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and fire (once humans could kindle and control it). He then refers to "tough iron" and copper in that order, but goes on to say that copper was the primary means of tilling the soil and the basis of weaponry until, "by slow degrees", the iron sword became predominant (it still was in his day) and "the bronze sickle fell into disrepute" as iron ploughs were introduced. He had earlier envisaged a pre-technological, pre-literary kind of human whose life was lived "in the fashion of wild beasts roaming at large". From this beginning, he theorised, there followed the development in turn of crude huts, use and kindling of fire, clothing, language, family, and city-states. He believed that smelting of metal, and perhaps too, the firing of pottery, was discovered by accident: for example, the result of a forest fire. He does specify, however, that the use of copper followed the use of stones and branches and preceded the use of iron.
539:, an alloy of copper and tin that has much greater resilience than copper; both copper and bronze were superseded by iron during his millennium (1000 BC to 1 BC). He may have considered bronze to be a stronger variety of copper and not necessarily a wholly individual material. Lucretius is believed to be the first to put forward a theory of the successive uses of first wood and stone, then copper and bronze, and finally iron. Although his theory lay dormant for many centuries, it was revived in the nineteenth century and he has been credited with originating the concept of the
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480:, and when, during the intervals of his insanity, he had written a number of books, which were later emended by Cicero, he killed himself by his own hand in the 44th year of his life." The claim that he was driven mad by a love potion, although defended by such scholars as Reale and Catan, is often dismissed as the result of historical confusion, or anti-Epicurean bias. In some accounts the administration of the toxic aphrodisiac is attributed to his wife
520:, is divided into six untitled books, and explores Epicurean physics through richly poetic language and metaphors. Lucretius presents the principles of atomism, the nature of the mind and soul, explanations of sensation and thought, the development of the world and its phenomena, and explains a variety of celestial and terrestrial phenomena. The universe described in the poem operates according to these physical principles, guided by
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402:: "Titus Lucretius the poet is born." If Jerome is accurate about Lucretius's age (43) when Lucretius died (discussed below), then it may be concluded he was born in 99 or 98 BC. Less specific estimates place the birth of Lucretius in the 90s BC and his death in the 50s BC, in agreement with the poem's many allusions to the tumultuous state of political affairs in
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660:. He believed that nature experiments endlessly across the aeons, and the organisms that adapt best to their environment have the best chance of surviving. Living organisms survived because of the commensurate relationship between their strength, speed, or intellect and the external dynamics of their environment. Prior to
432:, and his work shows an intimate knowledge of the luxurious lifestyle in Rome. Lucretius's love of the countryside invites speculation that he inhabited family-owned rural estates, as did many wealthy Roman families, and he certainly was expensively educated with a mastery of Latin, Greek, literature, and philosophy.
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Within this work, Lucretius makes reference to the cultural and technological development of humans in his use of available materials, tools, and weapons through prehistory to
Lucretius's own time. He specifies the earliest weapons as hands, nails, and teeth. These were followed by stones, branches,
674:
and mechanistic accounts of the creation and evolution of life. In contrast to modern thought on the subject, he did not believe that new species evolved from previously existing ones. Lucretius challenged the assumption that humans are necessarily superior to animals, noting that mammalian mothers
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Virtually nothing is known about the life of
Lucretius, and there is insufficient basis for a confident assertion of the dates of Lucretius's birth or death in other sources. Another, yet briefer, note is found in the
484:. Regardless, Jerome's image of Lucretius as a lovesick, mad poet continued to have significant influence on modern scholarship until quite recently, although it now is accepted that such a report is inaccurate.
640:
in
February 54 BC, Cicero said: "The poems of Lucretius are as you write: they exhibit many flashes of genius, and yet show great mastership." In the work of another author in late Republican Rome,
1972:
648:, apparently referring to Lucretius, "Happy is he who has discovered the causes of things and has cast beneath his feet all fears, unavoidable fate, and the din of the devouring Underworld."
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as when he was born), and it so happened that on the very same day
Lucretius the poet passed away." However, although Lucretius certainly lived and died around the time that Virgil and Cicero
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and his many correct conjectures about atomism and the nature of the physical world, Lucretius concludes his first book stressing the absurdity of the (by then well-established)
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theory as it related to the personally favored infinite Earth hypothesis which did not make reference to outer bodies.
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504:(usually translated as "On the Nature of Things" or "On the Nature of the Universe") transmits the ideas of
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277:. Very little is known about Lucretius's life; the only certainty is that he was either a friend or
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Lucretius pointing to the casus, the downward movement of the atoms. From the frontispiece to
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This article is about the Roman poet and philosopher. For other people named
Lucretius, see
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Online
Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries
1128:"The Living in Lucretius' De rerum natura. Animals' ataraxia and Humans' Distress"
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in the wild recognize and nurture their offspring as do human mothers.
670:, the natural philosophy of Lucretius typified one of the foremost non-
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High-resolution images of works by
Lucretius in .jpg and .tiff format.
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An
Intellectual and Cultural History of the Western World, Volume One
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The Edge of
Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas
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1464:
A History of Ancient Philosophy: The Systems of the Hellenistic Age
1014:(Cambridge University Press, 1994, 1996 reprint), pp. 213, 223–224
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Lucretius was an early thinker in what grew to become the study of
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1010:, "guiding chance" or "fortune at the helm"): see Monica R. Gale,
472:
Another note regarding Lucretius's biography is found in Jerome's
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Is nature continuous or discrete? How the atomist error was born
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323:, but was rediscovered in 1417 in a monastery in Germany by
327:
and it played an important role both in the development of
198:
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163:
1105:. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–6.
195:
1540:
Stearns, J. B. (December 1931). "Lucretius and Memmius".
1473:"Three philosophical poets: Lucretius, Dante, and Goethe"
34:. For the impact crater on the far side of the Moon, see
1766:, published in Paris 1563, later owned and annotated by
1777:
Discussion Forum For Lucretius and Epicurean Philosophy
1443:
Melville, Ronald; Fowler, Don and Peta, eds. (2008) .
528:
and the religious explanations of the natural world.
453:
on his 17th birthday (when the same two men held the
417:
Start of late 15th-century illuminated manuscript of
210:
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1447:. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford University Press.
443:, which seems to be derived from an earlier work by
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Lucretius probably was a member of the aristocratic
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469:, stood together as consuls again in 55, not 53.
1200:Lucretius and the Transformation of Greek Wisdom
285:, to whom the poem was addressed and dedicated.
255:. His only known work is the philosophical poem
1365:Oxford Readings in Classical Studies: Lucretius
370:
351:
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269:, which usually is translated into English as
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1356:The Cambridge History of Classical Literature
8:
788:De rerum natura, Book V, around Line 1200 ff
619:Title page of a 1683 English translation of
335:) and the efforts of various figures of the
1043:De rerum natura, Book V, around line 940 ff
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1726:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
1719:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
1143:
331:(Lucretius was an important influence on
27:1st-century BC Roman poet and philosopher
1445:Lucretius: On the Nature of the Universe
1358:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1335:Costa, C. D. N. (1984). "Introduction".
1022:(Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 238
942:
265:work about the tenets and philosophy of
1733:: text, concordances and frequency list
1388:The Swerve: How the World Became Modern
772:
759:, "religion lies cast beneath our feet"
745:
712:The Swerve: How the World Became Modern
549:
1424:Kenney, E. J. (1971). "Introduction".
1249:. Princeton University Press. p.
903:
879:
535:Lucretius seems to equate copper with
435:A brief biographical note is found in
374:As nature's majesty now known demands
353:And now, good Memmius, receptive ears
319:. The work was almost lost during the
1737:Bibliography De rerum natura Book III
1662:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). 1911.
1076:
966:
915:
891:
817:Some studies in Horace's odes on love
225:
7:
990:
978:
357:I pray you bring to true philosophy
289:was a considerable influence on the
1982:Ancient Greek schools of philosophy
1391:. New York: WW. Norton and Company.
1367:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
846:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
372:If I must speak, my noble Memmius,
227:[ˈtitusluˈkreːti.usˈkaːrus]
1515:Lucretius, On the Nature of Things
1399:A Companion to the Study of Virgil
1285:Bailey, C. (1947). "Prolegomena".
1132:Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism
1088:
1064:
25:
1354:Dalzell, A. (1982). "Lucretius".
1322:. Translated by Evelyn Shuckburgh
699:uncertainty of the paths of atoms
644:writes in the second book of his
543:that was formalised from 1834 by
5312:Roman-era Epicurean philosophers
1754:(1475–1494), digitised codex at
1701:
1320:"Letters to his brother Quintus"
726:List of English translations of
612:
597:
582:
567:
552:
309:, and to a lesser extent on the
153:
1278:De_rerum_natura § Editions
1167:Hannam, James (29 April 2019).
589:Frontispiece of a 1754 copy of
1428:. Cambridge University Press.
693:left open the possibility for
1:
1462:Reale, G.; Catan, J. (1980).
1169:"Atoms and flat-earth ethics"
275:On the Nature of the Universe
238:
231:
81:
70:
3879:Frontiers and fortifications
1641:Resources in other libraries
1617:Resources in other libraries
1337:Lucretius: De Rerum Natura V
1126:Massaro, Alma (2014-11-11).
1012:Myth and Poetry in Lucretius
931:Melville & Fowler (2008)
804:Melville & Fowler (2008)
604:1683 English translation of
273:—and somewhat less often as
5322:Philosophers of Roman Italy
5262:1st-century BC philosophers
3938:Decorations and punishments
1739:(archived 26 November 2006)
1700:(public domain audiobooks)
1685:Works by or about Lucretius
1339:. Oxford University Press.
1287:Lucretius's De rerum natura
1241:Gillispie, Charles Coulston
5338:
5267:1st-century BC Roman poets
4845:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
3420:historiography of the fall
1471:Santayana, George (1910).
1426:Lucretius: De rerum natura
1275:
1204:Cambridge University Press
1145:10.7358/rela-2014-002-mass
493:
29:
5226:External wars and battles
3350:
3323:
1772:Cambridge Digital Library
1763:De rerum natura libri sex
1636:Resources in your library
1612:Resources in your library
1507:. Loeb Classical Library.
1198:Sedley, David N. (2003).
1101:Campbell, Gordon (2003).
526:traditional Roman deities
142:
88:
50:
5292:Golden Age Latin writers
2821:Alexander of Aphrodisias
1490:(1992). "Introduction".
955:Reale & Catan (1980)
757:religio pedibus subiecta
678:Despite his advocacy of
667:On the Origin of Species
5221:Roman–Iranian relations
3696:Optimates and populares
2930:Lucius Annaeus Cornutus
2663:Thrasymachus of Corinth
2341:Metrodorus of Lampsacus
1927:On the Nature of Things
1677:On The Nature Of Things
1659:Encyclopædia Britannica
664:'s 1859 publication of
271:On the Nature of Things
59:Of the Nature of Things
5231:Civil wars and revolts
4497:Sextus Pompeius Festus
4144:Conflict of the Orders
3503:Legislative assemblies
2587:Aristippus the Younger
1512:Smith, M. F. (2011) .
1496:Loeb Classical Library
755:; cf. Lucretius 1.78:
423:
376:
359:
97:Hellenistic philosophy
84:55 BC (aged around 44)
4940:Simplicius of Cilicia
4692:Quintus Curtius Rufus
3921:Siege in Ancient Rome
3530:Executive magistrates
3064:Eudorus of Alexandria
2635:Asclepiades of Phlius
2592:Theodorus the Atheist
1770:, fully digitised in
1503:Smith, M. F. (1975).
1396:Horsfall, N. (2000).
840:Fisher, Saul (2009).
416:
149:Titus Lucretius Carus
45:Titus Lucretius Carus
18:Titus Lucretius Carus
5307:Natural philosophers
4950:Stephanus Byzantinus
4855:Eusebius of Caesaria
4717:Sidonius Apollinaris
4407:Ammianus Marcellinus
3746:Tribune of the plebs
2998:Diogenes of Oenoanda
1859:Diogenes of Oenoanda
1542:The Classical Weekly
394:of Donatus's pupil,
5317:Ancient Roman poets
5126:Distinguished women
4777:Velleius Paterculus
4617:Nicolaus Damascenus
4597:Marcellus Empiricus
3986:Republican currency
3122:Apollonius of Tyana
3069:Philo of Alexandria
2872:Agrippa the Skeptic
2811:Strato of Lampsacus
1934:Principal Doctrines
1761:Titi Lucretii Cari
1383:Greenblatt, Stephen
1363:Gale, M.R. (2007).
1295:Barnes, Harry Elmer
697:by arguing for the
518:dactylic hexameters
365:(tr. Melville) 1.50
339:to construct a new
4900:Phlegon of Tralles
4707:Seneca the Younger
4181:Naming conventions
3911:Personal equipment
3444:Later Roman Empire
3197:Plutarch of Athens
3137:Numenius of Apamea
3127:Moderatus of Gades
2597:Hegesias of Cyrene
1940:Herculaneum papyri
1709:Works by Lucretius
1694:Works by Lucretius
1667:Works by Lucretius
1303:Dover Publications
1206:. pp. 78–82.
1055:Barnes, pp. 27–28.
721:Stephen Greenblatt
652:Natural philosophy
424:
382:(tr. Melville) 5.6
341:Christian humanism
325:Poggio Bracciolini
36:Lucretius (crater)
5239:
5238:
5201:Pontifices maximi
4983:
4982:
4840:Diogenes Laërtius
4662:Pliny the Younger
4417:Asconius Pedianus
4377:Romance languages
4249:Civil engineering
3991:Imperial currency
3864:Political control
3825:
3824:
3459:
3458:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3245:Nicetes of Smyrna
2834:
2833:
2749:
2748:
2711:Apollonius Cronus
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2376:
2375:
2300:
2299:
2221:Metrodorus of Cos
2143:
2142:
2130:
2129:
2057:
2056:
1948:
1947:
1731:Lucretius's works
1671:Project Gutenberg
1653:"Lucretius"
1593:Library resources
1525:978-0-87220-587-1
1454:978-0-19-162327-1
1435:978-0-521-29177-4
1409:978-90-04-11951-2
1374:978-0-19-926034-8
1346:978-0-19-814457-1
1213:978-0-521-54214-2
1008:fortuna gubernans
842:"Pierre Gassendi"
828:Greenblatt (2009)
508:, which includes
337:Enlightenment era
146:
145:
16:(Redirected from
5329:
5191:Magistri equitum
5106:Cities and towns
5099:
5025:Constantinopolis
4835:Diodorus Siculus
4767:Valerius Maximus
4702:Seneca the Elder
4622:Nonius Marcellus
4390:
3943:Hippika gymnasia
3906:Infantry tactics
3812:Consular tribune
3802:Magister equitum
3751:Military tribune
3716:
3676:Pontifex maximus
3671:Princeps senatus
3661:Magister militum
3427:Byzantine Empire
3348:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3286:
3237:Second Sophistic
3212:Ammonius Hermiae
3117:Nigidius Figulus
3031:Philo of Larissa
3013:Academic Skeptic
2877:Sextus Empiricus
2845:
2694:
2653:Euclid of Megara
2532:
2410:
2320:
2154:
2145:
2077:
2068:
2007:
1989:Proto-philosophy
1975:
1968:
1961:
1952:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1788:
1722:by David Simpson
1705:
1704:
1689:Internet Archive
1663:
1655:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1565:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1508:
1499:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1467:
1458:
1439:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1392:
1378:
1359:
1350:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1314:
1290:
1265:
1264:
1237:
1231:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1179:on 29 April 2019
1175:. Archived from
1164:
1158:
1157:
1147:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1035:
1026:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
952:
946:
940:
934:
928:
919:
913:
907:
901:
895:
894:, pp. x–xi.
889:
883:
877:
871:
859:
850:
849:
837:
831:
825:
819:
815:Reckford, K. J.
813:
807:
801:
792:
791:
780:
760:
753:subiecit pedibus
750:
734:Javelin argument
616:
601:
586:
571:
556:
541:three-age system
383:
366:
243:
240:
236:
233:
229:
224:
217:
213:
208:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
83:
72:
55:
41:
21:
5337:
5336:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5097:
5095:
5089:
4979:
4815:Aëtius of Amida
4796:
4782:Verrius Flaccus
4762:Valerius Antias
4722:Silius Italicus
4657:Pliny the Elder
4602:Marcus Aurelius
4477:Cornelius Nepos
4427:Aurelius Victor
4381:
4303:
4215:
4149:Secessio plebis
4120:
3995:
3947:
3821:
3775:
3705:
3587:
3539:
3455:
3376:
3337:
3319:
3313:
3283:
3274:
3231:
3160:Ammonius Saccas
3146:
3103:
3051:Middle Platonic
3045:
3007:
2959:
2950:Marcus Aurelius
2886:
2862:Timon of Phlius
2830:
2800:Aristotelianism
2782:
2745:
2726:Diodorus Cronus
2692:
2639:
2611:
2568:
2530:
2494:
2451:
2399:
2372:
2344:
2309:
2296:
2268:
2245:
2139:
2126:
2103:
2053:
2005:
1984:
1979:
1949:
1944:
1914:
1910:Problem of evil
1868:
1820:
1815:
1751:De rerum natura
1713:Perseus Project
1702:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1622:
1621:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1584:
1575:
1573:
1568:
1554:10.2307/4389660
1539:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1511:
1505:De rerum natura
1502:
1492:De rerum natura
1486:
1477:
1475:
1470:
1461:
1455:
1442:
1436:
1423:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1395:
1381:
1375:
1362:
1353:
1347:
1334:
1325:
1323:
1317:
1293:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1228:De rerum natura
1225:
1221:
1214:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1004:De rerum natura
1002:In particular,
1001:
997:
989:
985:
977:
973:
965:
961:
953:
949:
943:Horsfall (2000)
941:
937:
929:
922:
914:
910:
902:
898:
890:
886:
882:, pp. 1–3.
878:
874:
860:
853:
839:
838:
834:
826:
822:
814:
810:
802:
795:
782:
781:
774:
769:
764:
763:
751:
747:
742:
728:De rerum natura
707:
684:spherical Earth
654:
636:to his brother
632:In a letter by
630:
623:
621:De rerum natura
617:
608:
606:De rerum natura
602:
593:
591:De rerum natura
587:
578:
576:De rerum natura
572:
563:
560:De rerum natura
557:
502:De rerum natura
498:
496:De rerum natura
492:
489:De rerum natura
420:De rerum natura
385:
380:De rerum natura
378:
373:
368:
363:De rerum natura
361:
356:
354:
349:
333:Pierre Gassendi
293:, particularly
287:De rerum natura
258:De rerum natura
241:
234:
222:
215:
211:
176:
156:
152:
125:
115:
111:
62:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5335:
5333:
5325:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5302:Metaphysicians
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5277:Didactic poets
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5244:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5102:
5100:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4806:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4667:Pomponius Mela
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4402:Aelius Donatus
4398:
4396:
4387:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4370:Ecclesiastical
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4324:
4319:
4313:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4130:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4111:Toys and games
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4005:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3957:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3893:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3835:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3722:
3720:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3651:Vigintisexviri
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3611:Cursus honorum
3608:
3603:
3597:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3410:Western Empire
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3386:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3357:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3289:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3250:Dio Chrysostom
3247:
3241:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3109:Neopythagorean
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2935:Musonius Rufus
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2900:Zeno of Citium
2896:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2792:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2625:Phaedo of Elis
2621:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2512:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2151:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2074:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1955:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1930:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1758:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1723:
1715:
1706:
1691:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1664:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
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1587:External links
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969:, p. vii.
959:
957:, p. 414.
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494:Main article:
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441:Life of Virgil
437:Aelius Donatus
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291:Augustan poets
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124:Main interests
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5257:50s BC deaths
5255:
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5252:90s BC births
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4557:Julius Paulus
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4492:Fabius Pictor
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4255:
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4229:Amphitheatres
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4209:
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4022:
4020:
4017:
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4012:
4010:
4007:
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4004:
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3998:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
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3979:
3977:
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3972:
3969:
3967:
3966:Deforestation
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
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3926:
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3919:
3917:
3916:Siege engines
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3849:Establishment
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3782:
3780:Extraordinary
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3766:Promagistrate
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3692:
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3659:
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3649:
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3579:
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3553:Twelve Tables
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3524:
3521:
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3516:
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3499:
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3486:
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3481:
3479:
3476:
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3468:
3466:
3462:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
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3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
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3388:
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3383:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3363:
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3361:
3358:
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3353:
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3349:
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3340:
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3329:
3326:
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3317:
3310:
3305:
3303:
3298:
3296:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
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3238:
3234:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3167:
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3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3095:
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3087:
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3077:
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3070:
3067:
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3062:
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3048:
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3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2983:Zeno of Sidon
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2854:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2816:Lyco of Troas
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2779:
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2722:
2719:
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2714:
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2699:
2698:Dialecticians
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2100:
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2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
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1991:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1971:
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1964:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1941:
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1911:
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1860:
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1847:
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1844:Zeno of Sidon
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1094:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
999:
996:
993:, p. 35.
992:
987:
984:
980:
975:
972:
968:
963:
960:
956:
951:
948:
944:
939:
936:
932:
927:
925:
921:
918:, p. ix.
917:
912:
909:
905:
904:Kenney (1971)
900:
897:
893:
888:
885:
881:
880:Bailey (1947)
876:
873:
869:
868:
863:
858:
856:
852:
847:
843:
836:
833:
830:, p. 44.
829:
824:
821:
818:
812:
809:
805:
800:
798:
794:
789:
785:
779:
777:
773:
766:
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585:
580:
577:
574:1754 copy of
570:
565:
561:
555:
550:
548:
546:
545:C. J. Thomsen
542:
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533:
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431:
430:
429:gens Lucretia
422:
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367:
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288:
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283:Gaius Memmius
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:
254:
250:
247:
228:
220:
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206:
150:
141:
138:
137:atomic theory
134:
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121:
118:
114:
110:
107:
105:
101:
98:
95:
91:
87:
80:
76:
69:
65:
60:
54:
49:
42:
37:
33:
32:Lucretia gens
19:
5171:Institutions
5035:Leptis Magna
4988:Major cities
4895:Philostratus
4682:Quadrigarius
4586:
4502:Rufus Festus
4365:Contemporary
4086:Romanization
4009:Architecture
3616:Collegiality
3465:Constitution
3316:Ancient Rome
3265:Philostratus
3152:Neoplatonist
2992:
2806:Theophrastus
2480:Dionysodorus
2437:Thrasymachus
2063:Pre-Socratic
1932:
1925:
1853:
1826:Philosophers
1818:Epicureanism
1762:
1750:
1718:
1676:
1657:
1631:Online books
1625:By Lucretius
1624:
1607:Online books
1597:
1574:. Retrieved
1548:(9): 67–68.
1545:
1541:
1529:. Retrieved
1514:
1504:
1491:
1476:. Retrieved
1463:
1444:
1425:
1413:. Retrieved
1398:
1386:
1364:
1355:
1336:
1324:. Retrieved
1298:
1286:
1272:Bibliography
1245:
1235:
1230:, 1.1052–82.
1227:
1222:
1199:
1193:
1181:. Retrieved
1177:the original
1172:
1162:
1138:(2): 45–58.
1135:
1131:
1121:
1102:
1096:
1084:
1077:Smith (1975)
1072:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1038:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
986:
981:, p. 2.
974:
967:Smith (2011)
962:
950:
945:, p. 3.
938:
916:Costa (1984)
911:
906:, p. 6.
899:
892:Smith (1992)
887:
875:
865:
845:
835:
823:
816:
811:
787:
783:
756:
752:
748:
727:
710:
688:
677:
672:teleological
665:
655:
645:
631:
620:
605:
590:
575:
559:
534:
530:
521:
506:Epicureanism
501:
499:
488:
473:
471:
450:toga virilis
448:
440:
434:
427:
425:
418:
408:civil strife
389:
386:
379:
377:
371:
362:
360:
352:
310:
304:
298:
286:
274:
270:
267:Epicureanism
256:
242: 55 BC
148:
147:
109:Epicureanism
58:
5282:Empiricists
5166:Geographers
4850:Dioscorides
4830:Cassius Dio
4452:Cassiodorus
4355:Renaissance
3961:Agriculture
3933:Auxiliaries
3874:Engineering
3711:Magistrates
3563:Citizenship
3558:Mos maiorum
3493:Late Empire
2867:Aenesidemus
2840:Hellenistic
2788:Peripatetic
2706:Clinomachus
2544:Antisthenes
2158:Pythagorean
2109:Heraclitean
2094:Anaximander
2011:Seven Sages
1748:Lucretius:
1518:. Hackett.
1226:Lucretius,
991:Gale (2007)
979:Gale (2007)
933:, Foreword.
715:, a modern
321:Middle Ages
253:philosopher
133:metaphysics
117:Materialism
5287:Epic poets
5246:Categories
5055:Mediolanum
4995:Alexandria
4960:Themistius
4925:Porphyrius
4752:Tertullian
4687:Quintilian
4677:Propertius
4572:Lactantius
4522:Fulgentius
4457:Censorinus
4279:Sanitation
4264:Metallurgy
4221:Technology
4186:Demography
4134:Patricians
4101:Spectacles
4059:Literature
4054:Hairstyles
3891:Technology
3641:Praefectus
3593:Government
3583:Litigation
3568:Auctoritas
3513:Centuriate
3400:Principate
3395:Pax Romana
3355:Foundation
3222:Simplicius
3187:Iamblichus
3132:Nicomachus
3021:Arcesilaus
2988:Philodemus
2978:Metrodorus
2920:Posidonius
2910:Chrysippus
2849:Pyrrhonist
2773:Xenocrates
2768:Speusippus
2741:Panthoides
2582:Aristippus
2485:Euthydemus
2422:Protagoras
2395:Democritus
2358:Empedocles
2331:Anaxagoras
2282:Parmenides
2259:Xenophanes
2216:Hermotimus
2166:Pythagoras
2117:Heraclitus
2099:Anaximenes
2001:Pherecydes
1996:Epimenides
1890:Eudaimonia
1849:Philodemus
1839:Metrodorus
1571:"Georgics"
1276:See also:
1112:0199263965
767:References
680:empiricism
459:flourished
5211:Quaestors
5141:Empresses
5131:Dynasties
5121:Dictators
5096:and other
5085:Volubilis
5080:Vindobona
5040:Londinium
4965:Theodoret
4935:Procopius
4915:Polyaenus
4890:Pausanias
4792:Vitruvius
4737:Symmachus
4732:Suetonius
4642:Petronius
4627:Obsequens
4592:Macrobius
4587:Lucretius
4512:Frontinus
4487:Eutropius
4472:Columella
4422:Augustine
4412:Appuleius
4360:Neo-Latin
4335:Classical
4326:Versions
4234:Aqueducts
4176:Patronage
4096:Sexuality
4069:Mythology
4044:Education
4034:Cosmetics
3859:Campaigns
3854:Structure
3807:Decemviri
3666:Imperator
3365:overthrow
3255:Favorinus
3217:Damascius
3059:Antiochus
3026:Carneades
2993:Lucretius
2965:Epicurean
2940:Epictetus
2915:Panaetius
2905:Cleanthes
2796:Aristotle
2721:Dionysius
2716:Euphantus
2668:Eubulides
2630:Menedemus
2602:Anniceris
2508:Classical
2475:Lycophron
2470:Callicles
2390:Leucippus
2368:Pausanias
2336:Archelaus
2315:Pluralist
2211:Calliphon
2196:Brontinus
2176:Philolaus
2044:Cleobulus
2039:Periander
1895:Free will
1854:Lucretius
1768:Montaigne
1598:Lucretius
1488:Smith, M.
1402:. BRILL.
1154:2280-9643
1039:Lucretius
1020:Lucretius
867:Chronicon
784:Lucretius
695:free will
658:evolution
628:Reception
514:cosmology
500:His poem
474:Chronicon
455:consulate
445:Suetonius
391:Chronicon
235: 99
214:-təs loo-
5297:Lucretii
5272:Atomists
5216:Tribunes
5206:Praetors
5156:Generals
5136:Emperors
5045:Lugdunum
5030:Eboracum
5020:Carthage
5005:Aquileia
4920:Polybius
4910:Plutarch
4880:Libanius
4870:Josephus
4865:Herodian
4757:Tibullus
4672:Priscian
4647:Phaedrus
4607:Manilius
4552:Jordanes
4537:Hydatius
4467:Claudian
4447:Catullus
4437:Boëthius
4432:Ausonius
4350:Medieval
4322:Alphabet
4294:Theatres
4269:Numerals
4254:Concrete
4244:Circuses
4211:Bagaudae
4201:Adoption
4196:Marriage
4169:Assembly
4074:Religion
4049:Folklore
4029:Clothing
4024:Calendar
3981:Currency
3971:Commerce
3869:Strategy
3831:Military
3817:Triumvir
3797:Dictator
3792:Interrex
3771:Governor
3756:Quaestor
3719:Ordinary
3701:Province
3691:Tetrarch
3681:Augustus
3646:Vicarius
3636:Officium
3573:Imperium
3523:Plebeian
3483:Republic
3405:Dominate
3372:Republic
3333:Timeline
3202:Syrianus
3182:Porphyry
3170:students
3165:Plotinus
3089:Alcinous
3084:Apuleius
3074:Plutarch
2973:Epicurus
2755:Platonic
2736:Alexinus
2683:Pasicles
2678:Nicarete
2658:Ichthyas
2645:Megarian
2617:Eretrian
2574:Cyrenaic
2559:Menippus
2549:Diogenes
2526:Xenophon
2520:students
2516:Socrates
2427:Prodicus
2292:Melissus
2264:Xeniades
2226:Arignote
2191:Alcmaeon
2186:Lamiskos
2181:Archytas
2171:Hippasus
2135:Diogenes
2122:Cratylus
2081:Milesian
2029:Pittacus
1885:Clinamen
1880:Ataraxia
1873:Concepts
1834:Epicurus
1698:LibriVox
1569:Virgil.
1385:(2009).
1318:Cicero.
1297:(1937).
1243:(1960).
1091:, 2.490.
1079:, intro.
705:See also
691:Epicurus
646:Georgics
406:and its
400:Olympiad
312:Eclogues
306:Georgics
297:(in his
263:didactic
244:) was a
237: –
5186:Legions
5146:Fiction
5116:Consuls
5111:Climate
5065:Ravenna
5060:Pompeii
5050:Lutetia
5015:Bononia
5010:Berytus
5000:Antioch
4975:Zosimus
4970:Zonaras
4945:Sozomen
4930:Priscus
4905:Photius
4747:Terence
4742:Tacitus
4727:Statius
4712:Servius
4697:Sallust
4652:Plautus
4632:Orosius
4612:Martial
4567:Juvenal
4542:Hyginus
4527:Gellius
4386:Writers
4317:History
4299:Thermae
4289:Temples
4239:Bridges
4206:Slavery
4154:Equites
4126:Society
4106:Theatre
4079:Deities
4039:Cuisine
4019:Bathing
4001:Culture
3976:Finance
3953:Economy
3844:Borders
3839:History
3741:Tribune
3736:Praetor
3626:Legatus
3621:Emperor
3508:Curiate
3478:Kingdom
3473:History
3449:History
3432:decline
3390:History
3360:Kingdom
3343:History
3328:Outline
3270:more...
3227:more...
3207:Proclus
3142:more...
3099:more...
3041:more...
3003:more...
2955:more...
2882:more...
2826:more...
2778:more...
2607:more...
2564:more...
2490:more...
2465:Gorgias
2457:Italian
2447:more...
2432:Hippias
2405:Sophist
2382:Atomist
2350:Italian
2274:Eleatic
2251:Skeptic
2241:more...
2236:Eurytus
2149:Italian
1864:more...
1687:at the
1562:4389660
1024:online.
1006:5.107 (
638:Quintus
522:fortuna
510:atomism
482:Lucilia
467:Crassus
329:atomism
113:Atomism
5196:Nomina
5181:Legacy
5161:Gentes
5098:topics
5094:Lists
5075:Smyrna
4955:Strabo
4885:Lucian
4875:Julian
4825:Arrian
4820:Appian
4810:Aelian
4787:Vergil
4562:Justin
4547:Jerome
4532:Horace
4517:Fronto
4507:Florus
4482:Ennius
4462:Cicero
4442:Caesar
4340:Vulgar
4164:Tribes
4091:Romans
3901:Legion
3884:castra
3761:Aedile
3731:Censor
3726:Consul
3686:Caesar
3656:Lictor
3578:Status
3518:Tribal
3498:Senate
3488:Empire
3382:Empire
3318:topics
3260:Lucian
3192:Julian
3177:Origen
3036:Cicero
2945:Arrian
2925:Seneca
2857:Pyrrho
2688:Bryson
2673:Stilpo
2554:Crates
2414:Ionian
2324:Ionian
2201:Theano
2089:Thales
2072:Ionian
2049:Chilon
2019:Thales
1900:Hedone
1595:about
1576:16 May
1560:
1531:16 May
1522:
1478:16 May
1451:
1432:
1415:16 May
1406:
1371:
1343:
1326:16 May
1311:390382
1309:
1257:
1210:
1152:
1109:
1089:Virgil
1067:, 2.9.
1065:Cicero
1016:online
862:Jerome
689:While
642:Virgil
634:Cicero
562:(1570)
537:bronze
478:potion
463:Pompey
396:Jerome
317:Horace
315:) and
300:Aeneid
295:Virgil
279:client
223:Latin:
129:Ethics
104:School
61:, 1682
4860:Galen
4802:Greek
4772:Varro
4582:Lucan
4394:Latin
4309:Latin
4284:Ships
4274:Roads
4259:Domes
4191:Women
4139:Plebs
4064:Music
3606:Forum
3601:Curia
3094:Galen
3079:Gaius
2892:Stoic
2763:Plato
2731:Philo
2536:Cynic
2442:Damon
2363:Acron
2305:Hippo
2024:Solon
1919:Works
1905:Otium
1756:Somni
1558:JSTOR
1183:8 May
740:Notes
246:Roman
218:-shəs
73:99 BC
5176:Laws
5151:Film
5070:Roma
4637:Ovid
4577:Livy
4345:Late
4159:Gens
4116:Wine
3928:Navy
3896:Army
3535:SPQR
3437:fall
3415:fall
2287:Zeno
2231:Myia
2206:Damo
2034:Bias
1578:2012
1533:2012
1520:ISBN
1480:2012
1449:ISBN
1430:ISBN
1417:2012
1404:ISBN
1369:ISBN
1341:ISBN
1328:2012
1307:OCLC
1255:ISBN
1208:ISBN
1185:2019
1173:Aeon
1150:ISSN
1107:ISBN
1018:and
512:and
465:and
404:Rome
347:Life
303:and
261:, a
251:and
249:poet
216:KREE
78:Died
67:Born
4330:Old
4014:Art
3787:Rex
3631:Dux
3545:Law
1711:at
1696:at
1669:at
1550:doi
1140:doi
719:by
439:'s
281:of
93:Era
5248::
1656:.
1556:.
1546:25
1544:.
1494:.
1305:.
1301:.
1253:.
1251:98
1171:.
1148:.
1134:.
1130:.
1041:.
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864:,
854:^
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239:c.
232:c.
230:;
221:,
212:TY
193:iː
181:uː
164:aɪ
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131:,
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2798:(
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1796:v
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