36:
490:
735:
723:
759:
771:
747:
1493:
707:
346:
366:
460:
Commission on New
Minerals and Mineral Names (CNMMN) adopted the name titanite and "discredited" the name sphene as of 1982, although commonly papers and books initially identify the mineral using both names. Sphene was the most commonly used name until the IMA decision, although both were well
683:
As a gemstone, titanite is usually some shade of chartreuse, but can be brown or black. Hue depends on iron (Fe) content, with low Fe content causing green and yellow colours, and high Fe content causing brown or black hues. Zoning is typical in titanite. It is prized for its exceptional
536:
of 0.105 to 0.135 (biaxial positive); under the microscope this leads to a distinctive high relief which combined with the common yellow-brown colour and lozenge-shape cross-section makes the mineral easy to identify. Transparent specimens are noted for their strong
477:. The name sphene continues to be publishable in peer-reviewed scientific literature, e.g. a paper by Hayden et al. was published in early 2008 in the journal Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. Sphene persists as the informal name for titanite
722:
734:
1144:
Helean, K. B.; Ushakov, S. V.; Brown, C. E.; Navrotsky, A.; Lian, J.; Ewing, R. C.; Farmer, J. M.; Boatner, L. A. (June 2004). "Formation enthalpies of rare earth titanate pyrochlores".
1187:
Freitas, G. F. G.; Nasar, R. S.; Cerqueira, M.; Melo, D. M. A.; Longo, E.; Varela, J. A. (October 2006). "Luminescence in semi-crystalline zirconium titanate doped with lanthanum".
758:
706:
1262:
770:
746:
457:
1082:
1057:
919:
Dana's Manual of
Mineralogy for the Student of Elementary Mineralogy, the Mining Engineer, the Geologist, the Prospector, the Collector, Etc
1522:
35:
957:
497:
Titanite, which is named for its titanium content, occurs as translucent to transparent, reddish brown, gray, yellow, green, or red
94:
728:
Titanite crystal that is totally gemmy and transparent, with a light olive-green color, perched on matrix of calcite and epidote
553:, in consequence of structural damage due to radioactive decomposition of the often significant thorium content. When viewed in
1532:
629:
517:
223:
489:
256:
125:
1517:
1255:
1005:
Hey, M. H. (December 1982). "International
Mineralogical Association: Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names".
1542:
1271:
1248:
1537:
692:. Jewelry use of titanite is limited, both because the stone is uncommon in gem quality and is relatively soft.
461:
known. Some authorities think it is less confusing as the word is used to describe any chemical or crystal with
542:
1214:
388:
713:
617:
558:
84:
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801:
474:
381:
210:
977:
1153:
1110:
1014:
810:
973:
685:
513:
505:
331:
246:
236:
216:
927:
1527:
1169:
1126:
1030:
828:
649:
645:
521:
466:
433:
200:
1365:
981:
764:
Green titanite crystal perched right at the top of a column of gray, chlorite-included crystals
1467:
1078:
1053:
953:
923:
913:
151:
1101:
Hayden, L. A.; Watson, E. B.; Wark, D. A. (2008). "A thermobarometer for sphene (titanite)".
1404:
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1118:
1022:
818:
669:
653:
637:
585:
529:
525:
402:
287:
266:
190:
65:
58:
1497:
695:
Titanite can also be used as a U-Pb geochronometer, specifically in metamorphic terranes.
633:
562:
550:
1157:
1114:
1018:
917:
814:
1477:
1437:
1345:
1325:
850:
740:
Bright green, twinned crystal of titanite with adularia and minor clinochlore on matrix
641:
621:
280:
157:
104:
1511:
1447:
1279:
1130:
1034:
832:
613:
605:
533:
509:
301:
180:
116:
1173:
1026:
577:
554:
546:
493:
Green titanite crystal cluster from the Tormiq Valley, Haramosh
Mountains, Pakistan
1427:
1417:
1412:
1385:
1380:
1350:
1330:
538:
349:
311:
134:
1200:
1165:
512:
and are often twinned. Possessing a subadamantine tending to slightly resinous
1473:
1422:
1370:
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1304:
1235:
1122:
891:
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609:
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109:
869:
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1432:
1390:
1375:
581:
429:
41:
541:, the three colours presented being dependent on body colour. Owing to the
316:
Strong: X = nearly colorless; Y = yellow to green; Z = red to yellow-orange
1355:
1340:
1335:
1299:
885:
601:
478:
412:
321:
823:
796:
345:
1294:
689:
677:
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415:
409:
405:
365:
776:
Yellow-green titanite twinned crystal perched vertically on the matrix
1309:
600:. Source localities include: Pakistan; Italy; Russia; China; Brazil;
593:
589:
574:
437:
418:
394:
20:
1240:
175:
Reddish brown, brown, gray, black, yellow, green, or red, colourless
625:
597:
573:
Titanite occurs as a common accessory mineral in intermediate and
488:
462:
364:
425:
1244:
1236:
Madagascar Sphene
Properties, Occurrences and Geological data
752:
Olive-green titanite spear point set in matrix from
Pakistan
565:
can be observed in minerals surrounding a titanite crystal.
549:
under ultraviolet light. Some titanite has been found to be
1215:"Sphene (Titanite) Value, Price, and Jewelry Information"
688:
power (0.051, B to G interval) which exceeds that of
1456:
1403:
1318:
1287:
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356:
340:
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320:
310:
300:
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275:
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195:
Contact and penetration on {100}, lamellar on {221}
189:
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150:
133:
115:
103:
93:
83:
64:
54:
49:
28:
432:are typically present. Also commonly present are
19:"Sphene" redirects here. Not to be confused with
948:Deer, W. A.; Howie, R. A.; Zussman, J. (1966).
1077:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, USA.
1048:Wenk, Hans-Rudolf; Bulakh, Andrei (May 2004).
162:c = 6.555 Å; β = 113.81°; Z = 4
1256:
185:Flattened wedge-shaped crystals, also massive
8:
1052:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
712:Specimen from the mineral collection of the
532:is 1.885–1.990 to 1.915–2.050 with a strong
241:Sub-adamantine tending to slightly resinous
1284:
1263:
1249:
1241:
844:
842:
1103:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
1096:
1094:
950:Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals
822:
528:varies between 3.52 and 3.54. Titanite's
473:series and many of the minerals with the
76:
1050:Minerals: Their Constitution and Origin
787:
702:
458:International Mineralogical Association
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
401: 'wedge'), is a calcium titanium
25:
7:
1189:Materials Science and Engineering: A
797:"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols"
444:; calcium may be partly replaced by
545:effect of iron, sphene exhibits no
1075:Introduction to Optical Mineralogy
14:
1073:Nesse, William D. (August 2003).
987:. Material Data, Inc. p. 280
982:"IMA/CNMNC List of Mineral Names"
916:; Ford, William Ebenezer (1915).
1491:
1146:Journal of Solid State Chemistry
769:
757:
745:
733:
721:
705:
344:
34:
504:. These crystals are typically
1027:10.1180/minmag.1982.046.341.25
205:Distinct on , parting on {221}
1:
952:. Longman. pp. 17–20.
924:John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1564:
1523:Minerals in space group 14
1201:10.1016/j.msea.2006.07.023
1166:10.1016/j.jssc.2004.01.009
387:
261:Translucent to transparent
18:
1487:
1219:International Gem Society
1123:10.1007/s00410-007-0256-y
33:
668:Titanite is a source of
714:Naturmuseum Senckenberg
618:Renfrew County, Ontario
559:petrographic microscope
279:Biaxial (+); very high
1007:Mineralogical Magazine
852:Handbook of Mineralogy
802:Mineralogical Magazine
494:
424:. Trace impurities of
370:
369:Titanite crystal model
1533:Radioactive gemstones
871:Titanite Mineral Data
492:
465:titanium such as the
368:
341:Other characteristics
95:Strunz classification
40:Titanite crystals on
795:Warr, L. N. (2021).
716:in Frankfurt am Main
584:. It also occurs in
475:perovskite structure
16:Nesosilicate mineral
1518:Monoclinic minerals
1498:Minerals portal
1158:2004JSSCh.177.1858H
1115:2008CoMP..155..529H
1019:1982MinM...46..513H
824:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
815:2021MinM...85..291W
485:Physical properties
160:, b = 8.707 Å
914:Dana, James Dwight
520:of 5.5 and a weak
495:
371:
276:Optical properties
44:(image width 2 mm)
1543:Titanium minerals
1505:
1504:
1468:carbonate mineral
1405:Silicate minerals
1399:
1398:
1272:Titanium minerals
1084:978-0-19-514910-4
1059:978-0-521-52958-7
978:Nichols, Monte C.
974:Nickel, Ernest H.
586:metamorphic rocks
516:, titanite has a
436:metals including
363:
362:
352:– may be metamict
326:17–40° (measured)
294:nβ = 1.870–2.034
129:
29:Titanite (Sphene)
1555:
1538:Calcium minerals
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1177:
1152:(6): 1858–1866.
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1045:
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1038:
1013:(341): 513–514.
1002:
996:
995:
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992:
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970:
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874:, WebMineral.com
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761:
749:
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709:
670:titanium dioxide
563:pleochroic halos
530:refractive index
526:specific gravity
398:
391:
348:
296:nγ = 1.943–2.110
292:nα = 1.843–1.950
288:Refractive index
267:Specific gravity
228:
123:
121:Prismatic (2/m)
79:
71:
70:(repeating unit)
38:
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922:(13 ed.).
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608:, Switzerland;
580:and associated
571:
487:
454:
423:
336:r > v strong
306:δ = 0.100–0.160
295:
293:
226:
161:
156:a = 7.057
145:
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78:
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1478:borate mineral
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1438:Nenadkevichite
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1346:Freudenbergite
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1333:
1328:
1326:Aeschynite-(Y)
1322:
1320:
1316:
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1280:Oxide minerals
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1230:External links
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1195:(1–2): 19–22.
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1136:
1109:(4): 529–540.
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1040:
997:
980:(2008-10-17).
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838:
809:(3): 291–320.
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167:Identification
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105:Crystal system
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1548:Nesosilicates
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1448:Zircophyllite
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959:0-582-44210-9
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699:Image gallery
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578:igneous rocks
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544:
540:
535:
534:birefringence
531:
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382:Ancient Greek
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302:Birefringence
299:
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251:Reddish white
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181:Crystal habit
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117:Crystal class
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60:
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37:
32:
27:
22:
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1442:
1218:
1209:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1106:
1102:
1074:
1068:
1049:
1043:
1010:
1006:
1000:
989:. Retrieved
968:
949:
943:
932:. Retrieved
918:
886:
880:
870:
864:
851:
849:"Titanite".
806:
800:
790:
694:
682:
667:
572:
555:thin section
547:fluorescence
496:
455:
452:Nomenclature
403:nesosilicate
395:
392:
385:
377:
373:
372:
139:
59:Nesosilicate
1428:Lorenzenite
1418:Grossmanite
1413:Aenigmatite
1386:Zirconolite
1381:Zimbabweite
1351:Haggertyite
1331:Armalcolite
660:in the US.
616:, Austria;
606:St. Gothard
471:pyrochlores
350:Radioactive
312:Pleochroism
257:Diaphaneity
135:Space group
1512:Categories
1474:Warwickite
1423:Keilhauite
1371:Perovskite
1366:Latrappite
1361:Keilhauite
1305:Geikielite
991:2009-03-14
934:2009-07-06
892:Mindat.org
782:References
686:dispersive
676:, used in
658:California
630:Gouverneur
620:, Canada;
610:Madagascar
582:pegmatites
569:Occurrence
539:trichroism
499:monoclinic
467:rare earth
434:rare earth
380:(from
357:References
332:Dispersion
224:Mohs scale
217:conchoidal
126:H–M symbol
110:Monoclinic
85:IMA symbol
1528:Gemstones
1464:Sabinaite
1391:Zirkelite
1376:Polycrase
1131:129085138
1035:140202196
926:pp.
833:235729616
543:quenching
479:gemstones
469:titanate
430:aluminium
271:3.48–3.60
152:Unit cell
42:amphibole
1443:Titanite
1433:Melanite
1356:Ilmenite
1341:Euxenite
1336:Betafite
1300:Brookite
1174:97381935
887:Titanite
678:pigments
654:New York
650:Brewster
646:Pitcairn
602:Tujetsch
588:such as
551:metamict
522:cleavage
518:hardness
506:sphenoid
502:crystals
463:oxidized
374:Titanite
322:2V angle
227:hardness
211:Fracture
201:Cleavage
191:Twinning
55:Category
1295:Anatase
1154:Bibcode
1111:Bibcode
1015:Bibcode
811:Bibcode
690:diamond
622:Sanford
594:schists
557:with a
446:thorium
442:yttrium
406:mineral
99:9.AG.15
75:CaTiSiO
66:Formula
50:General
1310:Rutile
1288:Simple
1172:
1129:
1081:
1056:
1033:
956:
831:
638:Rossie
598:skarns
590:gneiss
575:felsic
524:. Its
514:luster
438:cerium
396:sphēnṓ
378:sphene
281:relief
247:Streak
237:Luster
172:Colour
124:(same
21:Sphere
1457:Other
1319:Mixed
1170:S2CID
1127:S2CID
1031:S2CID
985:(PDF)
856:(PDF)
829:S2CID
672:, TiO
634:Diana
626:Maine
614:Tyrol
510:habit
389:σφηνώ
384:
376:, or
231:5–5.5
1079:ISBN
1054:ISBN
954:ISBN
930:–300
664:Uses
656:and
642:Fine
596:and
592:and
456:The
440:and
428:and
426:iron
215:Sub-
1197:doi
1193:434
1162:doi
1150:177
1119:doi
1107:155
1023:doi
928:299
819:doi
508:in
89:Ttn
1514::
1217:.
1191:.
1168:.
1160:.
1148:.
1125:.
1117:.
1105:.
1093:^
1029:.
1021:.
1011:46
1009:.
976:;
899:^
890:,
841:^
827:.
817:.
807:85
805:.
799:.
680:.
652:,
648:,
644:,
640:,
636:,
632:,
628:,
624:,
612:;
604:,
561:,
481:.
448:.
416:Si
413:Ti
410:Ca
408:,
146:/a
1480:)
1476:(
1470:)
1466:(
1264:e
1257:t
1250:v
1221:.
1203:.
1199::
1176:.
1164::
1156::
1133:.
1121::
1113::
1087:.
1062:.
1037:.
1025::
1017::
994:.
962:.
937:.
858:.
835:.
821::
813::
674:2
422:5
419:O
399:)
393:(
158:Å
144:1
142:2
140:P
128:)
77:5
23:.
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