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1437:: " did not accept the alleged claim of the Fifth Book, nor did he believe that any composer alive could have failed to identify himself at some point with a tune that became so popular in Britain and America, latterly in a way completely unforeseen. Not finding any evidence for ... anyone else in the picture, Hill concluded by elimination that Tomlinson must have put his words to a melody that already existed. Because of the tune's considerable dependence on the tonic triad—which, for example, supplies fourteen out of the first seventeen notes in the modern "Star-Spangled Banner" version—Hill wondered whether the tune had not come from military music, where trumpets and horns at that time were still limited by the lack of valves and pistons to the natural overtone series in which they do not achieve all the tones of the diatonic scale until they reach up almost to the height of "the rocket's red glare." With much help in Britain and America, Hill searched a large part of the pre-1775 tune repertory; but, as with Kidson and Sonneck, no prototype was found. Hill was tantalized by a bandsman's book in the
1021:
263:" we returned to the Concert Room, which in the mean time, had been differently arranged. The President, then took his seat in the center of the elevated table, at the upper end of the room, supported on each side, by the various Vocal performers. After the Anacreontic Song had been sung, in the Chorus of the last verse of which, all the Members, Visitors, and Performers, joined, "hand in hand," we were entertained by the performance of various celebrated Catches, Glees, Songs, Duettos, and other Vocal, with some Rhetorical compositions, till twelve O Clock.
339:, and thereafter soon established himself in the capital. Like Stevens himself, Smith was a young professional musician active primarily in the chapels and churches of London. Smith was a published composer by 1772, subsequently winning two composition prizes from the London Catch Club in 1773. Both Smith and Stevens were likely among the "honorary members" of the Anacreontic Society who played in its concerts without having to pay the subscription fee; Smith is probably the "leader" identified by Marsh in his recollection of 1773 excerpted above.
40:
354:, there was some controversy over whether Smith was in fact the composer. However, no alternative story for the music's origins (whether as the work of a different composer or as a pre-existing tune) ever gained a consensus among historians. Lichtenwanger suggests that "erhaps Smith composed the song for Tomlinson for money, for a flat fee, which meant yielding his legal rights in it to Tomlinson or the Society".
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1056:, while detained on a British ship during the night of 13 September 1814, as the British forces bombarded the American fort. Key specifically wrote the lyrics with this familiar patriotic tune in mind, just as he had done with an earlier set of his lyrics, "When the Warrior Returns", in which he had made similar use of "star-spangled banner" imagery in praise of
342:
Smith outlived both Ralph
Tomlinson and the Anacreontic Society by several decades before dying in 1836. During his lifetime, the melody of the Song was set to other texts (most notably the "Defence of Fort McHenry" as discussed below) and became extremely popular. Despite this, Smith does not seem
275:
The
Anacreontic Song served as the "constitutional song" of the Society. After the initial concert and meal, the Song would be sung in order to open the after-supper, more light-hearted part of proceedings. The verses, which are difficult to sing because of their wide range, would be sung by a solo
318:
As I have mentioned the
Anacreontic Society, it may not be improper to give some account of that Popular meeting. It was first held at the London Coffee House, on Ludgate Hill, but the room being found too small, it was removed to the Crown and Anchor Tavern in the Strand, then kept by one Holloway.
276:
singer, with the entire
Society joining in the refrain. Although it is often described as a "drinking song", Lichtenwanger states that "To Anacreon in Heaven" "was not a barroom ballad, a drinking ditty to be chorused with glasses swung in rhythm", but "convivial, ... in a special and stately way".
592:
Particular interest attaches to the first
Longman & Broderip edition of the music, published between 1777 and 1781. This was likely the first publication of the music and the official edition from which others were copied. Broderip, a partner at the firm, is known to have attended meetings of
258:
The
Evenings entertainment began at seven O Clock, with a Concert, chiefly of instrumental Music; it was not very uncommon to have some Vocal Music interspersed with the Instrumental. Mr. Sabattier was the Manager of this department, and generally stood behind the Person who was at the Piano Forte.
245:
were performed, in which a Mr
Webster, a young man with a very fine bass voice much distinguish'd himself. The Anacreontic Song was also sung by him, in the last verse of which we stood hand in hand all around the table, this concert being in fact the origin of the Society held afterwards for many
1441:
of San
Francisco that contains the Anacreontic tune captioned "Royal Inniskilling." He could show that the book had once belonged to a musician in the band of the Sixth Enniskillen Dragoons (the Irish and the colloquial English spellings are different). An Irish correspondent swore that his mother
219:
attended one of its meetings. Because "some of the comic songs exactly calculated for the entertainment of ladies, the singers were restrained; which displeasing many of the members, they resigned one after another; and a general meeting being called, the society was dissolved". It is not clear
362:
The date of the composition of the Song is uncertain. It cannot predate the foundation of the
Anacreontic Society (around 1766). Lichtenwanger suggests a composition date as late as 1776; but if the Marsh journal is accurate then the Song must have existed by December 1773. The age of John
319:
The
President was Ralph Tomlinson Esqre, very much of a Gentleman, and a sensible, sedate, quiet man: I believe that he was a Solicitor in Chancery. He wrote the Poetry of the Anacreontic Song; which Stafford Smith set to Music: this Song was sung by Webster, when I first attended the Society.
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always said that the "'Royal Inniskilling' was mother to 'The Star-Spangled Banner.'" But Hill could find no evidence of the tune's existence under this title before 1799. He was too sound a scholar to publish without conclusive evidence, and during that impasse he tragically died."
236:
Mr Bowen... invited me to accompany him on the Saturday following to a concert at the London Coffee House called the Anacreontic Meeting, which I of course readily accepted of & played with Mr Smith the leader after wh'ch we sat down a pretty many of us to supper after which
309:
While many early publications of the Song attribute the words to Tomlinson, none name the creator of the music. The identity of the composer was a subject of controversy until the discovery, in the mid-twentieth century, of a passage in a then-unpublished manuscript of
517:
First Longman & Broderip edition of the Song with music and text (later version) published. Words attributed to "Ralph Tomlinson Esq. late President of that Society"; music unattributed. Refers to the Song as "Sung at the Crown And Anchor Tavern in the Strand".
1064:", Key's lyrics, set to Stafford Smith's music, became a well-known and recognized patriotic song throughout the United States, and was officially designated as the U.S. national anthem on 3 March 1931. The setting of new lyrics to an existing tune is called a
1028:
The song, through its bawdy lyrics, gained popularity in London and elsewhere beyond the Anacreontic Society. New lyrics were also fashioned for it, including several patriotic titles in the United States. The most popular of these at the time was
293:, Cheshire, in 1744; by 1766 he was a lawyer working in London. Tomlinson likely became president of the Society following the death of the previous president, George Bellas, in January 1776. He died in March 1778 at the age of thirty-three.
126:
1463:
Lichtenwanger's article predates the publication of Marsh's journals. He does quote the journals from manuscripts available in Cambridge University Library, but does not seem to be aware of the journal entry of 11 December
208:, who was renowned for his drinking songs and odes to love. Its members, who consisted mainly of wealthy men of high social rank, would meet on Wednesday evenings to combine musical appreciation with eating and drinking.
988:
The two replaced lines refer to the Society's earlier meeting-place at the London Coffee-House, which was situated on Ludgate Hill and seems to have occupied the same premises as Rowley and Leech, a wine merchant.
211:
The Society met twelve times a year. Each meeting began at half past seven (i.e., 19:30) with a lengthy concert, featuring "the best performers in London", who would be made honorary members of the Society.
1782:
589:, a collection published in 1783. There are also various undated publications of the music which likely date to the early 1780s. None of these publications name the composer of the music.
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After the concert an elegant supper was served up; and when the cloth was removed, the constitutional song, beginning, 'To Anacreon in Heaven,' was sung by the chairman or his deputy.
220:
exactly when this incident occurred, but in October 1792 it was reported that: "The Anacreontic Society meets no more; it has long been struggling with symptoms of internal decay."
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John Marsh records that he attended a meeting of the Anacreontic Society at the London Coffee House. The Anacreontic Song was sung by Webster. "Mr Smith" leads the musicians.
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Stafford Smith may also be of interest; Smith was in his mid-teens in 1766, while by 1773 he was in his early twenties and a published, prize-winning composer.
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Latest possible date for the move from the London Coffee House to the Crown and Anchor tavern. This move took place under Ralph Tomlinson's presidency.
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39:
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The lyrics are "a good-natured takeoff on a bit of pseudoclassical mythology". The following is taken from the first Longman and Broderip edition:
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1908:
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to have been eager to publicize the fact that he had composed the Song. The best evidence we have for a claim of authorship occurs in his
1122:"Musical memoirs; comprising an account of the general state of music in England, from the first commemoration of Handel, in 1784, etc"
314:
written by Richard John Samuel Stevens (1757–1837), a member of the Anacreontic Society. Writing of the year 1777, Stevens recalled:
1968:
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Detail from the first sheet music publication of "The Star-Spangled Banner" (Thomas Carr, 1814). Note the F-sharp in the melody.
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roughly translates to "this repels thunderbolts" (It was a common Roman belief that laurel provided protection from lightning.)
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Words of the Anacreontic Song (earlier version, with references to the meeting-place at the London Coffee House) published in
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1199:
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It remains puzzling why Smith did not make more effort to associate himself with the Song. Until the discovery of Stevens's
160:, most famously his poem "Defence of Fort McHenry". The combination of Key's poem and Smith's composition became known as "
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Beginning of the Canon "O Remember" by John Stafford Smith. It "gain'd a Prize Medal" from the London Catch Club in 1773.
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Early publications of the song ascribe its lyrics to the Society's president, Ralph Tomlinson. Tomlinson was baptized in
1958:
347:(1799), which included an arrangement of the Anacreontic Song with the ambiguous notation "harmonized by the Author".
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505:
1939:
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Death of George Bellas (president of the Society). Latest possible date for Ralph Tomlinson to become president.
156:, the tune was later used by several writers as a setting for their patriotic lyrics. These included two songs by
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At ten O Clock the Instrumental Concert ended, when we retired to the Supper rooms. After Supper, having sung "
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509:. Includes the words of the song (later version), attributed to "poor Ralph Tomlinson, their late President".
335:(1750–1836). Smith, the son of the organist of Gloucester Cathedral, was sent at a young age to sing in the
1963:
1800:"Trial by Dining Club: The Instrumental Music of Haydn, Clementi and Mozart at London's Anacreontic Society"
411:
Ralph Tomlinson is admitted to the Society of Gentlemen Practisers in the Courts of Law and Equity, London.
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An early reference to the Anacreontic Song is found in the long-unpublished journals of gentleman-composer
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of Richard John Samuel Stevens (1757–1837). In this passage, Stevens is speaking of the year 1777:
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Stevens writes that he "regularly attended" the Society around this time. Tomlinson was president.
204:. In existence from approximately 1766 to 1792, the Society was dedicated to the ancient Greek poet
1804:
Music and Performance Culture in Nineteenth-Century Britain: Essays in Honour of Nicholas Temperley
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585:, 1778, attributed to "Ralph Tomlinson, Esq.". The music, along with the words, was published in
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magazine of 1778, there are two significant textual discrepancies from later publications.
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As American as tarte aux pommes! Celebrating the Fourth with some American Music
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Orthography as in original, except that closing quotation marks have been added.
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604:
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1612:
The John Marsh Journals: The Life and Times of a Gentleman Composer (1752–1828)
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the ambiguity inheres in whether the word "Author" refers to the author of the
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152:, an 18th-century gentlemen's club of amateur musicians in London. Composed by
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The following melody is taken from the first Longman & Broderip edition:
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1194:. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 24–26.
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Approximate date of the founding of the Anacreontic Society, by Jack Smith.
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The Music of "The Star-Spangled Banner": From Ludgate Hill to Capitol Hill
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magazine, 1778. The reference to "Rowley's" was removed in later versions.
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110:
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A Fifth Book of Canzonets, Canons & Glees, Sprightly and Plaintive
608:
First known publication of the lyrics of "The Anacreontic Song", from
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729:
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403:
John Stafford Smith becomes a chorister at the Chapel Royal, London.
1159:
The John Marsh Journals: The Life and Times of a Gentleman Composer
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840:
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568:
322:
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1894:, vol. II, Philadelphia: Samuel P. Town, Publisher, p.
1191:
Recollections of R. J. S. Stevens: An Organist in Georgian London
881:
734:
50:
1783:"The Music of "The Star-Spangled Banner": Whence and Whither?"
427:
John Stafford Smith is awarded two composition prizes by the
503:
Anonymous "History of the Anacreontic Society" published in
1721:"John Stafford Smith: Composer of the Star Spangled Banner"
1489:
1487:
1162:. Stuyvesant, New York: Pendragon Press. pp. 115–116.
526:
First known dated publication of the music of the Song, in
491:
Words of the Anacreontic Song (later version) published in
1827:. Vol. i. London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley.
959:
In the first known version of the lyrics, as published in
857:"But the Song, and the Catch, and the Laugh shall be mine.
550:, with a possible oblique claim to authorship of the Song
1005:
Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can
267:
Parke, writing in the early nineteenth century, recalls:
1909:
UVa Library: Exhibits: Lift Every Voice: Patriotic Odes
818:"So my Sons from your Crackers no Mischief shall dread,
232:(1752–1828). Writing of 11 December 1773, he recalls:
1120:
Parke, William Thomas; Inglis, Alexander Wood (1830).
691:"If these Mortals are suffer'd their Scheme to persue,
395:
John Stafford Smith baptised in Gloucester Cathedral.
1846:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
1231:
1229:
1227:
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1223:
710:"And there, with good Fellows, we'll learn to intwine
1504:
1502:
821:"Whilst snug in their Club-Room, they jovially twine
771:"And dam'me! I'll swinge the Ringleaders, I warrant.
648:"And, besides I'll instruct you, like me, to intwine
331:
In this passage, Stevens identified the composer as
1474:
1472:
1470:
1315:
Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, volume 4
774:"I'll trim the young Dogs, for thus daring to twine
250:Another reference is found in the long-unpublished
200:of the kind that was popular in London in the late
108:
94:
68:
60:
49:
44:
First page of the A. Blands edition (c. 1784–1790)
32:
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802:"Your Thunder is useless"—then shewing his Laurel,
483:magazine. Attributed to "Ralph Tomlinson, Esq.".
1269:A Twelfth Collection of Catches, Canons and Glees
912:'Tis your's to support what's so happily plann'd;
1550:. London: J. Fielding. 1783. pp. 336–338.
799:"Good King of the Gods, with my Vot'ries below:
645:"I'll lend you my Name and inspire you to boot,
316:
269:
256:
234:
932:May our Club flourish happy, united, and free!
876:, "We relent, since the Truth you now tell us;
1665:To the hill of old Lud will incontinent flee,
979:To the hill of old Lud will incontinent flee,
854:"The full Tide of Harmony still shall be his,
8:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
694:"The Devil a Goddess will stay above Stairs.
305:Portrait of John Stafford Smith, around 1820
1653:A fig for Parnassus! To Rowley's we'll fly;
1526:. London: J. Bew. 1778-08-01. p. 147.
1335:
1333:
983:From Helicon's banks will incontinent flee,
969:A fig for Parnassus! To Rowley's we'll fly;
796:rose up, and said, "Pry'thee ne'er quarrel,
630:That he their Inspirer and Patron would be;
530:. Both words and music are unattributed.
38:
29:
1762:. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress.
1595:A facsimile of this edition is available
1287:International Music Score Library Project
1283:A Collection of Catches, Canons and Glees
1183:
1181:
1179:
909:Preserve Unanimity, Friendship, and Love!
581:The lyrics of the song were published in
495:. Attribute to "the late R. Tomlinson".
1296:
1294:
365:
181:
27:Official song of the Anacreontic Society
1840:Sonneck, Oscar George Theodore (1914).
1318:. London: Macmillan. pp. 488–489.
1267:Warren-Horne, Edmund Thomas (c. 1773).
1151:
1149:
1140:
1077:
573:First page of the song as published in
48:
1806:. Farnham: Ashgate. pp. 105–138.
973:Away to the Sons of Anacreon we'll fly
627:A few Sons of Harmony sent a Petition,
915:You've the sanction of Gods, and the
624:in Heav'n, where he sat in full Glee,
215:The Society came to an end after the
7:
1097:"History of the Anacreontic Society"
755:will boast but of tenantless Shades,
538:Anacreontic Society "meets no more"
367:Chronology of The Anacreontic Song
1793:(2). College Music Society: 34–81.
1109:. London: D. Henry: 224–225. 1780.
633:When this answer arriv'd from the
546:John Stafford Smith publishes his
25:
1405:, or merely to the author of the
955:The earlier version of the lyrics
1888:Lossing, Benson J., ed. (1873),
1609:Marsh, John (26 February 1998).
1271:. London: Longman and Broderip.
514:Some time between 1777 and 1781
148:", was the official song of the
123:
1781:Lichtenwanger, William (1978).
1756:Lichtenwanger, William (1977).
746:'s banks will incontinent flee,
688:pretended to give himself Airs.
1891:The American Historical Record
885:, that they long shall intwine
558:Death of John Stafford Smith.
246:years at the Crown and Anchor.
1:
1352:Smith, John Stafford (1799).
844:got up with his risible Phiz,
224:The original role of the Song
1409:; see Lichtenwanger (1977),
1002:
383:Ralph Tomlinson baptised in
164:", which was adopted as the
1156:Robins, Brian, ed. (1988).
768:"Shall soon do it's Errand,
1985:
1903:"The Star-Spangled Banner"
1707:"When the Warrior Returns"
1597:at the Library of Congress
1188:Argent, Mark, ed. (1992).
1041:"The Star-Spangled Banner"
869:"Of these honest fellows."
639:"Voice, Fiddle, and Flute,
471:Death of Ralph Tomlinson.
280:Composition and authorship
1802:. In Zon, Bennett (ed.).
1632:– via Google Books.
1139:18-20.10.92, reported at
935:And long may the Sons of
906:, then join Hand in Hand;
765:"My Thunder no fear on't,
122:
37:
1969:The Star-Spangled Banner
1877:, Poem of the Week, #234
1843:The Star Spangled Banner
1102:The Gentleman's Magazine
1062:The Star-Spangled Banner
815:"My Laurels I'll spread;
697:"Hark! already they cry,
506:The Gentleman's Magazine
170:United States of America
162:The Star-Spangled Banner
1798:McVeigh, Simon (2012).
1787:College Music Symposium
1407:Fifth Book of Canzonets
1376:"The Anacreontick Song"
1007:download the audio file
548:Fifth Book of Canzonets
345:Fifth Book of Canzonets
176:The Anacreontic Society
1944:Georgia Tech Glee Club
1570:"The Anacreontic song"
1508:Lichtenwanger (1977),
1478:Lichtenwanger (1977),
1451:Lichtenwanger (1977),
1433:Lichtenwanger (1977),
1421:Lichtenwanger (1977),
1356:. London: the author.
1339:Lichtenwanger (1977),
1310:"Smith, John Stafford"
1254:Lichtenwanger (1977),
1235:Lichtenwanger (1977),
1031:Robert Treat Paine Jr.
1025:
700:"In transports of Joy,
613:
578:
328:
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33:"The Anacreontic Song"
1874:To Anacreon in Heaven
1739:2 August 2021 at the
1547:The Vocal Enchantress
1306:J. A. Fuller-Maitland
1136:St. James's Chronicle
1023:
967:In the second verse,
851:he'd chearfully join—
762:a mere Desart will be
703:"Away to the Sons of
607:
587:The Vocal Enchantress
575:The Vocal Enchantress
572:
528:The Vocal Enchantress
326:
304:
217:Duchess of Devonshire
185:
146:To Anacreon in Heaven
140:", also known by its
18:To Anacreon in Heaven
1929:The Top Hits Of 1776
1680:Sic evitabile fulmen
981:appears in place of
977:In the third verse,
971:appears in place of
929:Our Toast let it be.
926:While thus we agree,
812:"Then over each head
807:Sic evitabile fulmen
429:Catch Club of London
138:The Anacreontic Song
1942:, performed by the
1821:Parke, W T (1830).
1693:"Adams and Liberty"
1615:. Pendragon Press.
1575:Library of Congress
1381:Library of Congress
642:"no longer be mute,
493:The London Magazine
368:
333:John Stafford Smith
194:Anacreontic Society
186:A bust of Anacreon.
154:John Stafford Smith
150:Anacreontic Society
103:John Stafford Smith
55:Anacreontic Society
1959:18th-century songs
1871:Tomlinson, Ralph,
1523:The Vocal Magazine
1060:. Later retitled "
1048:wrote "Defence of
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1016:Subsequent history
614:
583:The Vocal Magazine
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555:21 September 1836
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1046:Francis Scott Key
1035:Adams and Liberty
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730:Yellow-Hair'd God
679:immediately flew;
673:The news through
635:Jolly Old Grecian
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436:11 December 1773
158:Francis Scott Key
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1141:McVeigh 2012
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1050:Fort McHenry
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80:(words only)
1628:26 February
1581:26 February
1387:26 February
1054:War of 1812
902:Ye Sons of
809:, you know!
685:Old Thunder
565:Publication
488:March 1780
111:Lyricist(s)
97:Composer(s)
1953:Categories
1881:2008-06-01
1201:0809317907
1169:0945193947
1072:References
1037:" (1798).
707:we'll fly,
230:John Marsh
1556:728290655
1532:221370776
1423:pp. 12–16
1411:pp. 13–15
1362:181765310
1277:317698257
1237:pp. 23–24
961:The Vocal
896:'s Vine."
832:'s Vine."
785:'s Vine."
758:"And the
667:'s Vine."
610:The Vocal
500:May 1780
481:The Vocal
385:Plemstall
291:Plemstall
172:in 1931.
69:Published
1833:22715472
1775:PDF link
1737:Archived
1308:(1904).
950:'s Vine.
937:Anacreon
904:Anacreon
882:Old Styx
733:and his
721:'s Vine.
705:Anacreon
622:Anacreon
206:Anacreon
1940:YouTube
948:Bacchus
939:intwine
894:Bacchus
860:"Then,
830:Bacchus
805:Cry'd "
783:Bacchus
743:Helicon
719:Bacchus
676:Olympus
664:Bacchus
239:catches
168:of the
142:incipit
90:(music)
86:c. 1780
84: (
82:c. 1780
74: (
61:Written
53:by The
1865:Lyrics
1852:402041
1850:
1831:
1810:
1766:
1619:
1554:
1530:
1360:
1324:407077
1322:
1275:
1198:
1166:
872:Cry'd
849:Apollo
793:Apollo
752:Idalia
740:"From
653:Myrtle
597:Lyrics
577:(1783)
375:Event
241:&
196:was a
1935:Video
1915:Media
1510:p. 31
1495:p. 34
1480:p. 19
1453:p. 24
1435:p. 15
1341:p. 21
1256:p. 10
1216:p. 81
993:Music
946:with
944:Venus
892:with
890:Venus
841:Momus
838:Next
828:with
826:Venus
781:with
779:Venus
727:"The
717:with
715:Venus
682:When
661:with
658:Venus
651:"The
543:1799
535:1792
523:1783
460:1777
452:1777
424:1773
416:1766
400:1761
372:Date
297:Music
285:Words
243:glees
64:~1773
1848:OCLC
1829:OCLC
1808:ISBN
1764:ISBN
1630:2018
1617:ISBN
1583:2018
1552:OCLC
1528:OCLC
1464:1773
1389:2018
1358:OCLC
1320:OCLC
1273:OCLC
1196:ISBN
1164:ISBN
1033:'s "
921:Jove
917:Fiat
874:Jove
863:Jove
358:Date
192:The
76:1778
72:1778
51:Song
1938:on
1927:on
1896:129
1678:: "
919:of
655:of
620:To
1955::
1923:,
1791:18
1789:.
1785:.
1572:.
1501:^
1486:^
1469:^
1378:.
1332:^
1312:.
1304:;
1293:^
1281:;
1243:^
1222:^
1178:^
1148:^
1107:50
1105:.
1099:.
1080:^
1068:.
431:.
1854:.
1835:.
1816:.
1777:.
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1695:.
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1172:.
1143:.
1009:.
923:.
899:6
835:5
788:4
749:"
737:,
724:3
670:2
617:1
144:"
136:"
88:)
78:)
20:)
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