125:
118:
645:. Large explosive events like the "Grey Ticsani" and "Brown Ticsani" eruptions ejected material mainly in north-northeastern and southeastern direction; in case of a repeat eruption the towns Calacoa, Cuchumbaya, Quebaya, San CristĂłbal and Soquezane would be impacted by tephra fallout. In addition to the local population, ashfall would hit major regional roads,
353:. The southeasternmost dome is 1.6 kilometres (0.99 mi) wide and 250 metres (820 ft) high, the middle dome with a width of 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) and a height of no less than 0.25 kilometres (0.16 mi) is the largest of Ticsani. The northwestern dome has dimensions of 1.95 by 1.5 kilometres (1.21 mi Ă— 0.93 mi).
42:
547:
valley which originally had a volume of about 15–30 cubic kilometres (3.6–7.2 cu mi), and is thus the largest such collapse in southern Peru during the
Pleistocene. This volcano stage constitutes the "old Ticsani". The later "modern Ticsani" produced lava flows and later the lava domes; the
661:
are fast-moving flows of hot rock fragments and gases; at
Ticsani they have reached distances of at least 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the volcano. A repeat of the sector collapse of the "old Ticsani" is improbable as the "modern Ticsani" is considered to be stable, but parts of the old volcano
624:
took place between 2014-2017. A characteristic trait of
Ticsani are so-called "hybrid" earthquakes which are noticed at seismic stations of other volcanoes. A temporary seismic station installed 2015 at Ticsani recorded volcano-tectonic earthquakes, and other changes in its behaviour have been
361:
is today preserved as a 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) long arcuate ridge, which is northeast of the northernmost dome and opens to the west. This earlier volcano ("old
Ticsani") crops out over an area of 65 square kilometres (25 sq mi) and consists of
258:
southwest of the volcano. The area is remote, which has hampered exploration efforts. There are paved roads in the area, which can be accessed mainly through the Ilo-Desaguadero highway that passes within 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) from the
Ticsani domes.
1202:
Morales-Simfors, Nury; Bundschuh, Jochen; Herath, Indika; Inguaggiato, Claudio; Caselli, Alberto T.; Tapia, Joseline; Choquehuayta, Fredy
Erlingtton Apaza; Armienta, MarĂa Aurora; Ormachea, Mauricio; Joseph, Erouscilla; LĂłpez, Dina L. (10 May 2020).
595:
eruption ("Brown
Ticsani") took place after the Huaynaputina eruption of 1600, generating about 0.015 cubic kilometres (0.0036 cu mi) of tephra and occurred before the formation of the youngest lava dome. This volcano stage also produced
615:
have been observed at its summit. Known springs occur at
Chuchumbaya, Putina Arriba and Secolaque; the Putina River hot springs are among the most important in Peru. In 2005, earthquake activity was noted beneath Ticsani, possibly related to a
410:, at a rate of 10.3 centimetres per year (4.1 in/year). This subduction process is responsible for the growth of the Andes and for volcanism in the region; the oblique character of subduction has further led to the onset of
382:
is exposed within the arcuate ridge. The complex reaches an elevation of 5,408 metres (17,743 ft). The position of the lava domes and the structure of the compound volcano were influenced by local
1587:
Lavallée, Yan; de Silva, Shanaka L.; Salas, Guido; Byrnes, Jeffrey M. (October 2009). "Structural control on volcanism at the Ubinas, Huaynaputina, and
Ticsani Volcanic Group (UHTVG), southern Peru".
222:. Two large eruptions took place during the Holocene, producing the so-called "Grey Ticsani" and "Brown Ticsani" deposits; the last eruption occurred after the 1600 eruption of neighbouring
673:
The volcano is classified as being a "High Risk
Volcano". In 2015, facilities to monitor the chemical composition of hot springs around the volcano were installed, and devices to recognize
1205:"Arsenic in Latin America: A critical overview on the geochemistry of arsenic originating from geothermal features and volcanic emissions for solving its environmental consequences"
633:
About 5,000 people live within 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) to Ticsani and would be threatened in the case of a future eruption, with particular hazards including ash fall,
583:
at Ticsani and its deposits form large desertic landscapes east of the volcano. A second eruption formed the "Grey Ticsani" Ash and may have occurred in the middle
1690:
1495:
Byrdina, S.; Ramos, D.; Vandemeulebrouck, J.; Masias, P.; Revil, A.; Finizola, A.; Gonzales Zuñiga, K.; Cruz, V.; Antayhua, Y.; Macedo, O. (March 2013).
429:
traits. Huaynaputina had a large eruption in 1600 and Ubinas is presently the most active volcano in southern Peru. These volcanoes appear to share a
1497:"Influence of the regional topography on the remote emplacement of hydrothermal systems with examples of Ticsani and Ubinas volcanoes, Southern Peru"
74:
2359:
1645:
Velarde, L.; Vargas, K.; Vilca, J.; Torres, JosĂ©; Puma, Nino; Limachi, Nancy; Montesinos, VĂctor; Malpartida, Alan; Macedo, L. (April 2018).
575:
volume of about 0.4 cubic kilometres (0.096 cu mi)-0.5 cubic kilometres (0.12 cu mi) happened at 10,600 ± 80 years
2379:
1464:
670:
may accumulate in valleys and depressions, while lava flows are unlikely to reach large distances and are thus minor threats.
1683:
357:
deposits, generated during the collapse and growth of the lava domes, fill shallow valleys on the eastern flank. An earlier
1302:"A process-based model of pre-eruption seismicity patterns and its use for eruption forecasting at dormant stratovolcanoes"
2374:
2364:
678:
67:
210:
that underwent a large collapse in the past and shed 15–30 cubic kilometres (3.6–7.2 cu mi) of mass down the
188:
2369:
2354:
2146:
1715:
728:
715:
117:
2033:
1676:
852:
Prival, J.-M.; Thouret, J.-C.; Japura, S.; Gurioli, L.; Bonadonna, C.; Mariño, J.; Cueva, K. (18 December 2019).
674:
766:
2216:
2236:
1496:
771:
555:
were emplaced, with the southeastern dome being the oldest and the northwestern the youngest. Two or three
447:
Yura Group and Matalaque Formation (sedimentary and volcanic rocks, respectively) which are exposed at the
206:
and consists of two volcanoes ("Old Ticsani" and "Modern Ticsani") that form a complex. "Old Ticsani" is a
1898:
176:
1888:
1848:
263:
2211:
2156:
262:
Volcanism in South America occurs along its western coast and in several volcanic belts, including the
1204:
2251:
2221:
2191:
2151:
2088:
2073:
1963:
1825:
1699:
1596:
1511:
1313:
1216:
865:
319:
2176:
1780:
1647:"Estado actual de la actividad del volcán Ticsani: Resultados del monitoreo y vigilancia 2014-2018"
403:
255:
2309:
2141:
1868:
1543:
1258:
899:
854:"New insights into eruption source parameters of the 1600 CE Huaynaputina Plinian eruption, Peru"
580:
556:
267:
1557:
Análisis de la actividad sĂsmica en el volcán Ticsani y su variaciĂłn temporal, periodo 1999-2019
214:
valley. Today an arcuate ridge remains of this edifice. "Modern Ticsani" is a complex of three
2299:
2256:
2231:
2093:
1770:
1735:
1720:
1612:
1535:
1331:
1250:
1242:
891:
853:
411:
407:
2314:
2304:
2226:
2206:
2161:
2038:
2003:
1765:
1740:
1604:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1321:
1232:
1224:
881:
873:
658:
638:
601:
536:
437:
358:
354:
207:
266:
that Ticsani is part of. In southern Peru the Central Volcanic Zone includes the volcanoes
2131:
2103:
1968:
1790:
1730:
1625:
1556:
677:
of the volcanic edifices are installed. The Peruvian Southern Volcanological Observatory (
592:
384:
375:
350:
243:
150:
2196:
1600:
1568:
1468:
1317:
1220:
869:
2023:
1948:
686:
576:
371:
315:
157:
2348:
2271:
2266:
2246:
1878:
1750:
1608:
1326:
1301:
1262:
903:
621:
488:
430:
323:
1228:
1021:
1019:
1017:
2319:
2281:
2058:
1998:
1923:
1547:
799:
797:
795:
793:
705:
Sometimes four domes are counted, the fourth one east of the three canonical domes.
667:
617:
560:
425:, given their tectonic context, which is unusual for Peruvian volcanoes and shared
418:
295:
251:
223:
604:
on the eastern side of the volcano. There are no historical eruptions at Ticsani.
2276:
2126:
1993:
1988:
1978:
1918:
1725:
1646:
528:
508:
460:
426:
396:
342:
1523:
761:
579:, and is known as the "Grey Ticsani" Pumice eruption. It is the most important
2186:
2018:
2013:
1973:
1943:
1853:
1820:
1815:
1775:
877:
608:
492:
464:
379:
363:
311:
227:
1616:
1539:
1335:
1246:
1237:
895:
886:
89:
76:
2136:
2121:
2098:
2063:
2043:
2028:
1883:
1863:
1574:(in Spanish). Sistema de InformaciĂłn para la GestiĂłn del Riesgo de Desastres
1531:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
681:) publishes monthly reports on Ticsani since 2014, which include reports on
646:
642:
600:
which filled valleys, formed a lava flow field northwest of the volcano and
597:
564:
552:
544:
540:
496:
484:
448:
367:
338:
303:
279:
215:
211:
181:
1745:
1664:
1254:
1390:
1176:
995:
2324:
2261:
2201:
2171:
2078:
2008:
1938:
1933:
1903:
1873:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1785:
1626:"Geologıa, historia eruptiva y evaluación de peligros del volcán Ticsani"
1564:
612:
584:
532:
512:
504:
476:
456:
444:
346:
327:
307:
299:
287:
283:
271:
247:
231:
219:
203:
2166:
2083:
2068:
2053:
1958:
1760:
1755:
835:
833:
682:
654:
588:
500:
452:
399:
331:
17:
2241:
2181:
2048:
1983:
1953:
1913:
1893:
1858:
1830:
650:
620:
system, which raised alarm and concern among the local population. A
572:
568:
548:
lava flows may have issued from a now almost entirely buried crater.
516:
480:
440:
422:
291:
275:
57:
1668:
41:
1908:
1795:
1025:
803:
663:
634:
234:; since 2015 the volcano is monitored by the Peruvian government.
164:
1672:
1147:
1145:
349:
activity; two of which are located within or at the margins of
1103:
1101:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
965:
963:
915:
913:
657:. Additional towns in the area include Cambrune and Carumas.
417:
Ticsani is grouped together with the neighbouring volcanoes
2336:
Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south
1132:
1130:
1128:
1061:
1049:
1037:
954:
824:
1467:(in Spanish). Southern Volcano Observatory. Archived from
1300:
White, Randall A.; McCausland, Wendy A. (September 2019).
539:
developed at Ticsani. This volcano collapsed and formed a
1569:"Monitoreo de los volcanes Coropuna, Ticsani y Tutupaca"
1427:
1372:
1287:
1275:
839:
226:. The volcano is seismically active and features active
436:
The basement on which these volcanoes rose includes a
1624:
Salazar, Jersy Mariño; Thouret, Jean-Claude (2003).
2290:
2112:
1839:
1706:
187:
175:
170:
156:
146:
105:
66:
56:
51:
34:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
611:are found in the valleys west of Ticsani, and two
395:Off the southwestern coast of South America, the
246:of Peru, 59 kilometres (37 mi) northwest of
433:at a depth of 20–30 kilometres (12–19 mi).
1589:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1415:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1306:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1151:
1119:
1107:
1092:
1080:
969:
919:
1684:
495:found in the later eruption products include
8:
559:took place, accompanied by the emission of
318:. The volcanoes of Peru were active in the
1691:
1677:
1669:
1348:
1163:
1136:
931:
483:during the lava dome stage; both define a
31:
1632:(in Spanish). Sociedad GeolĂłgica del PerĂş
1325:
1236:
885:
451:. Volcanic activity continued during the
1451:
1439:
1360:
1177:"Actividad histórica del volcán Ticsani"
784:
1555:Igme, Cruz; Edward, John (April 2020).
744:
698:
1395:Observatorio VulcanolĂłgico de INGEMMET
1181:Observatorio VulcanolĂłgico de INGEMMET
1000:Observatorio VulcanolĂłgico de INGEMMET
479:during the compound volcano stage and
46:The Ticsani lava dome complex (center)
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
7:
1391:"Mapa de peligro del volcán Ticsani"
1504:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1630:Observatorio VulcanolĂłgico del Sur
727:This eruption has been assigned a
679:Observatorio VulcanolĂłgico del Sur
202:is a volcano in Peru northwest of
25:
714:The eruption has been assigned a
374:deposits and debris from a large
341:, which were generated by latest
1609:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.07.003
1327:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.03.004
1209:Science of the Total Environment
123:
116:
40:
1651:Repositorio Institucional - IGP
1229:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135564
218:which were emplaced during the
124:
662:could still fail and generate
527:Ticsani was active during the
1:
1465:"Reportes del volcán Ticsani"
996:"GeologĂa del volcán Ticsani"
62:5,408 m (17,743 ft)
2360:Mountains of Moquegua Region
571:. The first eruption with a
238:Geography and geomorphology
2396:
1524:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.01.018
1416:Salazar & Thouret 2003
1152:Salazar & Thouret 2003
1120:Salazar & Thouret 2003
1108:Salazar & Thouret 2003
1093:Salazar & Thouret 2003
1081:Salazar & Thouret 2003
970:Salazar & Thouret 2003
920:Salazar & Thouret 2003
729:volcanic explosivity index
716:volcanic explosivity index
2333:
878:10.1007/s00445-019-1340-7
254:passes northwest and the
110:
39:
2380:Quaternary South America
767:Global Volcanism Program
475:The complex has erupted
1665:INGEMMET weekly reports
1516:2013E&PSL.365..152B
858:Bulletin of Volcanology
772:Smithsonian Institution
467:and the Barroso Group.
443:. It is covered by the
337:Ticsani features three
2113:Southern Volcanic Zone
1899:Andagua volcanic field
1707:Northern Volcanic Zone
1559:(Report) (in Spanish).
1397:(in Spanish). INGEMMET
1349:Igme & Edward 2020
1183:(in Spanish). INGEMMET
1164:Igme & Edward 2020
1137:Igme & Edward 2020
1002:(in Spanish). INGEMMET
932:Igme & Edward 2020
666:in the river valleys.
2291:Austral Volcanic Zone
2217:Puyehue-CordĂłn Caulle
1889:Huambo volcanic field
1840:Central Volcanic Zone
264:Central Volcanic Zone
2375:Quaternary volcanoes
2365:Andean Volcanic Belt
1826:Licto volcanic field
1062:Lavallée et al. 2009
1050:Lavallée et al. 2009
1038:Lavallée et al. 2009
955:Lavallée et al. 2009
825:Lavallée et al. 2009
641:and the collapse of
412:strike-slip faulting
322:and produced mainly
1601:2009JVGR..186..253L
1428:Velarde et al. 2018
1373:Velarde et al. 2018
1318:2019JVGR..382..267W
1288:Velarde et al. 2018
1276:Velarde et al. 2018
1221:2020ScTEn.716m5564M
1026:Byrdina et al. 2013
870:2019BVol...82....7P
840:Velarde et al. 2018
804:Byrdina et al. 2013
557:explosive eruptions
404:South America Plate
86: /
2212:Carrán-Los Venados
2157:Nevados de Chillán
2142:Descabezado Grande
1471:on 8 February 2019
625:observed as well.
581:explosive eruption
334:rocks also occur.
242:Ticsani is in the
52:Highest point
2370:Mountains of Peru
2355:Volcanoes of Peru
2342:
2341:
2152:Nevado de LongavĂ
2094:Cueros de Purulla
2074:CordĂłn del Azufre
1736:Nevado del Tolima
1238:20.500.12544/2632
887:20.500.12544/2478
659:Pyroclastic flows
639:pyroclastic flows
602:pyroclastic flows
408:Peru-Chile Trench
197:
196:
90:16.755°S 70.595°W
16:(Redirected from
2387:
2337:
2207:Mocho-Choshuenco
1741:Nevado del Huila
1700:Andean volcanoes
1693:
1686:
1679:
1670:
1654:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1620:
1595:(3–4): 253–264.
1583:
1581:
1579:
1573:
1560:
1551:
1532:20.500.12544/701
1501:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1387:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1329:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1240:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1140:
1134:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1007:
992:
973:
967:
958:
952:
935:
929:
923:
917:
908:
907:
889:
849:
843:
837:
828:
822:
807:
801:
788:
782:
776:
775:
758:
732:
725:
719:
712:
706:
703:
685:activity and on
551:Later the three
537:compound volcano
523:Eruption history
438:Paleoproterozoic
359:compound volcano
355:Pyroclastic flow
208:compound volcano
193:1800 ± 200 years
160:
127:
126:
120:
101:
100:
98:
97:
96:
95:-16.755; -70.595
91:
87:
84:
83:
82:
79:
44:
32:
21:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2329:
2292:
2286:
2114:
2108:
2104:Ojos del Salado
2034:Aguas Calientes
1841:
1835:
1731:Nevado del Ruiz
1708:
1702:
1697:
1662:
1657:
1644:
1635:
1633:
1623:
1586:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1554:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1474:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1143:
1135:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1015:
1005:
1003:
994:
993:
976:
968:
961:
953:
938:
930:
926:
918:
911:
851:
850:
846:
838:
831:
823:
810:
802:
791:
783:
779:
760:
759:
746:
741:
736:
735:
726:
722:
713:
709:
704:
700:
695:
631:
593:phreatomagmatic
587:. The last sub-
543:deposit in the
525:
473:
393:
376:sector collapse
326:magmas such as
320:Plio-Quaternary
244:Ichuna District
240:
158:
151:Moquegua Region
142:
141:
140:
139:
138:
135:
134:
133:
132:
128:
94:
92:
88:
85:
80:
77:
75:
73:
72:
47:
30:
29:Volcano in Peru
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2393:
2391:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2347:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2024:Purico complex
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
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1660:External links
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687:sulfur dioxide
668:Volcanic gases
630:
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577:before present
535:. At first, a
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330:although more
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1879:Hualca Hualca
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1709:(6° N – 3° S)
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1470:
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1460:
1457:
1454:, p. 26.
1453:
1452:INGEMMET 2015
1448:
1445:
1442:, p. 18.
1441:
1440:INGEMMET 2015
1436:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1418:, p. 22.
1417:
1412:
1409:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1375:, p. 45.
1374:
1369:
1366:
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1361:INGEMMET 2015
1357:
1354:
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1153:
1148:
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1138:
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1125:
1122:, p. 11.
1121:
1116:
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785:INGEMMET 2015
781:
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489:calc-alkaline
486:
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189:Last eruption
186:
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177:Mountain type
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27:
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2197:Quetrupillán
2059:Llullaillaco
1928:
1924:Huaynaputina
1663:
1650:
1634:. Retrieved
1629:
1592:
1588:
1576:. Retrieved
1507:
1503:
1473:. Retrieved
1469:the original
1459:
1447:
1435:
1430:, p. 1.
1423:
1411:
1399:. Retrieved
1394:
1368:
1363:, p. 5.
1356:
1351:, p. 3.
1344:
1309:
1305:
1295:
1290:, p. 8.
1283:
1278:, p. 7.
1271:
1212:
1208:
1197:
1185:. Retrieved
1180:
1171:
1166:, p. 7.
1159:
1115:
1110:, p. 8.
1088:
1083:, p. 2.
1057:
1045:
1033:
1004:. Retrieved
999:
972:, p. 4.
927:
922:, p. 3.
861:
857:
847:
842:, p. 3.
787:, p. 4.
780:
765:
723:
710:
701:
675:deformations
672:
632:
618:hydrothermal
606:
561:volcanic ash
550:
526:
474:
435:
419:Huaynaputina
416:
402:beneath the
394:
336:
296:Huaynaputina
261:
252:Putina River
241:
224:Huaynaputina
199:
198:
159:Parent range
26:
2293:(49°–55° S)
2277:Mate Grande
2127:Tupungatito
2115:(33°–46° S)
1994:Olca-Paruma
1989:Irruputuncu
1979:Tata Sabaya
1919:Pichu Pichu
1849:Quimsachata
1842:(14°–27° S)
1726:Cerro Bravo
1510:: 152–164.
689:emissions.
609:hot springs
607:Presently,
529:Pleistocene
509:plagioclase
493:Phenocrysts
471:Composition
465:ignimbrites
461:Pleistocene
427:geochemical
397:Nazca Plate
364:ignimbrites
343:Pleistocene
298:, Ticsani,
228:hot springs
93: /
68:Coordinates
2349:Categories
2237:Hornopirén
2222:Casablanca
2192:Villarrica
2187:Sollipulli
2147:Cerro Azul
2019:Licancabur
2014:Sairecabur
1974:Guallatiri
1964:Parinacota
1944:Purupuruni
1854:Auquihuato
1821:Tungurahua
1816:Chimborazo
1776:Reventador
1751:Doña Juana
739:References
647:reservoirs
643:lava domes
598:lava flows
565:lava bombs
563:, blocks,
553:lava domes
463:, forming
380:cryptodome
368:lava flows
339:lava domes
312:Purupuruni
216:lava domes
182:Lava domes
81:70°35′42″W
78:16°45′18″S
2257:Corcovado
2177:Lonquimay
2137:Calabozos
2122:Tupungato
2099:Incahuasi
2064:Lastarria
2044:Chiliques
1884:Sabancaya
1864:Sara Sara
1781:Pichincha
1716:Paipa-Iza
1617:0377-0273
1540:0012-821X
1401:4 January
1336:0377-0273
1263:210131824
1247:0048-9697
1187:4 January
1006:4 January
904:209392997
896:1432-0819
864:(1): 15.
762:"Ticsani"
613:fumaroles
545:Rio Tambo
541:landslide
497:amphibole
485:potassium
449:Rio Tambo
387:systems.
304:Calientes
280:Sabancaya
232:fumaroles
212:Rio Tambo
106:Geography
58:Elevation
2325:Fueguino
2310:Aguilera
2262:Mentolat
2172:Callaqui
2009:Zapaleri
1939:Yucamane
1934:Tutupaca
1904:Chachani
1874:Coropuna
1869:Solimana
1811:Quilotoa
1806:Cotopaxi
1801:Illiniza
1786:Antisana
1567:(2015).
1565:INGEMMET
1255:31918910
655:airports
585:Holocene
533:Holocene
513:pyroxene
505:feldspar
477:andesite
457:Pliocene
445:Mesozoic
400:subducts
347:Holocene
328:andesite
308:Yucamane
300:Tutupaca
288:El Misti
284:Chachani
272:Coropuna
268:Solimana
248:Moquegua
220:Holocene
204:Moquegua
147:Location
2300:Lautaro
2252:Chaitén
2232:Calbuco
2167:Copahue
2084:Peinado
2069:Lazufre
2054:Socompa
1959:Taapaca
1929:Ticsani
1771:Cayambe
1761:Azufral
1756:Galeras
1721:Romeral
1636:9 March
1597:Bibcode
1578:9 March
1548:9187628
1512:Bibcode
1488:Sources
1475:9 March
1314:Bibcode
1312:: 281.
1217:Bibcode
866:Bibcode
731:of 2-3.
683:seismic
629:Hazards
589:Plinian
501:biotite
491:suite.
453:Miocene
406:in the
391:Geology
351:craters
332:silicic
200:Ticsani
171:Geology
131:Ticsani
35:Ticsani
2320:Burney
2315:Reclus
2305:Viedma
2282:Hudson
2242:Huequi
2227:Osorno
2182:Llaima
2162:Antuco
2049:Aracar
2039:Lascar
2029:Pacana
2004:Azufre
1984:Isluga
1954:Tacora
1949:Casiri
1914:Ubinas
1894:Ampato
1859:Firura
1831:Sangay
1766:Chiles
1746:Puracé
1615:
1546:
1538:
1334:
1261:
1253:
1245:
1215:: 14.
902:
894:
664:lahars
635:lahars
573:tephra
569:pumice
517:quartz
487:-rich
481:dacite
441:pluton
423:Ubinas
316:Casiri
292:Ubinas
276:Ampato
250:. The
18:Tixani
2202:LanĂn
2132:Maipo
2079:Galán
1969:Lauca
1909:Misti
1796:Soche
1791:Aliso
1572:(PDF)
1544:S2CID
1500:(PDF)
1259:S2CID
900:S2CID
718:of 4.
693:Notes
651:mines
385:fault
165:Andes
2272:Macá
1638:2018
1613:ISSN
1580:2018
1536:ISSN
1477:2018
1403:2021
1332:ISSN
1251:PMID
1243:ISSN
1189:2021
1008:2021
892:ISSN
653:and
567:and
531:and
515:and
459:and
421:and
378:; a
345:and
314:and
230:and
137:Peru
2267:Cay
1605:doi
1593:186
1528:hdl
1520:doi
1508:365
1322:doi
1310:382
1233:hdl
1225:doi
1213:716
882:hdl
874:doi
591:to
2351::
1649:.
1628:.
1611:.
1603:.
1591:.
1542:.
1534:.
1526:.
1518:.
1506:.
1502:.
1393:.
1380:^
1330:.
1320:.
1308:.
1304:.
1257:.
1249:.
1241:.
1231:.
1223:.
1211:.
1207:.
1179:.
1144:^
1127:^
1100:^
1069:^
1016:^
998:.
977:^
962:^
939:^
912:^
898:.
890:.
880:.
872:.
862:82
860:.
856:.
832:^
811:^
792:^
770:.
764:.
747:^
649:,
637:,
519:.
511:,
507:,
503:,
499:,
455:,
414:.
370:,
366:,
310:,
306:,
302:,
294:,
290:,
286:,
282:,
278:,
274:,
270:,
1692:e
1685:t
1678:v
1653:.
1640:.
1619:.
1607::
1599::
1582:.
1550:.
1530::
1522::
1514::
1479:.
1405:.
1338:.
1324::
1316::
1265:.
1235::
1227::
1219::
1191:.
1010:.
906:.
884::
876::
868::
774:.
20:)
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