216:
518:
350:
52:
567:
1029:
676:
109:
424:
1806:- "Between 22 June 1941 and the end of the war, roughly 5.7 million members of the Red Army fell into German hands. During January 1945, 930,000 were still in German camps. A million at most had been released, most of whom were so-called "volunteer" (Hilfswillige) for (often compulsory) auxiliary service in the Wehrmacht. Another 500,000, as estimated by the Army High Command, had either fled or been liberated. The remaining 3,300,000 (57.5 per cent of the total) had perished."
40:
1109:, when the Organisation Todt proper was initiated and utilised on the Eastern front. The huge increase in the demand for labour created by the various military and paramilitary projects was satisfied by a series of expansions of the laws on compulsory service, which ultimately obligated all Germans to arbitrarily determined (i.e. effectively unlimited) compulsory labour for the state:
284:), and the projects of the OT became almost exclusively military. The huge increase in the demand for labour created by the various military and paramilitary projects was satisfied by a series of expansions of the laws concerning compulsory service, which ultimately obligated all Germans to arbitrarily determined (i.e., effectively unlimited) compulsory labour for the state:
585:
with compulsory contracts, forcing construction companies to work for the OT. The construction company contracted became a self-contained unit within the OT, composed of technical and administrative staff with the skill and equipment necessary to execute the construction tasks assigned to it. Smaller companies were hence combined to form an
1382:
or other postwar trials in
Germany. Despite a British Secret Service report stating that "Supervisory assignments in OT were generally reserved for Old Party Fighters, Party members with influential connections, and more recently for older SS members in rapidly increasing numbers. The result is that
1214:
At wars end, all Org Todt members received blanket amnesty from the
Western Allies. Many went on to serve in the post-war British and U.S. Labor Services in occupied Germany before emigrating to Britain, Australia, Canada and the United States. The U.S. Labor Service was considered the forerunner of
546:
manager of the
Organisation Todt. Despite Todt's death, the OT continued to exist as an engineering organisation and was given more assignments. At the beginning of 1943, in addition to its continuing work on the Atlantic Wall, the organisation also undertook the construction of launch platforms in
419:
The OT was not given an official name until Hitler bestowed one soon after coming to power in 1933. During 1938 Todt initiated the
Organisation Todt proper as a consortium of administrative offices which Todt had established in the course of the Autobahn project, private companies as subcontractors
1377:
The survivor Arnold
Daghani published his memoirs in 1960 in German translation, accusing companies like Dohrmann and others to have assisted SS, SD and auxiliary troops in the deliberate killing of slave workers. A two-decade-long process against the main culprits with 1,500 witnesses interviewed
1136:
The period from 1942 until the end of the war, with approximately 1.4 million labourers in the service of the
Organisation Todt. Overall, 1% were Germans rejected from military service and 1.5% were concentration camp prisoners; the rest were prisoners of war and compulsory labourers from occupied
584:
with their staff and equipment. Up to about 1942, the construction companies dominated the OT, but after Speer became its director, the government's control of the organisation increased through standardised contracts and uniform pay scales. The volunteer contracts with the OT were later augmented
1373:
were worked to death or shot dead in Nazi-occupied Poland. and 25,000 in German-occupied
Ukraine, as well approximately 50,000 Soviet prisoners of war. The road was issued by the SS that also rented slave labour and half-free labour to OT. OT subcontracted to German building companies and German
1141:
service for
Germans had been reduced to six weeks of perfunctory military training and all available conscript German manpower diverted to military units and direct military support organisations. From the beginning of 1942 at the latest, their place was increasingly taken by prisoners of war and
410:
from 1935. As per the law of 26 June 1935, all male
Germans between the ages of 18 and 25 were required to perform six months of state service. During this period, the work was compensated, at a rate slightly greater than that of unemployment assistance. The working conditions of the labour force
971:
was the security guards of the OT, whose mission was to maintain discipline and order among the foreign workers, as well as guarding the OT construction camps, buildings, and other property against enemy activities and theft. During marches the SK guarded the foreign workers in order to prevent
562:
In 1943, the organisation was administratively incorporated into Albert Speer's
Ministry of Armaments and War Production. Speer's concerns, in the context of an increasingly desperate Germany, in which all production had been severely affected by materials and manpower shortages and by Allied
420:
and the primary source of technical engineering expertise, and the Labour Service as the source of manpower. He was appointed by Hitler as a plenipotentiary for labour for the second four-year plan, decreasing Göring's role. Investment in civil engineering work was reduced greatly.
1928:("Yearbook of Economic History") Munich. booklet 27, p.178, n.88. Quote: "After the war, Henne was arrested and sent to the Soviet Union, where he was sentenced to 25 years in prison. He was back in Germany in 1955 as one of the last German POWs returning from Soviet captivity."
555:. During the summer of that year, German war efforts became increasingly defensive, and the organisation was directed to construct air-raid shelters, repair bombed buildings in German urban areas, and construct underground refineries and armaments factories, also termed
1871:
Gruner, Wolf (2006). Jewish Forced Labor Under the Nazis. Economic Needs and Racial Aims, 1938â1944. Institute of Contemporary History, Munich and Berlin. New York: Cambridge University Press. Published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
1241:
consisted of the German permanent employees of the contractors. as well as conscripts serving with the contracted companies. These employees received uniforms, were given a rank, and were supposed to be given a briefer period of military training. They also included
453:
Between 1939 and 1943, in contrast to the period from 1933 to 1938, fewer than 1,000 km (620 mi) of roadway were added to the Autobahn network. Emphasis shifted to military efforts. The first major project involved the Westwall (known in English as the
1227:
consisted of administrative, supervisory, and clerical staff, recruited through voluntary employment of German citizens, or through conscription of Germans and Volksdeutsche, as well as French citizens working for OT in France, and also included
593:, the German construction industry association. Among the OT contractors were also construction companies in occupied Europe. French, Danish, and Norwegian companies contracted with German companies as sub-contractors for OT building projects.
563:
bombing, ranged over almost the whole of the German war-time economy. Speer managed to increase production significantly, at the cost of a vastly increased reliance on compulsory labour. This applied as well to the labour force of the OT.
1549:, used in the text of this and other laws of the period. Given, however, that by this date legislative power had already been transferred to the executive (i.e., Hitler), primarily by means of the "authorisation law" of 23 March 1933 (
579:
The OT was a co-operative effort of the German government and the German construction industry; the former supplied the manpower and the material, the latter supplied the technical know-how in the form of individual contractors
1060:, since they â as aliens â could not be members of the NSKK, which was a sub-organisation of the Nazi Party. In 1942, Transportbrigade Todt, Transportbrigade Speer, and Legion Speer, was subsumed into an umbrella organisation,
405:
and there was no shortage of available labour. As the economy recovered and the supply of labour became a more serious issue, the OT was able to draw on conscripted (i.e., compulsory) workers, from within Germany through the
381:
project for an entire network of highways, issued on 27 June 1933. He made it a vastly more ambitious public project and the responsibility was given to Fritz Todt as the newly named Inspector General of German Roadways.
603:
Efficiency output contracts, where the materiel and labour was supplied by the OT. The profit was computed on the basis of the wages paid to the contractor's own staff. This was the dominant type of contract from late
385:
By 1934, Todt had succeeded in elevating his office to near cabinet rank. Todt was an extremely capable administrator, and by 1938 the organisation had built more than 3,000 km (1,900 mi) of the roadway. The
626:
as chief of staff. It merged during 1944 with Amt Bau-OT to form Amt Bau-OT Zentrale directed by Speer, and with Dorsch as chief representative of Speer as a minister, and as general plenipotentiary for construction.
1215:
the new German army. The Organisation Todt itself was found not guilty of war crimes at Nuremberg, although its leader Albert Speer served 20 years in Spandau Prison after admitting his crimes against humanity.
490:, which were occupied by Nazi Germany from 30 June 1940 to 9 May 1945. The only camps on British soil operated by the OT were on the Channel Islands; two of these OT camps were given to the management of the
1937:"Bericht des SSPF Friedrich Katzmann, in Lvov/Lemberg 30.6..1943, auch bekannt als "Katzmannbericht" ("Report of the SSPF Friedrich Katzmann, in Lvov / Lemberg 30.6.1943, also known as the "Katzmann Report")
1199:
was a foreign worker that swore an oath of allegiance, wore a uniform, but were not normally armed. They could not include Czechs, Poles, Jews, or Communists. At the end of the war, their designation became
1350:" ("annihilation by labour"). Several SS guards and local collaborators were sentenced to prison and death after the war in trials in Belgrade and Oslo. The head of the responsible OT unit for Scandinavia,
505:. Todt had become convinced that the war on the eastern front could not be won and thought himself independent enough to say as much to Hitler. As a result, some speculation exists that Todt's death was a
1137:
countries. All were effectively treated as slaves and existed in the complete and arbitrary service of a totalitarian state. Many did not survive the work or the war. By the end of the war, the
1514:(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2. U.S. War Department, "The Todt Organization and Affiliated Services"
337:
prisoners; the rest were prisoners of war and forced labourers from occupied countries. All were effectively treated as slaves and existed in the complete and arbitrary service of the
2073:
Germany and the Second World War: Volume 5: Organization and Mobilization of the German Sphere of Power. Part I: Wartime Administration, Economy, and Manpower Resources, 1939â1941
1398:
200:
1378:
resulted in not a single conviction, leading Daghani to call the process "merely a farce, a meaningless gesture. None of the OT personnel were sentenced to prison in the
1146:). During 1943 and 1944, these were further augmented by concentration camp and other prisoners. Beginning in the autumn of 1944, between 10,000 and 20,000 half-Jews (
1084:. Most of the so-called "volunteer" Soviet POW workers were assigned to the Organisation Todt. The history of the forced labour by Nazi Germany has three main phases:
1848:
1460:
276:
The second period lasted from 1938, when the Organisation Todt group proper was created, until February 1942, when Todt died in an aeroplane crash. After the
215:
2213:
330:
600:
Cost reimbursement contract, where the materiel and labour was supplied by the company. It allowed a commission of 4œ% as the profit of the contractor.
475:
333:. Approximately 1.4 million labourers were in the service of the organisation. One per cent were Germans rejected from military service and 1.5% were
288:. From 1938 to 1940, more than 1.75 million Germans were conscripted into labour service. From 1940 to 1942, Organisation Todt began its reliance on
517:
1635:, at the border with France and on the wall. The construction of the HunsrĂŒck Highway forms the basis for the fifth chapter of Edgar Reitz' movie,
1332:
391:
1346:
in Norway, more than 10,000 slave labourers from eastern Europe and some hundred German political prisoners were worked to death as part of the "
1195:
members of the OT. They swore an oath of fidelity to Hitler, wore uniforms, and were armed. The mean age of this group was about 45â50 years. An
1142:
compulsory labourers from occupied countries. Foreign nationals and POWs were often, somewhat euphemistically, referred to as "foreign workers" (
1113:. From 1938 to 1940, over 1.75 million Germans were conscripted into labour service. From 1940 to 1942, Organization Todt began its reliance on
1877:
1383:
in proportion it harbours at least in its permanent administrative staff, possibly more ardent Nazis than a regular formation of the Party.
466:
of Armaments and Munitions in 1940. In 1941, Todt and his organisation were further charged with a project even larger: construction of the
349:
1924:
Gogl, Simon (2020) "Laying the Foundations of Occupation: Organisation Todt and the German Construction Industry in Occupied Norway" in
566:
51:
2029:
1803:
1616:
1534:
1950:("Final solution" in Galicia: The Murder of Jews in Eastern Poland and the Rescue Initiatives of Berthold Beitz; 1941-1944") Berlin
401:
project relied on the open labour market as a source of workers. Germany was at this time still recovering from the effects of the
1028:
2208:
2203:
267:
network. He was able to draw on "conscripted" (i.e., compulsory) labour, from within Germany, through the Reich Labour Service (
2183:
1403:
675:
1157:
1037:
471:
394:
regime. In that period, Todt had also put together the administrative framework of what would become the Organisation Todt.
2180:
U.S. War Department, "The Todt Organization and Affiliated Services" Tactical and Technical Trends No. 30 (July 29, 1943).
1588:
1354:, was extradited to the Soviet Union and served 10 years as a prisoner of war before returning to Hessen in West Germany.
1392:
184:
2189:
Small-scale model of an Organisation Todt security guard, uniform as in autumn 1942 at the rear of the front in Russia
483:
253:
The history of the organisation can be divided into three phases. From 1933 to 1938, before the organisation existed,
1843:
1455:
1627:
One of the quasi-civil projects associated with the Westwall project was the construction of the HunsrĂŒck Highway (
1553:), this, and all other legislation of the Third Reich, was effectively a purely executive order, i.e., a decree (
1098:
network. The organisation was able to use "conscripted" (i.e. compulsory) labour from within Germany through the
204:
159:
2089:
693:
This section is about Organisation Todt administrative units. For the main article about Einsatzgruppen, see
479:
1948:
Endlösung" in Galizien: der Judenmord in Ostpolen und die Rettungsinitiativen von Berthold Beitz; 1941-1944
1179:. Of these, only the German personnel were regarded as being Wehrmacht Auxiliaries (i.e., belonging to the
1040:
supplied motor vehicle transportation for the OT until 1944. The role of the NSKK began in 1938, with the
423:
1167:
All members of the Organisation Todt, even forced labourers, with the exception of Jews, were regarded as
2163:
2003:
1069:
183:. The organisation was responsible for a huge range of engineering projects both in Nazi Germany and in
1828:
Verordnung zur Sicherstellung des KrĂ€ftebedarfs fĂŒr Aufgaben von besonderer staatspolitischer Bedeutung
1816:
Verordnung zur Sicherstellung des KrĂ€ftebedarfs fĂŒr Aufgaben von besonderer staatspolitischer Bedeutung
1440:
Verordnung zur Sicherstellung des KrĂ€ftebedarfs fĂŒr Aufgaben von besonderer staatspolitischer Bedeutung
1428:
Verordnung zur Sicherstellung des KrĂ€ftebedarfs fĂŒr Aufgaben von besonderer staatspolitischer Bedeutung
369:, initiated during 1926 for the purpose of building a high-speed highway between northern Germany and
203:. From 1943 until 1945 during the late phase of the Third Reich, OT administered all constructions of
1106:
1065:
1138:
1099:
1053:
407:
269:
1357:
While building the main military road for Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union, the so-called "
1351:
1052:
was organised and put in charge of the motor transportation for the air base constructions under
623:
334:
277:
1631:, largely coinciding with the B327 and B407 in contemporary Germany). Its southern end was near
2025:
1873:
1799:
1612:
596:
There were several kinds of contracts between OT and OT contractors. The most important were:
529:
501:
Fritz Todt died in an aeroplane crash on 8 February 1942, soon after a meeting with Hitler in
428:
236:
168:
164:
125:
121:
72:
68:
2174:
1490:
1092:), operating between 1933 and 1938, responsible primarily for the construction of the German
2133:
1379:
506:
402:
224:
2098:
Seidler, Franz W. "Die Organisation Todt. Bauen fĂŒr Staat und Wehrmacht 1938-1945." 301 pp.
2063:"The Construction of the Westwall, 1938: An Exemplar for National Socialist Policymaking."
2062:
1852:
1592:
1538:
1464:
1006:
548:
487:
245:
228:
39:
1529:
1045:
694:
495:
463:
455:
293:
1088:
Organisation Todt was preceded by the office of General Inspector of German Roadways (
2197:
1967:("Magazine for the Social History of the 20th and 21st Centuries") v.11, n.1 pp.13â39
1188:
1122:
1114:
1081:
589:. The organisation of OT contractors was standardised through instructions issued by
556:
467:
438:
354:
306:
2148:
1649:
1566:
365:
The autobahn concept had its beginnings in the efforts of a private consortium, the
1253:
1130:
1057:
537:
525:
521:
502:
459:
411:
would change drastically for the worse over the course of the following ten years.
374:
358:
338:
326:
318:
240:
196:
192:
172:
142:
114:
2113:
Hitler's Engineers: Fritz Todt and Albert Speer-Master Builders of the Third Reich
1277:
in OT uniform if volunteers. Civilian clothing for local workers in Scandinavia.
17:
1192:
1126:
446:
312:
220:
57:
2053:"The Engineer as Ideologue: Reactionary Modernists in Weimar and Nazi Germany."
1796:
Keine Kameraden: Die Wehrmacht und die Sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen, 1941-1945
1639:(1984) and one of its main characters is a (fictional) engineer of the project.
1583:
972:
escapes; the ratio of one SK-man per twenty foreign workers was used normally.
329:
succeeded Todt in office and the OT was absorbed into the renamed and expanded
1512:
Jewish Forced Labor Under the Nazis. Economic Needs and Racial Aims, 1938â1944
1343:
1176:
1172:
1118:
908:
868:
685:
552:
433:
301:
254:
232:
180:
176:
134:
1273:
Nordics (English, Norwegians, Swedes, Finns, Dutch, Danes, Flemings, Swiss).
1152:) and persons related to Jews by marriage were recruited into special units.
1148:
367:
HaFraBa (Verein zur Vorbereitung der AutostraĂe HansestĂ€dte-Frankfurt-Basel)
61:
1064:, which in 1944 was made into an organisation independent of the NSKK, the
618:
In 1942 a centralised organisation of the OT was created when Speer became
2188:
1012:
Streifendienst (Patrol Service), mobile Auxiliaries to the Feldgendarmerie
2022:
Builders of the Third Reich: The Organisation Todt and Nazi Forced Labour
1094:
767:
542:
325:
The third period lasted from 1942 until the end of the war in 1945, when
263:
1366:
938:
797:
462:
and serving a similar purpose. Correspondingly, Todt himself was named
2102:
2079:
2052:
1256:, East European volunteers, or forced Labourers of many nationalities.
257:'s primary post was that of the General Inspector of German Roadways (
1836:
Gesetz ĂŒber Sachleistungen fĂŒr Reichsaufgaben (Reichsleistungsgesetz)
1448:
Gesetz ĂŒber Sachleistungen fĂŒr Reichsaufgaben (Reichsleistungsgesetz)
928:
918:
898:
878:
757:
442:
188:
622:. A new HQ in Berlin, Amt OTZ, was created with Ministerialdirigent
1980:("The grave is in the cherry-orchard") Tel Aviv: Weg und Zil Verlag
373:, in Switzerland. While the idea did not originate with the Nazis,
280:, Todt was named the Minister for Armaments and Munitions in 1940 (
1632:
1068:. Inland waterways transportation was since 1937 the scope of the
888:
777:
565:
516:
422:
370:
348:
2071:
Kroener, Bernhard R., Rolf-Dieter Muller, and Hans Umbreit, eds.
1652:
Deutsches Historisches Museum online, 17. September 2015 (German)
1056:
within the OT. Foreign drivers were, however, recruited into the
2120:
Driving Germany: the landscape of the German autobahn, 1930â1970
1370:
1362:
1005:
Ordnungskommando (Order Command), stationary auxiliaries to the
787:
747:
486:. Included with this project were fortifications on the British
1842:. 1939 I, Nr. 166, S. 1645â1654. For further background, see
1531:
Gesetz ĂŒber die Errichtung eines Unternehmens Reichsautobahnen
1044:
in charge of motor transportation for the construction of the
679:
Albert Speer (right) in Finland during the winter of 1943â1944
1991:
The Nazi, the Painter, and the Forgotten Story of the SS Road
1965:
Zeitschrift fĂŒr Sozialgeschichte des 20. und 21. Jahrhunderts
1454:. 1939 I, Nr. 166, S. 1645â54. For further background, see
725:
1374:
engineers oversaw work of the more than 2000 km road.
491:
261:) and his primary responsibility, the construction of the
1845:
Die Ausweitung von Dienstpflichten im Nationalsozialismus
1457:
Die Ausweitung von Dienstpflichten im Nationalsozialismus
2090:"Cars, roads, and economic recovery in Germany, 1932â8."
570:
An Organisation Todt member's service-book from the war.
1545:. "Law" is the literal translation of the German term,
1207:
was the organic personnel of the OT, as opposed to the
509:
assassination, but this has never been substantiated.
1395:(DAW) defence contractor owned and operated by the SS
2039:
Dick, Charles (December 2021), "Organisation Todt",
1261:
Classification of personnel according to nationality
437:) of random civilians to be deported to Germany for
27:
Civil and military engineering group in Nazi Germany
1399:
Forced labour under German rule during World War II
120:
102:
94:
79:
67:
2080:"Mobilization for Total War in Germany 1939â1941."
137:(1933â1942â ), General Inspector of German Roadways
2103:"The Reichsautobahn: Symbol for the Third Reich."
1595:members.a1.net. for additional general background
1211:employees of the contractors working for the OT.
1001:Two special organisations existed within the SK:
341:state. Many did not survive the work or the war.
1903:(1945). London: MIRS, vol. 2., table 1, pp. 1-5.
470:, to fortify the coasts of occupied France, the
353:German soldier in front of part of the OT-built
145:(1942â1945), Minister of Armaments and Munitions
1961:"JĂŒdische Arbeitslager an der 'Strasse der SS'"
1781:Military Intelligence Research Section (1945).
1551:Gesetz zur Behebung der Not von Volk und Reich
1090:Generalinspektor fĂŒr das deutsche StraĂenwesen
331:Reich Ministry of Armaments and War Production
259:Generalinspektor fĂŒr das deutsche StraĂenwesen
199:. The organisation became notorious for using
1724:(1945). London: MIRS, vol. 2., charts 4a, 4b.
390:project became one of the show pieces of the
8:
540:as Minister of Armaments and Munitions, and
32:
1963:("Jewish Labor Camps in the 'SSS Road') in
1495:World War II: German Military Organizations
1891:(1945). London: MIRS, vol. 1., # 115, 129.
1080:Organisation Todt was notorious for using
990:SK-Abteilung (battalion); one or more per
494:from March 1943, converting them into the
282:Reichsminister fĂŒr Bewaffnung und Munition
175:from 1933 to 1945, named for its founder,
2024:(Hardback). London: Bloomsbury Academic.
1862:, Humboldt University, Berlin, 1996â1999.
1798:, Bonn: Dietz (3. Aufl., 1. Aufl. 1978),
1760:(1945). London: MIRS, vol. 2., chart 6a.
1736:(1945). London: MIRS, vol. 2., chart 5b.
1688:(1945). London: MIRS, vol. 1., # 63, 64.
1676:(1945). London: MIRS, vol. 1., # 55, 58.
1664:(1945). London: MIRS, vol. 1., # 54, 62.
1027:
987:SK-Bereitschaft (company of 120-150 men)
674:
214:
1915:(1945). London: MIRS, vol. 2., Table V.
1474:, Humboldt University, Berlin, 1996â99.
1420:
1338:Crimes against humanity and prosecution
1333:Ranks and insignia of Organisation Todt
1318:Stateless German Speakers. "Auslander".
1119:MilitÀrinternierte (military internees)
1105:The period from 1938 until 1942, after
179:, an engineer and senior member of the
1712:(1945). London: MIRS, vol. 2., p. 184.
31:
1484:
1482:
1480:
207:to supply forced labour to industry.
158:
7:
1993:, London: Reaktion Books. pp.147-162
1772:(1945). London: MIRS, vol. 1., # 80.
1748:(1945). London: MIRS, vol. 1., p. 9.
1700:(1945). London: MIRS, vol. 1., p. 8.
981:SK-Kameradschaft (squad of 8-12 men)
249:exhibition in Berlin, 20 March 1941.
139:Minister for Armaments and Munitions
820:Oberbauleitung under Oberbauleiter.
2214:Military logistics of Nazi Germany
1926:Jahrbuch fĂŒr Wirtschaftsgeschichte
663:Central committee for construction
25:
1826:. 1938 I, Nr. 170, S. 1441â1443;
1783:Handbook of the Organisation Todt
1252:Foreign workers, who were either
1860:Forschungsprojekt Gemeinschaften
1472:Forschungsprojekt Gemeinschaften
1115:Gastarbeitnehmer (guest workers)
1032:Flag of the Transportkorps Speer
345:Autobahn construction, 1933â1938
107:
50:
38:
2171:(Deutsches Historisches Museum)
2106:Journal of Contemporary History
2075:(Oxford University Press, 2000)
2056:Journal of Contemporary History
2004:"Handbook of Organisation Todt"
1438:. 1938 I, Nr. 170, S. 1441â43;
1404:Ispettorato Militare del Lavoro
1342:During the construction of the
377:issued a decree establishing a
160:[ÊÉÊÉĄanizaËtsiÌŻoËntoËt]
2002:British Secret Service (1945)
1158:Service du travail obligatoire
805:Area control staffs Army level
794:OT-Einsatzgruppe Russland Nord
591:Wirtschaftsgruppe Bauindustrie
415:Organisation "Todt", 1938â1942
1:
2158:Deutsches Historisches Museum
2135:Einsatz der Organisation Todt
1913:Handbook of Organisation Todt
1901:Handbook of Organisation Todt
1889:Handbook of Organisation Todt
1770:Handbook of Organisation Todt
1758:Handbook of Organisation Todt
1746:Handbook of Organisation Todt
1734:Handbook of Organisation Todt
1722:Handbook of Organisation Todt
1710:Handbook of Organisation Todt
1698:Handbook of Organisation Todt
1686:Handbook of Organisation Todt
1674:Handbook of Organisation Todt
1662:Handbook of Organisation Todt
1516:Tactical and Technical Trends
1187:(front workers) were German,
984:SK-Zug (platoon of 35-60 men)
732:German (national) and foreign
513:Under Albert Speer, 1942â1945
458:), built opposite the French
44:Pennant for Organisation Todt
1834:. 1939 I, Nr. 25, S. 206f.;
1446:. 1939 I, Nr. 25, S. 206f.;
713:Administration and personnel
651:Administration and personnel
496:Alderney concentration camps
2115:(Casemate Publishers, 2010)
2093:The Economic History Review
1611:. Sutton Publishing, 2002.
1585:Zur Geschichte der Autobahn
1266:Germans and Volksdeutsche.
1050:NSKK-Transportbrigade Speer
322:('volunteer') POW workers.
2230:
2143:Historisches Centrum Hagen
1959:Kaienburg, Hermann (1996)
1946:SandkĂŒhler, Thomas (1994)
1607:Showell, Jak P. Mallmann.
1330:
1155:
1100:Reich Labour Service (RAD)
1042:NSKK-Transportbrigade Todt
998:Auxiliary field gendarmery
692:
642:Manpower and social policy
408:Reich Labour Service (RAD)
2083:English Historical Review
1858:, a working paper of the
1568:Reichsarbeitsdienstgesetz
1497:. HBC Historical Clothing
1489:HBC (25 September 2009).
1470:, a working paper of the
1393:Deutsche AusrĂŒstungswerke
1361:" or Road of the SS from
1072:, the Speer river fleet.
815:Basic construction sector
636:Planning and construction
316:('Eastern workers'), and
49:
37:
2184:Monochrome wartime image
2095:(1975) 28#3 pp: 466â483.
2068:(1981) 14#1 pp: 63â78. 0
2066:Central European History
1976:Daghani, Arnold (1960)
1348:vernichtung durch arbeit
1302:Russians, Poles, Czech.
739:OT-Einsatzgruppe Italien
547:northern France for the
532:, Finland, December 1943
2209:Nazi paramilitary ranks
2204:Economy of Nazi Germany
2165:Der Reichsarbeitsdienst
1518:No. 30 (July 29, 1943).
1369:, approximately 20,000
1131:"volunteer" POW workers
1024:Auxiliary organisations
784:OT-Einsatzgruppe Wiking
764:OT-Einsatzgruppe SĂŒdost
2122:(Berghahn Books, 2007)
2020:Dick, Charles (2020).
1989:Bennett, G. H. (2012)
1838:of September 1, 1939,
1830:of February 13, 1939,
1450:of September 1, 1939,
1442:of February 13, 1939,
1033:
754:OT-Einsatzgruppe Reich
680:
571:
536:Todt was succeeded by
533:
450:
362:
310:('civilian workers'),
250:
33:Organisation Todt (OT)
1818:of October 15, 1938 (
1609:Hitler's U-boat bases
1541:Verfassungen.de, n.d.
1430:of October 15, 1938 (
1295:Baltics and Balkans.
1181:Wehrmachtgefolgschaft
1156:Further information:
1070:Transportflotte Speer
1031:
774:OT-Einsatzgruppe West
678:
569:
520:
426:
352:
218:
1785:. London, pp. 77â80.
1359:Durchgangsstrasse IV
1284:Latins and Slovaks.
1209:OT-Firmenangehörige,
1107:Operation Barbarossa
1066:Transportkorps Speer
1062:Transportgruppe Todt
840:Abschnittsbauleitung
744:OT-Einsatzgruppe Ost
716:Front line personnel
684:Area control staffs
671:Administrative units
654:Front area personnel
614:Central organisation
472:occupied Netherlands
302:'military internees'
185:occupied territories
169:military engineering
126:military engineering
73:military engineering
1820:Notdienstverordnung
1629:HunsrĂŒckhöhenstraĂe
1491:"Organization Todt"
1432:Notdienstverordnung
1239:OT-Firmenangehörige
1225:OT-Eigenes Personal
1205:OT-Eigenes Personal
1163:Personnel structure
1139:Reichsarbeitsdienst
631:Amt Bau-OT Zentrale
587:Arbeitsgemeinschaft
270:Reichsarbeitsdienst
205:concentration camps
34:
2088:Overy, Richard J.
2078:Overy, Richard J.
1851:2005-11-27 at the
1794:Christian Streit:
1591:2006-12-22 at the
1537:2017-06-20 at the
1463:2005-11-27 at the
1292:in local uniforms.
1034:
681:
624:Franz Xaver Dorsch
572:
534:
451:
363:
335:concentration camp
298:MilitÀrinternierte
278:invasion of Poland
251:
2175:Organization Todt
1878:978-0-521-83875-7
1510:1. Gruner, Wolf.
1169:Wehrmachtsgefolge
1019:
958:
950:
949:
897:("KyffhÀuser") (
845:Construction site
530:Rovaniemi Airport
237:Reinhard Heydrich
155:Organisation Todt
152:
151:
18:Todt Organization
16:(Redirected from
2221:
2170:
2155:
2140:
2118:Zeller, Thomas.
2111:Taylor, Blaine.
2108:(1984): 189â200.
2101:Shand, James D.
2085:(1988): 613â639.
2058:(1984): 631â648.
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1234:Einsatzarbeiter.
1197:Einssatzarbeiter
1123:civilian workers
1015:
954:
935:Deutschland VIII
867:("Tannenberg") (
726:
719:Medical services
657:Medical services
403:Great Depression
379:Reichsautobahnen
290:Gastarbeitnehmer
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1127:Eastern workers
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2014:Bibliography
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297:
289:
286:Zwangsarbeit
285:
281:
275:
268:
262:
258:
252:
244:
241:Konrad Meyer
193:Soviet Union
173:Nazi Germany
154:
153:
143:Albert Speer
115:Nazi Germany
103:Jurisdiction
60:OT badge at
29:
2177:histclo.com
2169:(in German)
2154:(in German)
2139:(in German)
2132:Ralf Blank
2047:(12): 48â61
1856:(in German)
1597:(in German)
1572:(in German)
1543:(in German)
1468:(in German)
1352:Willi Henne
1048:. In 1939,
937:("Alpen") (
582:(OT-Firmen)
313:Ostarbeiter
221:Rudolf Hess
219:From left:
195:during the
58:Ostarbeiter
56:Woman with
2198:Categories
2150:Fritz Todt
1650:Fritz Todt
1501:16 October
1410:References
1344:Blood Road
1219:Categories
1177:law of war
1173:combatants
1171:, that is
1149:Mischlinge
909:Heidelberg
869:Rastenburg
830:Bauleitung
825:Sub-sector
686:Army Group
553:V-2 rocket
255:Fritz Todt
239:listen to
233:Fritz Todt
181:Nazi Party
177:Fritz Todt
135:Fritz Todt
128:executives
850:Baustelle
707:Technical
95:Dissolved
62:Auschwitz
1849:Archived
1589:Archived
1535:Archived
1508:Sources:
1461:Archived
1387:See also
1095:Autobahn
956:Sources:
768:Belgrade
667:Source:
543:de facto
447:ƻoliborz
431:(Polish
429:round-up
399:Autobahn
388:Autobahn
361:, France
273:, RAD).
264:Autobahn
211:Overview
163:) was a
75:overview
1367:Donetsk
1363:Lemberg
1183:). The
1175:by the
1017:Source:
939:Villach
810:Einsatz
798:Tallinn
480:Denmark
476:Belgium
434:Ćapanka
427:Street
191:to the
85: (
2141:2013 (
2028:
1876:
1802:
1637:Heimat
1615:
1555:Erlass
1547:Gesetz
1312:Jews.
1193:Nordic
1129:, and
945:
929:Prague
919:Munich
899:Weimar
879:Berlin
758:Berlin
710:Supply
639:Supply
507:covert
484:Norway
482:, and
443:Warsaw
189:France
112:
80:Formed
1633:Trier
1415:Notes
1327:Ranks
1191:, or
889:Essen
778:Paris
688:level
604:1942.
528:, at
371:Basel
243:at a
187:from
165:civil
157:(OT;
122:Civil
69:Civil
2026:ISBN
1874:ISBN
1840:RGBl
1832:RGBl
1824:RGBl
1800:ISBN
1613:ISBN
1503:2014
1452:RGBl
1444:RGBl
1436:RGBl
1371:Jews
1246:and
1232:and
1038:NSKK
1036:The
967:The
788:Oslo
748:Kiev
551:and
524:and
392:Nazi
235:and
167:and
124:and
98:1945
87:1933
83:1933
71:and
2006:p.1
1822:),
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