761:Gradiornis 5673:Genera of 5191:11336/2663 4868:(1), 1–92. 4814:: 83–102. 4076:, 501–514. 3508:The Condor 3435:: 181–183. 2949:19 October 2586:References 2541:Extinction 2438:Teratornis 2410:porcupines 2375:dasypodids 2371:pampathere 2360:pronghorns 2200:bite force 2103:armadillos 2086:long-bones 2077:Patagornis 2036:scavengers 1996:Patagornis 1856:, and two 1330:Brontornis 1195:Patagornis 1125:Alvarenga 978:, and the 911:premaxilla 861:along the 758:metatarsal 620:Borophagus 468:relatives 443:borhyaenid 427:scavengers 390:California 6257:Physornis 6076:Macrornis 5926:Oblitavis 5912:Gypsornis 5850:Bathornis 5686:Kingdom: 5616:30 August 5515:131800527 5507:2191-589X 5446:128528271 5438:0031-0220 5420:1867-6812 5361:0895-9811 5267:0169-5347 5208:254703164 5200:1573-7055 5139:198152030 5131:0026-6493 5087:28 August 5077:0004-8038 4986:0272-4634 4836:0012-8252 4777:0096-3941 4451:0084-5620 4321:1758-1559 4163:Diversity 4133:134344096 4125:1867-6812 3984:0094-8373 3917:0272-4634 3804:0022-3360 3739:1932-6203 3653:234119602 3645:0272-4634 3528:0010-5422 2936:220413406 2530:procyonid 2509:Paleogene 2502:mammutids 2406:capybaras 2352:peccaries 2326:"Ice Age" 2287:flatwoods 2123:greyhound 1964:vertebrae 1956:dinosaurs 1914:symphysis 1846:pterygoid 1428:Degrange 1347:Physornis 1085:Brazilian 1027:placental 1012:Paleocene 964:gigantism 919:Aiolornis 701:Inglis 1b 614:Nannippus 561:Gilchrist 553:artifacts 490:capybaras 471:Holmesina 466:armadillo 451:Kelenken, 445:mammals. 439:placental 198:Kingdom: 192:Eukaryota 6336:Wikidata 6123:Kelenken 5919:Idiornis 5865:Paracrax 5694:Chordata 5692:Phylum: 5688:Animalia 5675:Seriemas 5610:Archived 5587:21125025 5540:: 37–45. 5450:Archived 5365:Archived 5279:Archived 5275:21238405 5212:Archived 5143:Archived 5081:Archived 5028:Archived 4990:Archived 4929:Archived 4892:Archived 4840:Archived 4781:Archived 4628:Archived 4603:13543638 4595:22723482 4546:22662194 4506:PLOS ONE 4455:Archived 4409:20805872 4369:PLOS ONE 4333:Archived 4329:84767939 4282:16096087 4228:85212917 4169:(2), 90. 4137:Archived 4045:Archived 3996:Archived 3992:85759838 3929:Archived 3816:Archived 3812:88936361 3757:24312212 3709:PLOS ONE 3679:Archived 3583:Archived 3540:Archived 3483:Archived 3455:Archived 3396:Archived 3280:Archived 3246:, 352 p. 3222:Archived 3218:40166707 3166:Archived 3164:: 1–85. 3042:Archived 2981:Archived 2875:Archived 2826:Archived 2798:Archived 2722:Archived 2638:Archived 2481:Mesozoic 2477:Gondwana 2471:in olive 2434:teratorn 2426:Titanis. 2422:muskrats 2400:. Large 2394:hyaenids 2356:camelids 2304:savannas 2291:pine-oak 2275:Holocene 2196:CT scans 2115:Kelenken 2057:lacrimal 2020:Kelenken 1991:theropod 1850:quadrate 1822:Kelenken 1304:Kelenken 1101:polytomy 1058:Arctodus 1052:Aenocyon 1040:Smilodon 988:seriemas 948:Cenozoic 915:teratorn 831:Legend: 756:, and a 729:sinkhole 581:Pliocene 532:Holotype 435:Cenozoic 401:Kelenken 374:holotype 348:Pliocene 278:Brodkorb 238:Family: 212:Chordata 208:Phylum: 202:Animalia 188:Domain: 58:Pliocene 6397:4131165 6384:1368513 6371:4852149 6357:Titanis 6342:Q427685 6327:Titanis 6137:Titanis 6021:Riacama 5983:Cariama 5963:Salmila 5710:Clade: 5698:Class: 5578:2987556 5477:Bibcode 5400:Bibcode 5331:Bibcode 5285:18 June 5247:Bibcode 5218:16 July 5057:The Auk 4966:Bibcode 4898:31 July 4816:Bibcode 4757:Bibcode 4685:Bibcode 4537:3360764 4514:Bibcode 4400:2923598 4377:Bibcode 4339:16 July 4273:1559870 4198:Bibcode 4105:Bibcode 3964:Bibcode 3925:4524003 3897:Bibcode 3784:Bibcode 3748:3842325 3717:Bibcode 3688:31 July 3625:Bibcode 3546:28 June 3536:1366594 3492:, (89). 3402:20 June 3380:Bibcode 3338:3 April 3172:31 July 3048:20 June 3026:Bibcode 3017:Geology 2990:20 June 2907:Titanis 2839:(2), 9. 2807:3 April 2794:4082556 2731:3 April 2647:20 June 2580:Titanis 2575:Titanis 2567:Titanis 2563:Titanis 2547:Titanis 2526:Titanis 2522:Titanis 2518:Titanis 2469:Titanis 2443:turkeys 2418:rabbits 2402:rodents 2333:Titanis 2296:Titanis 2279:Titanis 2271:endemic 2267:Titanis 2254:Titanis 2212:Titanis 2204:Newtons 2127:grazing 2119:Titanis 2016:Titanis 1987:ratites 1960:Titanis 1940:Titanis 1936:Titanis 1870:Titanis 1862:Titanis 1842:frontal 1814:Titanis 1809:Titanis 1801:Titanis 1793:ostrich 1789:Titanis 1773:Titanis 1263:Titanis 1097:Titanis 1074:Titanis 1031:Titanis 1016:Titanis 956:mammals 936:Titanis 932:Titanis 926:in 1972 892:Titanis 880:Titanis 871:Titanis 855:Titanis 828:Titanis 762:Titanis 746:Titanis 735:by the 725:Titanis 721:Titanis 697:Titanis 679:Titanis 671:walleri 659:Titanis 625:Blancan 549:Titanis 494:Titanis 461:Titanis 447:Titanis 419:Titanis 409:Titanis 382:phalanx 360:Florida 336:extinct 326:) is a 315:Titanis 272:Titanis 264:Genus: 228:Order: 218:Class: 146:↓ 70:Blancan 60:-Early 52:Titanis 40:Titanic 5990:Chunga 5585: 5575: 5513: 5505: 5495: 5456:15 May 5444: 5436: 5418: 5371:15 May 5359: 5273: 5265: 5206: 5198: 5149:15 May 5137: 5129: 5075: 4996:15 May 4984: 4935:15 May 4846:15 May 4834: 4787:15 May 4775: 4726: 4634:26 May 4601: 4593: 4544: 4534: 4461:15 May 4449: 4407: 4397: 4327: 4319: 4280: 4270: 4226: 4143:15 May 4131: 4123: 4054:15 May 4002:15 May 3990: 3982: 3935:15 May 3923: 3915: 3822:15 May 3810: 3802: 3755: 3745: 3737: 3651: 3643: 3589:11 May 3573:: 36. 3534: 3526: 3461:11 May 3286:11 May 3228:15 May 3216: 3204:(50). 3094: 2934: 2881:11 May 2792: 2500:, and 2486:ursids 2432:, the 2420:, and 2414:shrews 2396:, and 2341:tapirs 2310:where 2229:et al. 2194:using 2176:and a 2098:marrow 2053:thorax 1974:, and 1972:sacral 1968:dorsal 1949:ungual 1883:culmen 1881:. The 1754: 1430:et al. 1127:et al. 974:, the 970:, the 653:. The 639:strata 573:equids 486:tapirs 482:equids 388:, and 320:Titans 6410:39470 6379:IRMNG 5511:S2CID 5442:S2CID 5416:eISSN 5204:S2CID 5135:S2CID 4599:S2CID 4325:S2CID 4224:S2CID 4129:S2CID 4048:(PDF) 4025:(PDF) 3988:S2CID 3921:JSTOR 3808:S2CID 3682:(PDF) 3671:(PDF) 3649:S2CID 3532:JSTOR 3214:JSTOR 2984:(PDF) 2969:(PDF) 2943:(PDF) 2932:S2CID 2912:(PDF) 2801:(PDF) 2790:JSTOR 2768:(PDF) 2725:(PDF) 2702:(PDF) 2641:(PDF) 2618:(PDF) 2559:ursid 2555:felid 2551:canid 2090:saiga 2061:hawks 1901:fossa 1836:Skull 1099:in a 643:rheas 601:avian 386:Texas 340:birds 328:genus 6366:GBIF 5700:Aves 5618:2023 5583:PMID 5503:ISSN 5493:ISBN 5458:2023 5434:ISSN 5373:2023 5357:ISSN 5287:2023 5271:PMID 5263:ISSN 5220:2023 5196:ISSN 5151:2023 5127:ISSN 5089:2023 5073:ISSN 4998:2023 4982:ISSN 4937:2023 4900:2023 4848:2023 4832:ISSN 4789:2023 4773:ISSN 4724:ISBN 4636:2022 4591:PMID 4542:PMID 4463:2023 4447:ISSN 4405:PMID 4341:2023 4317:ISSN 4278:PMID 4145:2023 4121:ISSN 4097:PalZ 4056:2023 4004:2023 3980:ISSN 3937:2023 3913:ISSN 3824:2023 3800:ISSN 3753:PMID 3735:ISSN 3690:2023 3641:ISSN 3591:2023 3548:2023 3524:ISSN 3463:2023 3404:2023 3340:2013 3288:2023 3230:2023 3174:2023 3092:ISBN 3050:2023 2992:2023 2951:2006 2883:2023 2809:2013 2733:2013 2649:2023 2408:and 2302:and 2289:and 2105:and 2022:and 1998:and 1980:ribs 1828:and 1820:and 1797:rhea 1779:and 1080:and 1070:taxa 1002:The 859:Odem 752:, a 687:and 583:and 563:and 474:and 398:and 282:1963 222:Aves 85:PreꞒ 5573:PMC 5565:doi 5485:doi 5424:hdl 5408:doi 5347:hdl 5339:doi 5255:doi 5186:hdl 5178:doi 5119:doi 5065:doi 5061:100 5039:217 4974:doi 4921:doi 4824:doi 4812:135 4765:doi 4716:doi 4693:doi 4681:217 4658:doi 4623:NPR 4581:doi 4577:215 4532:PMC 4522:doi 4439:doi 4395:PMC 4385:doi 4309:doi 4268:PMC 4260:doi 4256:272 4214:hdl 4206:doi 4113:doi 4037:doi 3972:doi 3905:doi 3864:doi 3792:doi 3743:PMC 3725:doi 3633:doi 3575:doi 3571:102 3516:doi 3388:doi 3324:doi 3206:doi 3132:doi 3084:doi 3034:doi 2924:doi 2782:doi 2773:Auk 2714:doi 2630:doi 2092:or 1945:pes 905:in 865:in 358:in 330:of 322:of 6429:: 6407:: 6394:: 6381:: 6368:: 6353:: 6338:: 5608:. 5604:. 5581:. 5571:. 5561:17 5559:. 5555:. 5538:57 5536:. 5532:. 5509:. 5501:. 5491:. 5483:. 5448:. 5440:. 5432:. 5422:. 5414:. 5406:. 5396:82 5394:. 5390:. 5363:. 5355:. 5345:. 5337:. 5327:20 5321:. 5305:45 5303:, 5277:. 5269:. 5261:. 5253:. 5243:13 5241:. 5237:. 5210:. 5202:. 5194:. 5184:. 5174:20 5172:. 5168:. 5141:. 5133:. 5125:. 5115:93 5113:. 5109:. 5097:^ 5079:. 5071:. 5059:. 5055:. 5037:, 4988:. 4980:. 4972:. 4962:11 4960:. 4956:. 4927:. 4888:16 4886:. 4882:. 4866:37 4864:, 4838:. 4830:. 4822:. 4810:. 4806:. 4779:. 4771:. 4763:. 4753:89 4751:. 4747:. 4722:. 4691:. 4679:. 4626:. 4620:. 4597:. 4589:. 4575:. 4571:. 4540:. 4530:. 4520:. 4508:. 4504:. 4486:^ 4453:. 4445:. 4435:15 4433:. 4429:. 4417:^ 4403:. 4393:. 4383:. 4371:. 4367:. 4349:^ 4331:. 4323:. 4315:. 4303:. 4299:. 4276:. 4266:. 4254:. 4250:. 4236:^ 4222:. 4212:. 4204:. 4194:35 4192:. 4188:. 4174:^ 4167:13 4165:, 4161:" 4135:. 4127:. 4119:. 4111:. 4101:92 4099:. 4095:. 4081:^ 4074:37 4072:, 4043:. 4033:45 4031:. 4027:. 4012:^ 3994:. 3986:. 3978:. 3970:. 3960:40 3958:. 3954:. 3927:. 3919:. 3911:. 3903:. 3893:19 3891:. 3887:. 3860:43 3858:. 3854:. 3832:^ 3814:. 3806:. 3798:. 3790:. 3780:90 3778:. 3774:. 3751:. 3741:. 3733:. 3723:. 3711:. 3707:. 3673:. 3647:. 3639:. 3631:. 3621:40 3619:. 3615:. 3599:^ 3581:. 3569:. 3565:. 3538:. 3530:. 3522:. 3512:74 3510:. 3506:. 3471:^ 3453:. 3449:. 3433:27 3431:. 3412:^ 3394:. 3386:. 3376:15 3374:. 3370:. 3348:^ 3320:36 3318:. 3314:. 3296:^ 3278:. 3274:. 3251:^ 3220:. 3212:. 3202:50 3200:. 3196:. 3182:^ 3162:27 3160:. 3156:. 3144:^ 3128:45 3126:. 3122:. 3106:^ 3090:. 3058:^ 3040:. 3032:. 3022:35 3020:. 3014:. 3000:^ 2977:25 2975:. 2971:. 2930:. 2920:26 2918:. 2914:. 2891:^ 2873:. 2869:. 2844:^ 2837:77 2835:, 2796:. 2788:. 2778:80 2776:. 2770:. 2741:^ 2720:. 2710:45 2708:. 2704:. 2657:^ 2636:. 2626:45 2624:. 2620:. 2593:^ 2571:BP 2553:, 2496:, 2445:. 2416:, 2392:, 2358:, 2354:, 2328:. 2006:. 1970:, 1065:. 954:, 711:, 707:; 703:, 669:, 657:, 575:, 500:. 488:, 484:, 480:, 280:, 135:Pg 79:Ma 6245:† 6215:† 6185:† 6148:† 6104:† 6095:? 6087:? 6079:? 6071:? 6056:† 6044:† 6035:? 6028:† 6024:? 6017:† 6013:? 6006:† 5996:† 5951:† 5900:† 5877:† 5868:? 5860:? 5838:† 5815:† 5806:? 5799:† 5789:† 5779:† 5775:? 5768:† 5764:? 5757:† 5747:† 5666:e 5659:t 5652:v 5620:. 5589:. 5567:: 5517:. 5487:: 5479:: 5460:. 5426:: 5410:: 5402:: 5375:. 5349:: 5341:: 5333:: 5289:. 5257:: 5249:: 5222:. 5188:: 5180:: 5153:. 5121:: 5091:. 5067:: 5000:. 4976:: 4968:: 4939:. 4923:: 4902:. 4850:. 4826:: 4818:: 4791:. 4767:: 4759:: 4732:. 4718:: 4699:. 4695:: 4687:: 4664:. 4660:: 4638:. 4605:. 4583:: 4548:. 4524:: 4516:: 4510:7 4465:. 4441:: 4411:. 4387:: 4379:: 4373:5 4343:. 4311:: 4305:1 4284:. 4262:: 4230:. 4216:: 4208:: 4200:: 4147:. 4115:: 4107:: 4058:. 4039:: 4006:. 3974:: 3966:: 3939:. 3907:: 3899:: 3872:. 3866:: 3826:. 3794:: 3786:: 3759:. 3727:: 3719:: 3713:8 3692:. 3655:. 3635:: 3627:: 3593:. 3577:: 3550:. 3518:: 3465:. 3406:. 3390:: 3382:: 3342:. 3326:: 3290:. 3232:. 3208:: 3176:. 3138:. 3134:: 3100:. 3086:: 3052:. 3036:: 3028:: 2994:. 2953:. 2926:: 2885:. 2811:. 2784:: 2735:. 2716:: 2695:" 2651:. 2632:: 2386:. 2378:. 2367:. 2344:. 1108:, 928:. 764:. 403:. 297:† 268:† 255:† 242:† 140:N 130:K 125:J 120:T 115:P 110:C 105:D 100:S 95:O 90:Ꞓ 74:~ 72:) 68:- 64:( 42:. 35:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index