824:) are the most likely to delay delivery for 48 hours, with the least amount of maternal and neonatal side effects. Otherwise, tocolysis is rarely successful beyond 24 to 48 hours because current medications do not alter the fundamentals of labor activation. However, postponing premature delivery by 48 hours appears sufficient to allow pregnant women to be transferred to a center specialized for management of preterm deliveries, and thus administer corticosteroids for the possibility to reduce neonatal organ immaturity.
933:
Most tocolytics are currently being used off-label. The future direction of the development of tocolytics agents should be directed toward better efficacy in intentionally prolonging pregnancy. This will potentially result in less maternal, fetal, and neonatal adverse effects when delaying preterm
128:
associated with preterm birth. The suppression of contractions is often only partial and tocolytics can only be relied on to delay birth for a matter of days. Depending on the tocolytic used, the pregnant woman or fetus may require monitoring (e.g., blood pressure monitoring when
2516:
Castellsague, Jordi; Riera-Guardia, Nuria; Calingaert, Brian; Varas-Lorenzo, Cristina; Fourrier-Reglat, Annie; Nicotra, Federica; Sturkenboom, Miriam; Perez-Gutthann, Susana; Safety of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (SOS) Project (1 December 2012).
1276:
Wilson, Amie; Hodgetts-Morton, Victoria A; Marson, Ella J; Markland, Alexandra D; Larkai, Eva; Papadopoulou, Argyro; Coomarasamy, Arri; Tobias, Aurelio; Chou, Doris; Oladapo, Olufemi T; Price, Malcolm J; Morris, Katie; Gallos, Ioannis D (10 August 2022).
157:
therapy that may help with fetus lung maturity. Tocolytics are considered for women with confirmed preterm labor between 24 and 34 weeks of gestation age and used in conjunction with other therapies that may include corticosteroids administration, fetus
192:
According to a 2022 Cochrane review, the most effective tocolytics for delaying preterm birth by 48 hours, and 7 days were the nitric oxide donors, calcium channel blockers, oxytocin receptor antagonists and combinations of tocolytics.
846:
Antibiotics were thought to delay delivery, but no studies have shown any evidence that using antibiotics during preterm labor effectively delays delivery or reduces neonatal morbidity. Antibiotics are used in people with
577:. Administration of calcium channel blockers should be used with care in patients with renal disease and hypotension. Concomitant use of calcium channel blockers and magnesium sulfate may result in
3325:
149:
represents one of the leading causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality, the goal is to prevent neonatal morbidity and mortality through delaying delivery and increasing
178:
agonists, calcium channel blockers, or NSAIDs to prolong pregnancy for up to 48 hours is the best course of action to allow time for glucocorticoid administration.
2404:
1694:
2818:
Iams JD, Romero R, Culhane JF, Goldenberg RL (2008). "Primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions to reduce the morbidity and mortality of preterm birth".
236:
Off-label use, FDA has advised that injectable terbutaline should only be used in urgent situations, and that the oral form of the drug should never be used
182:
3177:
2098:
Flenady, Vicki; Reinebrant, Hanna E; Liley, Helen G; Tambimuttu, Eashan G; Papatsonis, Dimitri NM (2014). Cochrane
Pregnancy and Childbirth Group (ed.).
859:
In addition to drug-specific contraindications, several general factors may contraindicate delaying childbirth with the use of tocolytic medications.
627:
Shown to effectively delay premature birth, studies show that it is safer and more effective for pregnant women that are <= 32 weeks of gestation
942:. More studies on the use of multiple tocolytics must be directed to research overall health outcomes rather than solely pregnancy prolongation.
710:
Probably effective in delaying preterm birth by 48 hours. It is used for its neuro-protective effects since it is shown to decrease the risk of
2519:"Individual NSAIDs and upper gastrointestinal complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies (the SOS project)"
3045:
2380:
1670:
1511:
89:, "loosening"). Preterm birth accounts for 70% of neonatal deaths. Therefore, tocolytic therapy is provided when delivery would result in
599:
Safer than both nifedipine and beta agonists; As effective as nifedipine and more effective than beta agonists. Fewer side effects than β
3260:
2424:"Fetal cardiac function and ductus arteriosus during indomethacin and sulindac therapy for threatened preterm labor: A randomized study"
809:
673:
622:
113:
1784:
Spirlet, Marina de; Treluyer, Jean-Marc; Chevret, Sylvie; Rey, Elisabeth; Tournaire, Michel; Cabrol, Dominique; Pons, Gérard (2004).
181:
Various types of agents are used, with varying success rates and side effects. Some medications are not specifically approved by the
120:. These can assist in delaying preterm delivery by suppressing uterine muscle contractions and their use is intended to reduce fetal
1325:
1073:
612:
No adverse effects to the baseline fetal heart rate. No significant difference in neonatal side effect compared to other treatments
413:
336:, antidiuresis, altered thyroid function, physiologic tremor, palpitations, nervousness, nausea or vomiting, fever, hallucinations
1197:
Tan TC, Devendra K, Tan LK, Tan HK (May 2006). "Tocolytic treatment for the management of preterm labour: a systematic review".
3345:
3170:
2925:
867:
784:
892:
848:
1935:
678:
Studies show that it has similar efficacy to that of indomethacin and has a milder effect on the fetal ductus arteriousus
1064:
Ouzounian, Joseph G; Goodwin, T. Murphy; Paulson, Richard J; Montoro, Martin N; Muderspach, Laila I; Roy, Subir (2010).
150:
653:
360:
1338:
Gyetvai, K.; Hannah, M. E.; Hodnett, E. D.; Ohlsson, A. (1999). "Tocolytics for preterm labor: A systematic review".
145:
Tocolytics are used in preterm labor, which refers to when a baby is born too early before 37 weeks of pregnancy. As
1373:
Gaudet, Laura M.; Singh, Kavita; Weeks, Laura; Skidmore, Becky; Tsertsvadze, Alexander; Ansari, Mohammed T. (2012).
3163:
2408:
2045:"The choice of a tocolytic for the treatment of preterm labor: a critical evaluation of nifedipine versus atosiban"
1698:
421:
921:
661:
1998:"Analysis of the risks associated with calcium channel blockade: implications for the obstetrician-gynecologist"
3335:
3199:
479:
428:
372:
313:
227:
101:
1375:"Effectiveness of Terbutaline Pump for the Prevention of Preterm Birth. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
1139:
Hanley, Margaret; Sayres, Lauren; Reiff, Emily S.; Wood, Amber; Grotegut, Chad A.; Kuller, Jeffrey A. (2019).
3278:
2765:"Committee opinion no. 496: At-risk drinking and alcohol dependence: obstetric and gynecologic implications"
2258:"Is there justification for using indomethacin in preterm labor? An analysis of neonatal risks and benefits"
871:
828:
817:
793:
768:
578:
556:
300:
278:
109:
603:
agonists. Although not FDA approved in the US, atosiban was developed specifically to delay preterm labor.
645:
495:
570:
2866:
Haas, David M; Caldwell, Deborah M; Kirkpatrick, Page; McIntosh, Jennifer J; Welton, Nicky J (2012).
2099:
1386:
762:
171:
137:
to assess fetal well-being). In any case, the risk of preterm labor alone justifies hospitalization.
976:
American
College of Obstetricians Gynecologists' Committee on Practice Bulletins—Obstetrics (2016).
3350:
3340:
3330:
1861:
1605:
Verdurmen, Kim M. J.; Hulsenboom, Alexandra D. J.; van Laar, Judith O. E. H.; Oei, S. Guid (2017).
908:
840:
503:
258:
2845:
2800:
2743:
2398:
2257:
2238:
2180:
2080:
1843:
1688:
1642:
1176:
1013:
2044:
1713:
3304:
3141:
3133:
3102:
3084:
3041:
2995:
2977:
2942:
2905:
2887:
2837:
2792:
2784:
2735:
2700:
2692:
2656:
2648:
2606:
2556:
2538:
2498:
2490:
2451:
2443:
2386:
2376:
2327:
2319:
2277:
2230:
2222:
2172:
2164:
2125:
2072:
2064:
2025:
2017:
1978:
1970:
1835:
1827:
1760:
1733:
1676:
1666:
1634:
1626:
1587:
1569:
1507:
1479:
1471:
1422:
1404:
1355:
1308:
1255:
1206:
1168:
1160:
1118:
1110:
1069:
1040:
1005:
997:
879:
808:) may delay delivery by 2 to 7 days, depending on how quickly the medication is administered.
801:
721:
699:
688:
681:
Coagulation disorders or thrombocytopenia, NSAID-sensitive asthma, other sensitivity to NSAID
641:
631:
593:
565:
240:
117:
40:
3296:
3092:
3074:
2985:
2969:
2934:
2895:
2879:
2829:
2776:
2727:
2596:
2586:
2546:
2530:
2482:
2435:
2311:
2269:
2214:
2202:
2156:
2115:
2107:
2056:
2009:
1962:
1819:
1725:
1665:. Christof Schaefer, P. W. J. Peters, Richard K. Miller (Third ed.). London, UK. 2015.
1618:
1577:
1561:
1412:
1394:
1347:
1298:
1290:
1245:
1237:
1226:"Adverse drug reactions to tocolytic treatment for preterm labour: prospective cohort study"
1152:
1102:
989:
904:
885:
507:
466:
444:
401:
329:
288:
134:
2345:
1326:
Why do doctors still use terbutaline to delay preterm labor despite its major health risks?
951:
939:
912:
732:
692:
649:
491:
387:, tachyarrhythmia, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, hypersensitivity to fenoterol
274:
159:
90:
74:
1919:
564:
Hypotension, preload-dependent cardiac disease. It should not be used concomitantly with
2990:
2601:
2578:
2144:
2120:
1951:"Symptomatic hypocalcemia after tocolytic therapy with magnesium sulfate and nifedipine"
1582:
1390:
3155:
3097:
3062:
2900:
2867:
2551:
2518:
2160:
1417:
1374:
1303:
1278:
1250:
1225:
755:
736:
711:
154:
125:
97:, which accelerate fetal lung maturity but may require one to two days to take effect.
94:
2833:
2718:
Castrén O, Gummerus M, Saarikoski S (1975). "Treatment of imminent premature labour".
2315:
2273:
1823:
1729:
1351:
3319:
3221:
2868:"Tocolytic therapy for preterm delivery: systematic review and network meta-analysis"
2804:
2534:
2439:
2218:
2013:
529:
517:
511:
473:
266:
186:
146:
2747:
2184:
1847:
1180:
437:
Shown to be less effective than nifedipine for tocolysis regarding neonatal outcome
185:(FDA) for use in stopping uterine contractions in preterm labor, instead being used
3190:
2973:
2849:
2591:
2375:. S. S. Trivedi, Manju, MD Puri, Swati Agrawal (Second ed.). New Delhi. 2016.
2111:
2084:
1808:"Safety and Efficacy of Tocolytics for the Treatment of Spontaneous Preterm Labour"
1646:
1565:
1440:
1294:
1017:
900:
772:
617:
539:
535:
462:
348:
344:
292:
250:
2242:
1931:
1622:
977:
3035:
2780:
1662:
Drugs during pregnancy and lactation : treatment options and risk assessment
1501:
1399:
1156:
993:
684:
GI complications such as nausea, vomiting and stomach pain due to COX inhibition
3268:
3231:
1607:"Effect of tocolytic drugs on fetal heart rate variability: a systematic review"
1527:
1459:
832:
813:
574:
543:
525:
521:
458:
451:
397:
391:
356:
340:
333:
296:
284:
262:
254:
246:
221:
17:
2680:
2636:
2423:
1966:
1752:
1106:
1032:
3286:
2820:
2731:
2579:"Magnesium sulphate for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labour"
2486:
2060:
1891:"Gynipral (hexoprenaline) Tablets 0.5 mg, Solution for Intravenous Infusion 5
1868:(in Russian). Nycomed Austria GmbH. St. Peter-Straße 25, A-4020, Linz, Austria
915:, or another condition which indicates that the pregnancy should not continue.
836:
821:
797:
550:
408:
130:
82:
3137:
3088:
2981:
2891:
2788:
2696:
2652:
2542:
2494:
2447:
2390:
2323:
2226:
2168:
2068:
2021:
1974:
1831:
1680:
1630:
1573:
1475:
1408:
1164:
1114:
1001:
3226:
3216:
3211:
2961:
2764:
2470:
2299:
1950:
1890:
1807:
1606:
1553:
1140:
1090:
935:
896:
742:
367:
307:
270:
3145:
3121:
3106:
2999:
2946:
2909:
2841:
2796:
2704:
2660:
2610:
2560:
2502:
2331:
2234:
2176:
2129:
2076:
1997:
1982:
1839:
1764:
1737:
1638:
1591:
1426:
1359:
1312:
1259:
1210:
1172:
1122:
1044:
1009:
510:, inflammatory diseases of internal genitalia, 1st trimester of pregnancy,
174:
tocolytic agent. Current evidence suggests that first line treatment with β
3079:
2739:
2455:
2370:
2281:
2029:
1660:
1483:
3250:
3241:
3034:
Wong, D. L.; Perry, S. E.; Hockenberry, M. J.; Lowdermilk, D. L. (2002).
2938:
1714:"Tocolysis with nifedipine or beta-adrenergic agonists: a meta-analysis1"
805:
728:
668:
657:
588:
499:
440:
384:
352:
1552:
Neilson, James P.; West, Helen M.; Dowswell, Therese (5 February 2014).
843:(CI): 0.32-0.91) and 0.47 within 48 hours (OR 0.47, 95% CI: 0.30-0.75).
1949:
Koontz, Stephanie L.; Friedman, Steven A.; Schwartz, Martin L. (2004).
1279:"Tocolytics for delaying preterm birth: a network meta-analysis (0924)"
750:
724:. Use as a tocolytic agent may result in death of the fetus or infant.
121:
2883:
1996:
Davis, W. B.; Wells, S. R.; Kuller, J. A.; Thorp, J. M. (March 1997).
1920:
Welcome to the Women's – The Royal Women's
Hospital Victoria Australia
52:
2960:
Kenyon, Sara; Boulvain, Michel; Neilson, James P. (2 December 2013).
1241:
704:
1751:
Johnson, Donavon B.; Merrell, Brigham J.; Bounds, Connor G. (2021),
2304:
Best
Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
771:
Was a frequently used tocolytic in the mid-20th century, but later
2298:
Loudon, Jenifer A. Z.; Groom, Kate M.; Bennett, Philip R. (2003).
583:
Calcium channel blockers have the fewest neonatal adverse effects
938:, a last generation of oxytocin receptor antagonists, as well as
687:
NSAIDs have been shown to be associated with constriction of the
2923:
Simhan HN, Caritis SN (2007). "Prevention of
Preterm Delivery".
2201:
Tsatsaris, Vassilis; Carbonne, Bruno; Cabrol, Dominique (2004).
934:
childbirth. A few tocolytic alternatives worth pursuing include
3159:
447:, hyperthyroidism, hypersensitivity to salbutamol (albuterol)
745:, respiratory depression, demineralization with prolonged use
325:
Poorly controlled thyroid disease, hypertension, and diabetes
2372:
Management of high-risk pregnancy : a practical approach
2145:"Oxytocin Receptor Antagonists for Inhibiting Preterm Labour"
2100:"Oxytocin receptor antagonists for inhibiting preterm labour"
93:, postponing delivery long enough for the administration of
2577:
Crowther, CA; Brown, J; McKinlay, CJ; Middleton, P (2014).
243:, hyperthyroidism, prolonged tocolysis(>48 to 72 hours)
1066:
Management of Common
Problems in Obstetrics and Gynecology
153:
by gaining more time for other management strategies like
3063:"Prevention of Preterm Labour: 2011 Update on Tocolysis"
978:"Practice Bulletin No. 171: Management of Preterm Labor"
1862:"Gynipral (hexoprenaline) Full Prescribing Information"
2346:"Indomethacin Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term"
1788:. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd. pp. 207–217.
924:, lethal fetal anomaly, or non-reassuring fetal status
3122:"Tocolysis: current controversies, future directions"
1611:
The
Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
778:
Pregnancy: no amount of ethanol is safe to the fetus
3120:
Cole, Stephen; Smith, Roger; Giles, Warwick (2004).
1932:"Nifedipine Monograph for Professionals - Drugs.com"
3295:
3277:
3259:
3240:
3198:
1031:Mayer, Christopher; Apodaca-Ramos, Irasema (2021),
561:Is one of the most commonly used tocolytic agents.
195:
39:
34:
1224:de Heus R, Mol BW, Erwich JJ, et al. (2009).
1089:Harrison, Margo S.; Goldenberg, Robert L. (2016).
2256:Macones, George A.; Robinson, Charlah A. (1997).
1899:"RLS" (РЛС): Russian Register of Medical Products
1528:"Fenoterol drug information | DrugsUpdate India"
767:Shown to be ineffective: no better than placebo.
2572:
2570:
2475:Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America
1759:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1039:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
727:Flushing, lethargy, headache, muscle weakness,
2962:"Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes"
1271:
1269:
918:Maternal hemodynamic instability with bleeding
876:Lethal congenital or chromosomal abnormalities
851:, but this is not characterized as tocolysis.
839:(OR) of delivery within 24 hours of 0.54 (95%
3171:
2428:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
2262:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
1955:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
1806:Lamont, Ronald F.; Jørgensen, Jan S. (2019).
648:, reversible decrease in renal function with
8:
2861:
2859:
2300:"Prostaglandin inhibitors in preterm labour"
1866:Russian State Register of Medicinal Products
1554:"Betamimetics for inhibiting preterm labour"
787:: ethanol is a teratogen and can harm fetus
454:, tremor, sweating, and shortness of breath
443:, ischemic cardiopathy, cardiac arrhythmia,
239:Cardiac tachyarrhythmias, poorly controlled
100:Commonly used tocolytic medications include
2966:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2635:Rundell, Kristen; Panchal, Bethany (2017).
2583:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1558:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1068:. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 9–11.
866:Fetus weighs less than 2.5 kg, or has
634:), significant renal or hepatic impairment
3326:Chemical substances for emergency medicine
3178:
3164:
3156:
2637:"Preterm Labor: Prevention and Management"
2403:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1693:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3096:
3078:
2989:
2899:
2600:
2590:
2550:
2119:
1581:
1416:
1398:
1302:
1249:
1095:Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
3126:Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs
3029:
2422:Räsänen, Juha; Jouppila, Pentti (1995).
2043:Lyndrup, Jens; Lamont, Ronald F (2007).
1460:"Preterm Labor: Diagnosis and Treatment"
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
2104:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2049:Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs
1786:Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology
1283:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1141:"Tocolysis: A Review of the Literature"
963:
27:Drugs used to suppress premature births
2396:
2002:Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey
1938:from the original on 25 December 2015.
1885:
1883:
1686:
1145:Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey
863:Fetus is older than 34 weeks gestation
133:is used as it reduces blood pressure;
31:
2759:
2757:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2293:
2291:
2196:
2194:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1506:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1495:
1493:
1192:
1190:
7:
1134:
1132:
971:
969:
967:
888:or intrauterine infection is present
775:studies found it was not effective.
400:, impaired carbohydrate tolerance,
162:, and safe transfer to facilities.
73:) are medications used to suppress
48:
3061:Hubinont, C.; Debieve, F. (2011).
2161:10.1097/01.AOG.0000269669.34758.4e
381:Not approved for tocolysis by FDA
25:
1824:10.2174/1381612825666190329124214
1458:Pool, Beverly A. Von Der (1998).
183:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
2535:10.2165/11633470-000000000-00000
2219:10.2165/00003495-200464040-00003
2014:10.1097/00006254-199703000-00023
216:Fetal and neonatal side effects
2926:New England Journal of Medicine
2471:"Aspirin and NSAID sensitivity"
1441:"Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs"
1328:Retrieved on October 20th, 2020
868:intrauterine growth restriction
855:Contraindications to tocolytics
573:, headache, dizziness, nausea,
2974:10.1002/14651858.CD001058.pub3
2679:William G. Sayres, Jr (2010).
2592:10.1002/14651858.CD001060.pub2
2112:10.1002/14651858.CD004452.pub3
1566:10.1002/14651858.CD004352.pub3
1503:Anesthesiology Keywords Review
1295:10.1002/14651858.CD014978.pub2
1091:"Global burden of prematurity"
929:Future direction of tocolytics
893:pregnancy-induced hypertension
849:premature rupture of membranes
1:
2834:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60108-7
2469:Stevenson, Donald D. (2004).
2316:10.1016/s1521-6934(03)00047-6
2274:10.1016/S0002-9378(97)70275-8
2203:"Atosiban for Preterm Labour"
1812:Current Pharmaceutical Design
1730:10.1016/S0029-7844(00)01212-6
1623:10.1080/14767058.2016.1249844
1352:10.1016/s0029-7844(99)00329-4
882:is greater than 4 centimeters
606:No current contraindications
2781:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31822c9906
2440:10.1016/0002-9378(95)90163-9
1400:10.1371/journal.pone.0031679
1157:10.1097/OGX.0000000000000635
994:10.1097/AOG.0000000000001711
609:No maternal adverse effects
67:anti-contraction medications
3037:Maternal Child Nursing Care
2149:Obstetrics & Gynecology
1718:Obstetrics & Gynecology
982:Obstetrics & Gynecology
654:intraventricular hemorrhage
361:intraventricular hemorrhage
3367:
1967:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.02.050
1107:10.1016/j.siny.2015.12.007
891:Pregnant woman has severe
516:Vertigo, anxiety, tremor,
2775:(2 Pt 1): 383–388. 2011.
2769:Obstetrics and Gynecology
2732:10.3109/00016347509156739
2720:Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand
2685:American Family Physician
2641:American Family Physician
2487:10.1016/j.iac.2004.03.001
2061:10.1517/13543784.16.6.843
1464:American Family Physician
1340:Obstetrics and Gynecology
922:Intrauterine fetal demise
781:Intoxication, withdrawal
718:Absolute contraindication
662:necrotizing enterocolitis
328:Metabolic hyperglycemia,
49:
3279:Calcium channel blockers
818:calcium channel blockers
794:Calcium-channel blockers
450:Headache, palpitations,
295:, myocardial and septal
110:calcium channel blockers
3204:adrenoreceptor agonists
2143:Neilson, J. P. (2007).
872:placental insufficiency
579:cardiovascular collapse
496:cardiovascular diseases
322:No longer FDA approved
3346:Obstetrical procedures
1500:Modak, Raj K. (2013).
1445:www.accessdata.fda.gov
785:Fetal alcohol syndrome
769:Source revision needed
707:light chain inhibitor
646:pulmonary hypertension
213:Maternal side effects
2407:) CS1 maint: others (
1712:Tsatsaris, V (2001).
1697:) CS1 maint: others (
829:β-adrenergic agonists
575:transient hypotension
3189:/labor repressants (
3067:Journal of Pregnancy
2939:10.1056/NEJMra050435
802:oxytocin antagonists
553:(Procardia, Adalat)
202:Mechanism of action
3080:10.1155/2011/941057
2481:(3): 491–505, vii.
1532:www.drugsupdate.com
1391:2012PLoSO...731679G
1346:(5 Pt 2): 869–877.
909:placental abruption
841:confidence interval
504:placental abruption
301:myocardial ischemia
279:myocardial ischemia
689:ductus arteriousus
658:hyperbilirubinemia
637:Nausea, heartburn
557:Ca channel blocker
544:anaphylactic shock
353:hyperbilirubinemia
210:contraindications
170:There is no clear
77:(from Greek τόκος
71:labor suppressants
3313:
3312:
3305:Magnesium sulfate
3297:Myosin inhibitors
3047:978-0-323-01399-4
2884:10.1136/bmj.e6226
2828:(9607): 164–175.
2529:(12): 1127–1146.
2382:978-93-5250-046-8
1672:978-0-12-407901-4
1617:(20): 2387–2394.
1513:978-1-4511-7782-4
1470:(10): 2457–2464.
880:Cervical dilation
791:
790:
722:myasthenia gravis
700:Magnesium sulfate
642:ductus arteriosus
632:ductus arteriosus
594:Oxytocin receptor
566:magnesium sulfate
488:Not FDA approved
467:hyperinsulinaemia
425:
417:
402:hyperinsulinaemia
394:, and chest pain
241:diabetes mellitus
118:magnesium sulfate
60:
59:
16:(Redirected from
3358:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3157:
3150:
3149:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3100:
3082:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3031:
3004:
3003:
2993:
2968:(12): CD001058.
2957:
2951:
2950:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2903:
2863:
2854:
2853:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2761:
2752:
2751:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2676:
2665:
2664:
2632:
2615:
2614:
2604:
2594:
2574:
2565:
2564:
2554:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2402:
2394:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2123:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2040:
2034:
2033:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1961:(6): 1773–1776.
1946:
1940:
1939:
1928:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1803:
1790:
1789:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1692:
1684:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1585:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1497:
1488:
1487:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1420:
1402:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1306:
1273:
1264:
1263:
1253:
1242:10.1136/bmj.b744
1221:
1215:
1214:
1194:
1185:
1184:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1028:
1022:
1021:
988:(4): e155–e164.
973:
940:COX-2 inhibitors
905:vaginal bleeding
886:Chorioamnionitis
831:, atosiban, and
827:The efficacy of
640:Constriction of
630:Late pregnancy (
508:vaginal bleeding
445:placenta praevia
419:
411:
330:hyperinsulinemia
289:hyperinsulinemia
196:
135:cardiotocography
53:edit on Wikidata
32:
21:
18:Tocolytic agents
3366:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3336:Obstetric drugs
3316:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3291:
3273:
3255:
3236:
3203:
3194:
3184:
3154:
3153:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3033:
3032:
3007:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2865:
2864:
2857:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2763:
2762:
2755:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2681:"Preterm Labor"
2678:
2677:
2668:
2634:
2633:
2618:
2585:(8): CD001060.
2576:
2575:
2568:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2395:
2383:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2352:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2297:
2296:
2289:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2106:(6): CD004452.
2097:
2096:
2092:
2042:
2041:
2037:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1895:g/mL (0.0005%)"
1889:
1888:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1805:
1804:
1793:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1769:
1767:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1685:
1673:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1560:(2): CD004352.
1551:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1499:
1498:
1491:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1289:(8): CD014978.
1275:
1274:
1267:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1199:Singapore Med J
1196:
1195:
1188:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1049:
1047:
1030:
1029:
1025:
975:
974:
965:
960:
952:Labor induction
948:
931:
913:cardiac disease
857:
835:is a decreased
759:
733:pulmonary edema
693:oligohydramnios
650:oligohydramnios
602:
492:Hyperthyroidism
483:
432:
376:
317:
275:pulmonary edema
231:
209:
177:
168:
166:Types of agents
160:neuroprotection
155:corticosteroids
151:gestational age
143:
105:
95:glucocorticoids
91:premature birth
75:premature labor
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3364:
3362:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3318:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3301:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3160:
3152:
3151:
3132:(4): 424–429.
3112:
3053:
3046:
3005:
2952:
2933:(5): 477–487.
2915:
2855:
2810:
2753:
2710:
2691:(4): 477–484.
2666:
2647:(6): 366–372.
2616:
2566:
2508:
2461:
2414:
2381:
2362:
2337:
2310:(5): 731–744.
2287:
2268:(4): 819–824.
2248:
2213:(4): 375–382.
2190:
2155:(1): 180–181.
2135:
2090:
2055:(6): 843–853.
2035:
2008:(3): 198–201.
1988:
1941:
1923:
1912:
1879:
1853:
1818:(5): 577–592.
1791:
1776:
1743:
1724:(5): 840–847.
1704:
1671:
1652:
1597:
1544:
1519:
1512:
1489:
1450:
1432:
1365:
1330:
1318:
1265:
1216:
1186:
1128:
1081:
1074:
1056:
1023:
962:
961:
959:
956:
955:
954:
947:
944:
930:
927:
926:
925:
919:
916:
889:
883:
877:
874:
864:
856:
853:
789:
788:
782:
779:
776:
765:
757:
753:
747:
746:
739:
737:cardiac arrest
725:
715:
712:cerebral palsy
708:
702:
696:
695:
685:
682:
679:
676:
671:
665:
664:
638:
635:
628:
625:
620:
614:
613:
610:
607:
604:
600:
597:
591:
585:
584:
581:
568:
562:
559:
554:
547:
546:
533:
514:
489:
486:
481:
477:
470:
469:
455:
448:
438:
435:
430:
426:
405:
404:
395:
390:Palpitations,
388:
382:
379:
374:
370:
364:
363:
337:
326:
323:
320:
315:
311:
304:
303:
281:
261:, chest pain,
244:
237:
234:
229:
225:
218:
217:
214:
211:
206:
203:
200:
175:
167:
164:
142:
139:
103:
58:
57:
50:
47:
46:
43:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3363:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3222:Hexoprenaline
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2919:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2814:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2726:(2): 95–100.
2725:
2721:
2714:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2512:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2363:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1780:
1777:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1545:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1385:(2): e31679.
1384:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1075:9781444323030
1071:
1067:
1060:
1057:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
972:
970:
968:
964:
957:
953:
950:
949:
945:
943:
941:
937:
928:
923:
920:
917:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
873:
869:
865:
862:
861:
860:
854:
852:
850:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
770:
766:
764:
761:
754:
752:
749:
748:
744:
740:
738:
734:
731:, dry mouth,
730:
726:
723:
719:
716:
713:
709:
706:
703:
701:
698:
697:
694:
690:
686:
683:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
666:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
636:
633:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
615:
611:
608:
605:
598:
595:
592:
590:
587:
586:
582:
580:
576:
572:
569:
567:
563:
560:
558:
555:
552:
549:
548:
545:
541:
537:
534:
531:
530:hyperglycemia
527:
523:
519:
518:hyperhidrosis
515:
513:
512:breastfeeding
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
490:
487:
485:
478:
475:
474:Hexoprenaline
472:
471:
468:
464:
460:
456:
453:
449:
446:
442:
439:
436:
434:
427:
423:
418:or albuterol
415:
410:
407:
406:
403:
399:
396:
393:
389:
386:
383:
380:
378:
371:
369:
366:
365:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
335:
331:
327:
324:
321:
319:
312:
309:
306:
305:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
267:hyperglycemia
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
245:
242:
238:
235:
233:
226:
223:
220:
219:
215:
212:
207:
204:
201:
198:
197:
194:
190:
188:
184:
179:
173:
165:
163:
161:
156:
152:
148:
147:preterm birth
140:
138:
136:
132:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
98:
96:
92:
88:
85:", and λύσις
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:(also called
64:
54:
44:
42:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3186:
3129:
3125:
3115:
3070:
3066:
3056:
3036:
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858:
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833:indomethacin
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814:indomethacin
792:
773:double-blind
717:
714:in infants.
618:Indomethacin
540:bronchospasm
536:Hypoglycemia
463:hypoglycemia
349:hypocalcemia
345:hypoglycemia
293:hypoglycemia
251:palpitations
205:Description
191:
180:
169:
144:
99:
86:
78:
70:
66:
62:
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29:
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3244:antagonists
3232:Terbutaline
2523:Drug Safety
1753:"Albuterol"
1033:"Tocolysis"
596:antagonist
526:hypotension
522:tachycardia
476:(Gynipral)
459:tachycardia
452:tachycardia
398:Tachycardia
392:tachycardia
357:hypotension
341:tachycardia
334:hypokalemia
297:hypertrophy
285:tachycardia
263:hypokalemia
255:hypotension
247:Tachycardia
224:(Brethine)
222:Terbutaline
141:Indications
3351:Childbirth
3341:Obstetrics
3331:Tocolytics
3320:Categories
3287:Nifedipine
3187:Tocolytics
3073:: 941057.
2821:The Lancet
1757:StatPearls
1037:StatPearls
958:References
870:(IUGR) or
837:odds ratio
822:nifedipine
798:nifedipine
741:Lethargy,
551:Nifedipine
409:Salbutamol
310:(Yutopar)
172:first-line
131:nifedipine
83:childbirth
63:Tocolytics
3227:Ritodrine
3217:Fenoterol
3212:Buphenine
3138:1472-4472
3089:2090-2727
3040:. Mosby.
2982:1469-493X
2892:0959-8138
2878:: e6226.
2805:205474115
2789:1873-233X
2697:0002-838X
2653:0002-838X
2543:1179-1942
2495:0889-8561
2448:0002-9378
2399:cite book
2391:946116669
2350:Drugs.com
2324:1521-6934
2227:0012-6667
2169:0029-7844
2069:1354-3784
2022:0029-7828
1975:0002-9378
1832:1873-4286
1689:cite book
1681:892869035
1631:1476-4954
1574:1469-493X
1476:0002-838X
1409:1932-6203
1165:1533-9866
1115:1878-0946
1002:0029-7844
936:Barusiban
903:, active
897:eclampsia
895:, severe
820:(such as
812:(such as
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796:(such as
743:hypotonia
368:Fenoterol
339:Neonatal
308:Ritodrine
271:lipolysis
187:off-label
126:mortality
122:morbidity
41:Specialty
35:Tocolytic
3251:Atosiban
3242:Oxytocin
3146:15134284
3107:22175022
3000:24297389
2991:11297390
2947:17671256
2910:23048010
2842:18191687
2797:21775870
2748:22685586
2705:20148502
2661:28318214
2611:25126773
2602:10838393
2561:23137151
2503:15242723
2332:12972011
2235:14969573
2185:35984198
2177:17601917
2130:24903678
2121:11086629
2077:17501696
1983:15284796
1936:Archived
1934:. 2015.
1905:19 March
1872:19 March
1848:89620227
1840:30931850
1770:2 August
1765:29489143
1738:11336775
1639:27756155
1592:24500892
1583:10603219
1537:2 August
1427:22363704
1379:PLOS ONE
1360:10546776
1313:35947046
1260:19264820
1236:: b744.
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1181:58563849
1173:30648727
1123:26740166
1045:32965883
1010:27661654
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806:atosiban
760:receptor
729:diplopia
669:Sulindac
589:Atosiban
571:Flushing
532:, edema
500:glaucoma
441:Diabetes
385:Diabetes
208:Possible
106:agonists
3098:3228310
2901:4688428
2872:The BMJ
2850:8204299
2740:1094787
2552:3714137
2456:7631682
2355:30 July
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1484:9614414
1418:3283660
1387:Bibcode
1304:9364967
1251:2654772
1050:29 July
1018:5537988
751:Ethanol
484:agonist
433:agonist
377:agonist
318:agonist
259:dyspnea
232:agonist
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