296:
experiences a dry season for five months of each year, with monthly rainfall of less than 100 millimetres (3.9 in). This is most marked in the northwest of Maranhão. Rainfall is lowest in
September, with less than 50 millimetres (2.0 in), and greatest in March, with over 375 millimetres (14.8 in). During the wet season the streams and rivers expand and flood the low lying regions. Annual rainfall is about 2,500 millimetres (98 in) in the north, and 1,500 millimetres (59 in) in the drier south where the moist forest merges into
26:
304:
41:
681:
regeneration is difficult. During the period from 2004 to 2011 the ecoregion experienced an annual rate of habitat loss of 0.51%. Global warming will force tropical species to migrate uphill to find areas with suitable temperature and rainfall. Low, flat and deforested ecoregions such as the
Tocantins/Pindare moist forests are extremely vulnerable.
574:
338:, flooded daily by whitewater rivers that take their color from suspended soil and organic matter. The igapó forests are adapted to acidic white sand soils that are poor in nutrients. The trees are lower and less diverse than in the terra firme forests. Common species in the igapó and várzea include
680:
The result is a patchwork of forest remnants, secondary forests, fields, pastures and urban sprawl. Fires are often used to clear land, threatening the remaining forest ecosystems with their many rare species. Seedlings of rainforest trees cannot grow in the dry and eroded pastures, so forest
295:
is "Am": equatorial, monsoonal. Temperatures are fairly steady throughout the year, slightly cooler in August and slightly warmer in April. Average temperatures range from 22 °C (72 °F) to 32 °C (90 °F) with a mean temperature of 27.5 °C (81.5 °F). The ecoregion
669:. The Xingu-Tocantins-Araguaia ecoregion is one of the most developed in the Amazon region, with most of the habitat threatened by cities and highways. There are large industrial and agricultural developments along the roads and colonization along the rivers. The
323:. There is a wide variety of species in the dense evergreen rainforest due to the many rivers and to the transitional nature of the flora between the Amazon basin and the drier southern vegetation. The ecoregion contains flooded forests and terra firme forests.
982:
104:
248:
Most of the region is an alluvial plain formed by the Amazon river. The Serra do
Tiracambu and Serra do Gurupi in the southwest are low hills less than 200 metres (660 ft) high. The
865:
665:, Xingu–Tocantins–Araguaia, and Tocantins–Araguaia–Maranhão moist forests ecoregions on the eastern edge of the Amazon basin have all been badly affected by human settlement and
221:
280:
73:
237:
161:, capital of the state of Pará. It is the most developed part of the Amazon region, and is one of the most severely degraded natural habitats of the region.
677:
flooded 2,430 square kilometres (940 sq mi) of low-lying forest. Over a third of the forests have been cleared, often leaving degraded land.
263:
rivers flow into the mouth of the Amazon and are affected by the daily tides, which force water from the Amazon upstream. The Mearim and
874:
662:
169:
The
Tocantins–Araguaia–Maranhão moist forests ecoregion is the most eastern of the Amazon region. It covers the east of the state of
292:
319:
The ecoregion may be a diversification center for many taxa of trees, and in the past the west of the region may have been a
892:
972:
320:
257:
225:
546:
There are more than 76 species of snakes. The rivers have many fish and aquatic reptiles. Endangered reptiles include
504:
233:
520:
685:
604:
467:
646:
618:
210:
461:
435:
423:
340:
977:
577:
512:
455:
417:
370:
308:
267:
empty into the
Atlantic Ocean. Soils are mainly low in nutrients and consist of deeply weathered clay.
846:
429:
364:
352:
555:
496:
441:
186:
894:
Amazon’s vulnerability to climate change heightened by deforestation and man-made dispersal barriers
411:
346:
56:
217:
25:
638:
626:
528:
488:
563:
789:
787:
785:
480:
459:) may be found along the upper Capim and Guamá rivers. Other rare or threatened trees include
276:
61:
772:
770:
768:
743:
741:
739:
596:
547:
390:
335:
331:
264:
206:
30:
358:
190:
928:
864:
Coca-Castro, Alejandro; Reymondin, Louis; Bellfield, Helen; Hyman, Glenn (January 2013),
249:
688:
covers 2,000 square kilometres (770 sq mi) and offers a degree of protection.
670:
634:
260:
198:
479:
149 species of mammals have been recorded, of which over 80 are bats. Mammals include
303:
224:
along the
Atlantic coast to the northeast. To the southeast the ecoregion adjoins the
966:
666:
386:
946:
202:
194:
154:
150:
77:
445:
is the most important timber tree, growing only in the east of the Amazon region.
912:
585:
536:
453:) is uncommon in the region and there are few orchids. The threatened mahogany (
394:
253:
182:
174:
40:
613:
446:
406:
119:
106:
402:
146:
674:
398:
375:
327:
178:
158:
297:
229:
170:
914:
South
America: Eastern extreme of the Amazon basin in Brazil (NT0170)
379:
197:. It is bordered by the mouth of the Amazon to the northwest and the
92:
793:
776:
747:
817:
592:
591:
517 species of birds have been recorded, including two species of
572:
302:
68:
220:
at the mouth of the Amazon lies to the north. There is a belt of
573:
983:
Neotropical tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
805:
385:
The most common families in the terra firme forests are
201:
to the northeast. The southern border is defined by the
149:
in the north of Brazil to the south of the mouth of the
633:), parrots, parakeets and many migrant birds from the
595:
that are uncommon in other parts of the Amazon region,
98:
88:
83:
67:
55:
50:
18:
873:, Amazonia Security Agenda Project, archived from
684:There are a number of small protected areas. The
726:
724:
722:
720:
281:tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
74:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
584:) in the Parque Ambiental Adhemar Monteiro in
900:, Miami, FL: Florida International University
8:
759:
222:Amazon–Orinoco–Southern Caribbean mangroves
829:
240:on the other side of the Tocantins River.
139:Tocantins–Araguaia–Maranhão moist forests
19:Tocantins–Araguaia–Maranhão moist forests
891:Feeley, Kenneth J.; Rehm, Evan (2013),
794:Tocantins/Pindare moist forests – Myers
777:Tocantins/Pindare moist forests – Myers
748:Tocantins/Pindare moist forests – Myers
696:
867:Land use Status and Trends in Amazonia
611:). Other birds include toucans (genus
238:Xingu–Tocantins–Araguaia moist forests
15:
157:. The ecoregion contains the city of
7:
205:. To the east it is bounded by the
14:
929:"Tocantins/Pindare moist forests"
730:
39:
24:
326:The flooded forests are either
143:Tocantins/Pindaré moist forests
45:Ecoregion territory (in purple)
806:Amazon Basin Ecoregions – Yale
519:). Endangered mammals include
232:ecoregion and elements of the
1:
439:, a large liana. The legume
293:Köppen climate classification
236:. To the west it adjoins the
33:in the south of the ecoregion
234:Mato Grosso seasonal forests
228:. In the south it meets the
189:. Its western border is the
637:. Endangered birds include
521:white-cheeked spider monkey
999:
951:, WWF: World Wildlife Fund
917:, WWF: World Wildlife Fund
605:yellow-crowned night heron
468:Dicypellium caryophyllatum
141:(NT0170), also called the
847:"Amazon Basin Ecoregions"
505:Linnaeus's two-toed sloth
330:, flooded daily by clear
38:
23:
686:Caxiuanã National Forest
647:yellow-bellied seedeater
643:Pteroglossus bitorquatus
619:red-throated piping guan
409:. Tree species include
275:The ecoregion is in the
818:Coca-Castro et al. 2013
673:on the Tocantins below
462:Pilocarpus microphyllus
226:Maranhão Babaçu forests
935:, Myers Enterprises II
830:Feeley & Rehm 2013
651:Sporophila nigricollis
588:
560:Eretmochelys imbricata
541:Pteronura brasiliensis
311:
177:. The main cities are
578:Yellow-rumped cacique
576:
513:nine-banded armadillo
456:Swietenia macrophylla
436:Bauhinia bombaciflora
374:, and members of the
371:Symphonia globulifera
309:Swietenia macrophylla
306:
193:, a tributary of the
973:Ecoregions of Brazil
556:hawksbill sea turtle
517:Dasypus novemcinctus
509:Choloepus didactylus
497:brown-throated sloth
451:Bertholletia excelsa
442:Vouacapoua americana
424:Cenostigma tocantina
153:. It is part of the
851:Global Forest Atlas
609:Nyctanassa violacea
501:Bradypus variegatus
347:Virola surinamensis
341:Caraipa grandiflora
116: /
639:red-necked aracari
627:white-crested guan
589:
568:Trachemys adiutrix
533:Chiropotes satanas
529:black bearded saki
489:red-handed tamarin
418:Lecythis turbinata
312:
211:Baía de São Marcos
796:, All Endangered.
525:Ateles marginatus
485:Alouatta belzebul
481:red-handed howler
430:Bombax tocantinum
365:Mauritia martiana
353:Euterpe oleraceae
332:blackwater rivers
277:Neotropical realm
173:and the north of
135:
134:
990:
958:
957:
956:
942:
941:
940:
924:
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859:
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833:
827:
821:
815:
809:
803:
797:
791:
780:
774:
763:
760:WildFinder – WWF
757:
751:
745:
734:
728:
631:Penelope pileata
601:Egretta tricolor
597:tricolored heron
548:green sea turtle
391:Chrysobalanaceae
131:
130:
128:
127:
126:
121:
120:2.974°S 47.315°W
117:
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43:
28:
16:
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783:
779:, Climate Data.
775:
766:
758:
754:
750:, WWF Abstract.
746:
737:
729:
698:
694:
659:
564:Maranhão slider
477:
359:Ficus pulchella
317:
289:
273:
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191:Tocantins River
167:
125:-2.974; -47.315
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11:
5:
996:
994:
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933:Global Species
925:
911:Sears, Robin,
908:
888:
861:
842:
840:
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835:
834:
822:
810:
798:
781:
764:
752:
735:
695:
693:
690:
658:
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635:Nearctic realm
552:Chelonia mydas
493:Saguinus midas
476:
473:
412:Lecythis odora
316:
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272:
269:
245:
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199:Atlantic Ocean
166:
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995:
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950:
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909:
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880:on 2016-03-19
876:
869:
868:
862:
852:
848:
844:
843:
838:
832:, p. 24.
831:
826:
823:
820:, p. 12.
819:
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697:
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689:
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682:
678:
676:
672:
668:
667:deforestation
664:
663:Tapajós–Xingu
656:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
623:Pipile cujubi
620:
616:
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598:
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583:
579:
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571:
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388:
387:Lecythidaceae
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218:Marajó várzea
214:
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208:
207:Pindaré River
204:
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32:
27:
22:
17:
978:Amazon biome
953:, retrieved
947:
937:, retrieved
932:
919:, retrieved
913:
902:, retrieved
893:
882:, retrieved
875:the original
866:
855:, retrieved
850:
825:
813:
801:
755:
683:
679:
660:
650:
642:
630:
622:
612:
608:
600:
590:
582:Cacicus cela
581:
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532:
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516:
508:
500:
492:
484:
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410:
384:
369:
363:
357:
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345:
339:
325:
318:
290:
274:
247:
215:
203:Mearim River
195:Amazon River
168:
155:Amazon biome
151:Amazon River
142:
138:
136:
671:Tucuruí Dam
586:Paragominas
537:giant otter
395:Burseraceae
300:shrubland.
183:Paragominas
123: /
99:Coordinates
62:Neotropical
967:Categories
955:2017-03-24
948:WildFinder
939:2017-03-24
921:2017-03-25
904:2017-04-03
884:2017-03-24
857:2017-03-22
614:Ramphastos
447:Brazil nut
407:Sapotaceae
258:whitewater
256:, and the
111:47°18′54″W
31:Açailândia
403:Lauraceae
307:Mahogany
147:ecoregion
108:2°58′26″S
84:Geography
399:Fabaceae
382:genera.
376:Tovomita
321:refugium
279:and the
244:Physical
209:and the
187:Bragança
175:Maranhão
165:Location
145:, is an
839:Sources
298:cerrado
287:Climate
283:biome.
271:Ecology
265:Pindaré
230:Cerrado
89:Country
51:Ecology
853:, Yale
675:Marabá
657:Status
645:) and
603:) and
562:) and
535:) and
511:) and
433:, and
380:Clusia
336:várzea
250:Gurupí
93:Brazil
78:Amazon
898:(PDF)
878:(PDF)
871:(PDF)
731:Sears
692:Notes
593:heron
475:Fauna
334:, or
328:igapó
315:Flora
261:Guamá
254:Capim
179:Belém
159:Belém
69:Biome
57:Realm
661:The
503:),
465:and
405:and
378:and
291:The
216:The
185:and
171:Pará
137:The
653:).
625:),
617:),
570:).
554:),
543:).
527:),
495:),
487:),
969::
931:,
849:,
784:^
767:^
738:^
699:^
471:.
427:,
421:,
415:,
401:,
397:,
393:,
389:,
368:,
362:,
356:,
350:,
344:,
252:,
213:.
181:,
76:–
808:.
762:.
733:.
649:(
641:(
629:(
621:(
607:(
599:(
580:(
566:(
558:(
550:(
539:(
531:(
523:(
515:(
507:(
499:(
491:(
483:(
449:(
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