305:. The matrix produces cells that become the nail plate. The width and thickness of the nail plate is determined by the size, length, and thickness of the matrix, while the shape of the fingertip bone determines if the nail plate is flat, arched, or hooked. The matrix will continue to produce cells as long as it receives nutrition and remains in a healthy condition. As new nail plate cells are made, they push older nail plate cells forward; and in this way older cells become compressed, flat, and translucent. This makes the capillaries in the nail bed below visible, resulting in a pink color.
465:, the fingertip, and the surrounding soft tissues from injuries. It also serves to enhance precise delicate movements of the distal digits through counter-pressure exerted on the pulp of the finger. The nail then acts as a counter-force when the end of the finger touches an object, thereby enhancing the sensitivity of the fingertip, although the nail itself has no nerve endings. Finally, the nail functions as a tool enabling a so-called "extended precision grip" (e.g., pulling out a splinter in one's finger), and certain cutting or scraping actions.
560:
888:
1065:. Claws are pointed at their ends and are composed of two layers: a thick, deep layer and a superficial, hardened layer which serves a protective function. The underlying bone is a virtual mold of the overlying horny structure and therefore has the same shape as the claw or nail. Compared to claws, nails are flat, less curved, and do not extend far beyond the tip of the digits. The ends of the nails usually consist only of the "superficial", hardened layer and are not pointed like claws.
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80:
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940:). When it is mixed with a liquid monomer (usually ethyl methacrylate mixed with some inhibitor) it forms a malleable bead. This mixture begins to cure immediately, continuing until completely solid in minutes. Acrylic nails can last up to 21 days but can last longer with touch-ups. To give acrylic nails color, gel polish, nail polish, and dip powders can be applied.
68:
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Iron-deficiency anemia can lead to a pale color along with a thin, brittle, ridged texture. Iron deficiency in general may cause the nails to become flat or concave, rather than convex. As oxygen is needed for healthy nails, an iron deficiency or anemia can lead to vertical ridges or concavity in the
838:
is a building material for new nails; therefore, low dietary protein intake may cause anemia and the resultant reduced hemoglobin in the blood filling the capillaries of the nail bed reflects varying amounts of light incident on the nail matrix resulting in lighter shades of pink ultimately resulting
516:
The nail is often considered an impermeable barrier, but this is not true. In fact, it is much more permeable than the skin, and the composition of the nail includes 7–12% water. This permeability has implications for penetration by harmful and medicinal substances; in particular cosmetics applied to
969:
With the dip powder method, a clear liquid is brushed onto a nail and the nail is then placed into pigmented powder. Dip nails tend to last about a month, 2–3 weeks longer than gel and acrylic nails. It can be worn on natural nails, or with tips to create an artificial nail. Dip powder nails do not
361:
located beneath the nail plate at the junction between the free edge and the skin of the fingertip. It forms a seal that protects the nail bed. The onychodermal band is the seal between the nail plate and the hyponychium. It is just under the free edge, in that portion of the nail where the nail bed
495:
In humans, fingernails grow at an average rate of approx. 3.5 mm (0.14 in) a month, whereas toenails grow about half as fast (approx. average 1.6 mm (0.063 in) a month). Fingernails require three to six months to regrow completely, and toenails require twelve to eighteen months.
380:
form a protective seal. The cuticle is the semi-circular layer of almost invisible dead skin cells that "ride out on" and cover the back of the visible nail plate. The eponychium is the fold of skin cells that produces the cuticle. They are continuous, and some references view them as one entity.
312:("small moon") is the visible part of the matrix, the whitish crescent-shaped base of the visible nail. The lunula can best be seen in the thumb and may not be visible in the little finger. The lunula appears white due to a reflection of light at the point where the nail matrix and nail bed meet.
965:
fabric, or another material to fit on the surface of the nail (or a tip attached prior), to be sealed onto the nail plate with a layer of resin or glue. They do not damage the nail and also provide strength to the nail but are not used to lengthen it. It can also be used to fix broken nails. The
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of the U.S., who set the record in 2001 and as of 2008 had nails with a total length on both hands of 28 feet (850 cm), with the longest nail on her right thumb at 2 feet 11 inches (89 cm).However, as of 2022, the record for woman is held by Diane
Armstrong from Minneapolis.
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can be used in order to create artificial nail extensions, but can also be used like nail polish. They are hardened using ultraviolet light. They last longer than regular nail polish and do not chip. They have a high-gloss finish and last for two to three weeks.
853:
nails. RDAs for iron vary considerably depending on age and gender. The recommendation for men is 8 mg per day, while that of women aged 19–50 is 18 mg per day. After women hit age 50 or go through menopause, their iron needs drop to 8 mg daily.
1060:
In contrast to nails, claws are typically curved ventrally (downwards in animals) and compressed sideways. They serve a multitude of functions—including climbing, digging, and fighting—and have undergone numerous adaptive changes in different animal
599:. The fingernail bed is briefly depressed to turn the nail-bed white. When the pressure is released, the normal pink colour should be restored within a second or two. Delayed return to pink color can be an indicator of certain shock states such as
397:, although a distinction is still drawn here.) It is the cuticle (nonliving part) that is removed during a manicure, but the eponychium (living part) should not be touched due to risk of infection. The eponychium is a small band of living cells (
819:
can lead to excessive dryness, darkened nails, and rounded or curved nail ends. Insufficient intake of both vitamin A and B results in fragile nails with horizontal and vertical ridges. Some over-the-counter vitamin supplements such as certain
315:
The nail bed is the skin beneath the nail plate. It is the area of the nail on which the nail plate rests. Nerves and blood vessels found here supply nourishment to the entire nail unit. Like all skin, it is made of two types of tissues: the
828:
may help in growth of strong nails, although this is quite subjective. Both vitamin B12 and folate play a role in red blood cell production and oxygen transportation to nail cells. Inadequacies can result in discoloration of the nails.
440:
is an infection in this area. The paronychium is the skin that overlaps onto the sides of the nail plate, also known as the paronychial edge. The paronychium is the site of hangnails, ingrown nails, and paronychia, a skin infection.
811:
work together in cases of maintaining homeostasis, creating muscle contraction, transmission of nerve pulses, blood clotting, and membrane structure. A lack of vitamin A, vitamin D, or calcium can cause dryness and brittleness.
1144:
This suggests that whereas claws are useful on large-diameter branches, wide fingertips with nails and epidermal ridges were required for habitual locomotion on small-diameter branches. It also indicates keel-shaped nails of
405:
of the proximal fold that folds back upon itself to shed an epidermal layer of skin onto the newly formed nail plate. The perionyx is the projecting edge of the eponychium covering the proximal strip of the lunula.
998:
from India who set the record in 1998 with a total of 20 feet 2.25 inches (615.32 cm) of nails on his left hand. His longest nail, on his thumb, was 4 feet 9.6 inches (146.3 cm) long.
763:
Nail tools used by different people may transmit infections. Standard hygiene and sanitation procedures avoid transmission. In some cases, gel and cream cuticle removers can be used instead of cuticle scissors.
970:
require any UV/LED light to be cured, instead they are sealed using an activator. The quickest way to remove dip powder is to drill, clip off, or buff out layers of the powder so, when they are soaking in
839:
in white nail beds when the hemoglobin is very low. When hemoglobin is close to 15 or 16 grams, most of the spectrum of light is absorbed and only the pink color is reflected back and the nails look pink.
328:). In old age, the nail plate becomes thinner, and these grooves become more visible. The nail bed is highly innervated, and removal of the nail plate is often excruciatingly painful as a result.
500:
factors. The longest female nails known ever to have existed measured a total of 8.65 m (28 ft 4.5 in). Contrary to popular belief, nails do not continue to grow after death; the skin
346:
protein. Several layers of dead, compacted cells cause the nail to be strong but flexible. Its (transverse) shape is determined by the form of the underlying bone. In common usage, the word
453:
is the area of epithelium, particularly the thickened portion, underlying the free edge of the nail plate. It is sometimes called the "quick", as in the phrase "cutting to the quick".
614:" may form across the nails (horizontal, not along the nail from cuticle to tip). These lines are usually a natural consequence of aging, although they may result from disease.
2216:
Maiolino, S.; Boyer, D.M.; Rosenberger, A. (2011). "Morphological correlates of the grooming claw in distal phalanges of platyrrhines and other primates: A preliminary study".
357:) or distal edge is the anterior margin of the nail plate corresponds to the abrasive or cutting edge of the nail. The hyponychium (informally known as the "quick") is the
785:
occurs where the toenail of the smallest toe is separated, forming a smaller "sixth toenail" in the outer corner of the nail. Like any other nail, it can be cut using a
2325:
703:
is also recommended, as to keep nails from becoming too rough and to remove any small bumps or ridges that may cause the nail to get tangled up in materials such as
362:
ends and can be recognized in fair-skinned people by its glassy, greyish colour. It is not visible in some individuals while it is highly prominent on others.
174:
987:
began tracking record fingernail lengths in 1955, when a
Chinese priest was listed as having fingernails 1 foot 10.75 inches (57.79 cm) long.
2775:
782:
1635:
K. A. Walters and G. L. Flynn, Permeability characteristics of the human nail plate, International
Journal of Cosmetic Science 5, 231–46 (1983)
335:) is where the nail root is; i.e. the base of the nail underneath the skin. It originates from the actively growing tissue below, the matrix.
2200:
1487:
1462:
Cartmill, Matt; Lemelin, Pierre; Schmitt, Daniel (2007). "Primate Gaits and
Primate Origins". In Ravosa, Matthew J.; Dagosto, Marian (eds.).
138:
918:
A person whose occupation is to cut, shape and care for nails as well as to apply overlays such as acrylic and UV gel is sometimes called a
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with a focus in this particular area of medicine. However, most times it is a nail stylist who will note a subtle change in nail disease.
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Manicures (for the hands) and pedicures (for the feet) are health and cosmetic procedures to groom, trim, and paint the nails and manage
289:) that generates cells. The cells harden as they move outward from the nail root to the nail plate. The nail matrix is also known as the
1648:
1503:
Yaemsiri, S.; Hou, N.; Slining, M. M.; He, K. (2010). "Growth rate of human fingernails and toenails in healthy
American young adults".
2272:
350:
often refers to this part only. The nail plate is strongly attached to the nail bed and does not contain any nerves or blood vessels.
1112:) has keeled nails (the thumb and the first and the second toes have claws) featuring a central ridge that ends in a needle-like tip.
2124:
1562:
1403:
1356:
1292:
1573:"A nail-biting encounter with the woman who has the longest fingernails". Guinness World Records. 2019-11-04. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
342:) sometimes referred to as the nail body, is the visible hard nail area from the nail root to the free edge, made of translucent
2259:
Hamrick, Mark W. (1998). "Functional and adaptive significance of primate pads and claws: Evidence from New World anthropoids".
2768:
2311:
1084:
have a grooming claw on second and third toes. Less commonly known, a grooming claw is also found on the second pedal digit of
529:
which is often an ingredient in creams and lotions meant for use on hands and fingers, and several fungicidal agents such as
2079:
933:(also called nail lacquer and nail varnish) to improve the appearance is a common practice dating back to at least 3000 BC.
1793:
Denning, DW; Evans, EG; Kibbler, CC; Richardson, MD; Roberts, MM; Rogers, TR; Warnock, DW; Warren, RE (November 11, 1995).
1072:(original, "primitive") hands with five digits, each equipped with either a nail or a claw. For example, nearly all living
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1634:
2012:
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1795:"Fungal nail disease: a guide to good practice (report of a Working Group of the British Society for Medical Mycology)"
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270:
The nail consists of the nail plate, the nail matrix and the nail bed below it, and the grooves surrounding it.
3177:
293:, keratogenous membrane, or onychostroma. It is the part of the nail bed that is beneath the nail and contains
157:
121:
30:
This article is about the anatomical features of primates' digits. For the structure on some birds' beaks, see
1720:
1202:"Keratin: Structure, mechanical properties, occurrence in biological organisms, and efforts at bioinspiration"
803:
is an essential micronutrient for vision, reproduction, cell and tissue differentiation, and immune function.
606:
Nail growth record can show the history of recent health and physiological imbalances, and has been used as a
559:
2938:
1799:
1151:(a family of New World monkeys) is a derived postural adaptation rather than retained ancestral condition.
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play a large role in healthy skin as well as nails. Splitting and flaking of nails may be due to a lack of
1105:
983:
181:
145:
133:
52:
1669:
Schriger DL, Baraff LJ (Jun 1991). "Capillary refill – is it a useful predictor of hypovolemic states?".
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grows faster than that of the little finger; and fingernails grow up to four times faster than toenails.
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which is the active ingredient in common household bleach (but usually only in 2–3% concentration).
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413:) is the cutaneous fold overlapping the sides and proximal end of the nail. The lateral margin (
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the nails can pose a risk. Water can penetrate the nail as can many other substances including
324:. The epidermis is attached to the dermis by tiny longitudinal "grooves" called matrix crests (
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1994:
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Diminished dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids may contribute to dry and brittle nails.
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401:) that extends from the posterior nail wall onto the base of the nail. The eponychium is
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reduced flexor and extensor tubercles (attachment areas for finger muscles on bones).
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417:) lies beneath the nail wall on the sides of the nail, and the nail groove or fold (
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1896:. Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. 10 January 2022
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primates have nails on all digits except the second toe which is equipped with a
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Actual growth rate is dependent upon age, sex, season, exercise level, diet, and
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595:. However, this test is not considered reliable in adults. This is known as the
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species indicated a correlation between increasing small-branch foraging and:
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In mammals, the growth rate of nails is related to the length of the terminal
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37:"Toenail" and "Fingernail" redirect here. For the construction technique, see
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Biotin-rich foods and supplements may help strengthen brittle fingernails.
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10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199806)106:2<113::AID-AJPA2>3.0.CO;2-R
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2013:"- Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D - NCBI Bookshelf"
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583:) often use the fingernail beds as a cursory indicator of distal tissue
262:
A. Nail plate; B. lunula; C. root; D. sinus; E. matrix; F. nail bed; G.
2621:
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1033:, meaning a keratin structure at the end of a digit. Other examples of
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421:) are the cutaneous slits into which the lateral margins are embedded.
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since ancient times. Deep, horizontally transverse grooves known as "
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deficiencies, drug reaction or poisoning, or merely local injury.
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is a protective plate characteristically found at the tip of the
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725:. Toe infections, for instance, can be caused or exacerbated by
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Bluish or purple fingernail beds may be a symptom of peripheral
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2307:
2080:"Gel Manicures Look Good, but What's the Damage to Your Nails?"
436:
The paronychium is the soft tissue border around the nail, and
2726:
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2195:(3rd ed.). London, UK: Academic Press. pp. 342–344.
1946:
Zempleni, J; R.B. Rucker; D.B. McCormick; J.W. Suttie (2007).
1505:
Journal of the
European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
211:
775:
Nail disease can be very subtle and should be evaluated by a
473:
The growing part of the nail is under the skin at the nail's
226:
animals. Fingernails and toenails are made of a tough rigid
2026:
Cashman MW, Sloan SB (2010). "Nutrition and nail disease".
1915:
Langan, Robert C.; Zawistoski, Kimberly J. (15 June 2011).
634:(concave) can indicate illness in other areas of the body,
488:(outermost finger bones). Thus, in humans, the nail of the
699:
The best way to care for nails is to trim them regularly.
1115:
A study of the fingertip morphology of four small-bodied
915:
can also be fixed onto real nails for cosmetic purposes.
618:, thinning, thickening, brittleness, splitting, grooves,
461:
A healthy fingernail has the function of protecting the
1553:
Hunter, J. A. A., Savin, J., & Dahl, M. V. (2002).
2169:"Longest fingernails on a pair of hands ever (female)"
1376:
1392:
Jordan, Christopher; Mirzabeigi, Edwin (2000-04-01).
2184:
2182:
2100:"Everything You Need to Know About Dip Powder Nails"
748:. Common organisms causing nail infections include
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2116:
A Practical Guide to Beauty
Therapy for NVQ Level 2
1746:"Geriatric nail disorders: Diagnosis and treatment"
168:
156:
144:
132:
120:
108:
103:
91:
86:
60:
1744:Cohen, Philip R.; Scher, Richard K. (1992-04-01).
2155:"Crash breaks woman's record-length fingernails"
990:The current record-holder for men, according to
922:. The place where a nail stylist works may be a
1750:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
1630:
1628:
2769:
2319:
1733:American Academy of Dermatology – Nail Health
1419:Wang, Quincy C; Johnson, Brett A (May 2001).
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
936:Acrylic nails are made out of acrylic glass (
899:. They require various tools such as cuticle
8:
1068:With only a few exceptions, primates retain
575:Healthcare and pre-hospital-care providers (
1557:. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Science. p. 173.
1234:
1232:
481:, which is the only living part of a nail.
2999:
2958:
2797:
2776:
2762:
2754:
2594:
2326:
2312:
2304:
1466:Primate Origins: Adaptations and Evolution
1239:Onumah, Neh; Scher, Richard K (May 2009).
2261:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2189:Ankel-Simons, Friderun (8 January 2007).
1988:
1978:
1869:
1820:
1761:
1608:
1220:
783:Inherited accessory nail of the fifth toe
1378:Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
744:, and walking unprotected in an unclean
1963:"Nail as a window of systemic diseases"
1395:Atlas of orthopaedic surgical exposures
1192:
1002:The former record-holder for women was
1961:Singal, Archana; Arora, Rahul (2015).
714:, which indicates oxygen deprivation.
185:
57:
1583:Vreeman, R. C; Carroll, A. E (2007).
1332:Nail Structure and Products Chemistry
966:treatment is however more expensive.
695:A set of professional nail care tools
683:on hair, fingernails, toenails, etc.
7:
721:. They can also peel, break, and be
504:and tightens, making the nails (and
2062:"Secret Ingredient: Acrylic Liquid"
2040:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.037
1917:"Update on Vitamin B12 Deficiency"
1123:expanded apical pads (fingertips),
1049:and the hooves of running mammals
25:
2141:"How to Remove Dip Nails at Home"
1967:Indian Dermatology Online Journal
1351:. Lea & Febiger. p. 80.
1283:(4th ed.). Thieme. pp.
641:Nails can also become thickened (
563:Thumbnail of the right hand with
376:Together, the eponychium and the
2291:
2192:Primate Anatomy: An introduction
1517:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03426.x
953:are formed by cutting pieces of
929:Painting the nails with colored
665:). A common nail disorder is an
78:
66:
27:Hard keratin protection of digit
1846:"Double Nail of the Little Toe"
732:, specific types of aggressive
880:Toenails painted with magenta
278:The nail matrix is the active
1:
1723:. Capillary nail refill test.
1683:10.1016/S0196-0644(05)82375-3
1345:Crouch, James Ensign (1985).
1280:Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy
1222:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2015.06.001
1209:Progress in Materials Science
717:Nails can dry out, just like
1763:10.1016/0190-9622(92)70075-Q
1480:10.1007/978-0-387-33507-0_12
1183:, overgrown, claw-like nails
1161:List of cutaneous conditions
1126:developed epidermal ridges (
2785:Skin and related structures
1601:10.1136/bmj.39420.420370.25
1330:D. Schoon, Dougles (2005).
679:is a technique employed by
525:that is harmful to humans,
3194:
1710:Capillary nail refill test
1646:Monterey County EMS Manual
1133:broadened distal parts of
926:or nail shop or nail bar.
865:
587:of individuals who may be
552:
428:
369:
50:
36:
29:
2267:(2). Wiley-Liss: 113–27.
2157:. NBCNews. December 2009.
1921:American Family Physician
1813:10.1136/bmj.311.7015.1277
1425:American Family Physician
238:also found in the claws,
180:
77:
65:
41:. For the 2023 film, see
1980:10.4103/2229-5178.153002
1850:Skin Appendage Disorders
1705:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
1348:Functional human anatomy
974:, they slide right off.
630:(convex), flatness, and
429:Not to be confused with
2939:Loose connective tissue
1800:British Medical Journal
1398:. Thieme. p. 101.
326:cristae matricis unguis
218:, corresponding to the
3062:Bulb with matrix cells
2335:Human regional anatomy
2028:Clinics in Dermatology
1311:. Biology Online. 2005
1277:Feneis, Heinz (2000).
1137:(fingertip bones), and
1106:needle-clawed bushbaby
1100:), and possibly other
1024:
1021:distinguishing feature
984:Guinness World Records
892:
884:
772:
696:
572:
419:sulcus matricis unguis
267:
182:Anatomical terminology
53:anatomical terminology
2218:The Anatomical Record
2173:guiness world records
2113:Simms, Janet (2003).
1844:Haneke E (May 2016).
1023:of the primate order.
1018:
1011:Evolution in primates
890:
879:
843:Essential fatty acids
770:
738:long-distance running
694:
562:
549:Clinical significance
261:
3085:Arrector pili muscle
2975:Apocrine sweat gland
2300:at Wikimedia Commons
1948:Handbook of vitamins
1555:Clinical dermatology
1421:"Fingertip Injuries"
1334:. Milady. p. 6.
98:Integumentary system
2980:Eccrine sweat gland
2928:Panniculus carnosus
2923:Panniculus adiposus
2907:Subcutaneous tissue
1721:St. Luke's Hospital
857:Society and culture
793:Effect of nutrition
681:forensic scientists
543:sodium hypochlorite
3095:Pilosebaceous unit
2944:Superficial fascia
2853:Basal keratinocyte
2820:Stratum granulosum
2119:. Nelson Thornes.
2088:. 12 October 2019.
1657:Patient assessment
1651:2008-12-16 at the
1443:on 13 October 2008
1200:Wang, Bin (2016).
1053:from the claws of
1037:include the claw,
1025:
893:
885:
773:
697:
626:, receded lunula,
597:CRT or blanch test
573:
537:branded Monistat,
508:) appear to grow.
268:
163:H3.12.00.3.02001
51:This article uses
3165:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3112:
3111:
3017:Inner root sheath
3012:Outer root sheath
2901:
2900:
2845:Basement membrane
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2296:Media related to
2224:(12): 1975–1990.
2202:978-0-12-372576-9
2102:. 3 January 2017.
1927:(12): 1425–1430.
1862:10.1159/000443378
1807:(7015): 1277–81.
1489:978-0-387-30335-2
1102:New World monkeys
903:, nail scissors,
667:ingrowing toenail
649:), infected with
624:small white spots
353:The free margin (
274:Parts of the nail
266:; H. free margin.
196:
195:
191:
72:Human fingernails
16:(Redirected from
3185:
3000:
2959:
2934:Membranous layer
2830:Malpighian layer
2825:Stratum spinosum
2798:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2755:
2595:
2526:Vertebral column
2328:
2321:
2314:
2305:
2295:
2285:
2284:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2230:10.1002/ar.21498
2213:
2207:
2206:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2143:. 14 April 2020.
2137:
2131:
2130:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2068:. June 27, 2011.
2058:
2052:
2051:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1992:
1982:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1873:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1824:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1765:
1741:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1666:
1660:
1643:
1637:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1612:
1595:(7633): 1288–9.
1580:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1469:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1439:. Archived from
1416:
1410:
1409:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1274:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1236:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1206:
1197:
1135:distal phalanges
1117:New World monkey
996:Shridhar Chillal
913:Artificial nails
521:, a fast acting
381:(Thus the names
338:The nail plate (
331:The nail sinus (
188:edit on Wikidata
82:
70:
58:
21:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3178:Nails (anatomy)
3168:
3167:
3166:
3157:
3108:
3104:sebaceous gland
3089:
3071:
3033:
2989:
2948:
2897:
2886:Dermal papillae
2867:
2839:
2815:Stratum lucidum
2810:Stratum corneum
2787:
2782:
2752:
2743:
2673:
2584:
2489:
2461:
2351:
2337:
2332:
2288:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2188:
2187:
2180:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1950:(4th ed.).
1945:
1944:
1940:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1702:
1698:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1653:Wayback Machine
1644:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1585:"Medical myths"
1582:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1552:
1548:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1276:
1275:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1230:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1181:Onychogryphosis
1157:
1055:earlier animals
1045:. The nails of
1027:The nail is an
1013:
980:
874:
866:Main articles:
864:
859:
795:
689:
687:Health and care
671:onychocryptosis
663:onychodystrophy
643:onychogryphosis
608:diagnostic tool
557:
551:
514:
471:
459:
447:
434:
427:
415:margo lateralis
409:The nail wall (
374:
368:
276:
256:
192:
73:
56:
49:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3191:
3189:
3181:
3180:
3170:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3099:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3027:Huxley's layer
3024:
3014:
3008:
3006:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2911:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2877:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2835:Stratum basale
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2500:
2498:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2287:
2286:
2251:
2208:
2201:
2178:
2160:
2146:
2132:
2125:
2105:
2091:
2071:
2053:
2018:
2004:
1953:
1938:
1907:
1885:
1836:
1785:
1756:(4): 521–531.
1736:
1725:
1713:
1696:
1661:
1655:. Chapter XI,
1638:
1624:
1575:
1566:
1546:
1511:(4): 420–423.
1495:
1488:
1454:
1431:(10): 1961–6.
1411:
1404:
1384:
1364:
1357:
1337:
1322:
1300:
1293:
1254:
1241:"Nail Surgery"
1228:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1176:Hand fetishism
1173:
1171:Foot fetishism
1168:
1163:
1156:
1153:
1148:Callitrichines
1142:
1141:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1012:
1009:
979:
978:Length records
976:
863:
860:
858:
855:
794:
791:
771:Human toenails
756:(particularly
688:
685:
553:Main article:
550:
547:
531:salicylic acid
513:
510:
477:end under the
470:
467:
463:distal phalanx
458:
455:
446:
443:
426:
423:
370:Main article:
367:
364:
275:
272:
255:
252:
194:
193:
184:
178:
177:
172:
166:
165:
160:
154:
153:
148:
142:
141:
136:
130:
129:
124:
118:
117:
112:
106:
105:
101:
100:
95:
89:
88:
84:
83:
75:
74:
71:
63:
62:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3190:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3067:Hair follicle
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3022:Henle's layer
3020:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2858:Lamina lucida
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2767:
2765:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2128:
2126:9780748771509
2122:
2118:
2117:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2034:(4): 420–25.
2033:
2029:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1908:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1677:(6): 601–15.
1676:
1672:
1671:Ann Emerg Med
1665:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1563:0-632-05916-8
1560:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1458:
1455:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1412:
1407:
1405:0-86577-776-4
1401:
1397:
1396:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1358:9780812109306
1354:
1350:
1349:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1326:
1323:
1310:
1309:"Nail matrix"
1304:
1301:
1296:
1294:3-13-511204-7
1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1242:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:grooming claw
1075:
1074:strepsirrhine
1071:
1070:plesiomorphic
1066:
1064:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:
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847:linoleic acid
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823:
822:multivitamins
818:
815:Insufficient
813:
810:
806:
802:
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784:
780:
778:
777:dermatologist
769:
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682:
678:
677:DNA profiling
674:
672:
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664:
660:
656:
655:onychomycosis
652:
648:
645:), loosened (
644:
639:
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629:
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617:
616:Discoloration
613:
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340:corpus unguis
336:
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303:blood vessels
300:
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291:matrix unguis
288:
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232:alpha-keratin
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64:
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54:
47:
45:
40:
33:
19:
3130:
3117:
2971:Sweat glands
2863:Lamina densa
2731:
2641:
2475:Adam's apple
2264:
2260:
2254:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2191:
2172:
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2027:
2021:
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1970:
1966:
1956:
1947:
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1920:
1910:
1898:. Retrieved
1888:
1856:(4): 163–7.
1853:
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1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1441:the original
1428:
1424:
1414:
1394:
1387:
1377:
1367:
1347:
1340:
1331:
1325:
1313:. Retrieved
1303:
1279:
1245:. Retrieved
1212:
1208:
1195:
1166:Nail disease
1146:
1143:
1128:fingerprints
1114:
1109:
1097:
1089:
1067:
1059:
1034:
1028:
1026:
1019:Nails are a
1001:
991:
989:
982:
981:
968:
949:
942:
935:
928:
920:nail stylist
917:
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851:
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834:
831:
814:
799:
796:
787:nail clipper
781:
774:
762:
716:
709:
698:
675:
640:
612:Beau's lines
605:
574:
555:Nail disease
515:
512:Permeability
494:
490:index finger
483:
472:
460:
448:
435:
418:
414:
410:
408:
402:
391:perionychium
390:
386:
382:
375:
354:
352:
347:
339:
337:
333:sinus unguis
332:
330:
325:
314:
307:
290:
277:
269:
199:
197:
139:A16.0.01.001
114:
43:
3153:Hyponychium
3148:Paronychium
3126:Nail matrix
3004:Root sheath
2963:Skin glands
1470:. pp.
1381:, Elsevier.
1243:. eMedicine
1215:: 229–318.
1086:owl monkeys
1004:Lee Redmond
931:nail polish
882:nail polish
817:vitamin B12
746:environment
647:onycholysis
620:Mees' lines
601:hypovolemia
567:(left) and
451:hyponychium
445:Hyponychium
425:Paronychium
355:margo liber
264:hyponychium
248:vertebrates
104:Identifiers
44:Fingernails
32:Nail (beak)
3143:Eponychium
3131:Nail plate
3039:Hair shaft
2915:Panniculus
2642:Fingernail
1188:References
1098:Callicebus
955:fiberglass
951:Nail wraps
924:nail salon
909:nail files
659:degenerate
589:dehydrated
581:paramedics
535:miconazole
502:dehydrates
498:hereditary
438:paronychia
431:Parenchyma
399:epithelium
395:synonymous
383:eponychium
372:Eponychium
366:Eponychium
359:epithelium
39:Toenailing
2985:Sebaceous
2893:Reticular
2881:Papillary
2802:Epidermis
2558:Genitalia
1772:0190-9622
1525:1468-3083
944:Gel nails
805:Vitamin D
801:Vitamin A
740:), tight
585:perfusion
539:natamycin
523:herbicide
486:phalanges
479:epidermis
393:would be
322:epidermis
254:Structure
222:in other
214:) of all
3172:Category
2687:Buttocks
2607:Shoulder
2442:Mandible
2375:Forehead
2238:22042603
2085:HuffPost
2048:20620759
1999:25821724
1933:21671542
1894:"Biotin"
1880:27386457
1649:Archived
1619:18156231
1533:19744178
1447:10 March
1437:11388710
1373:Elsevier
1315:10 March
1247:10 March
1155:See also
1110:Euoticus
1082:Tarsiers
1047:primates
992:Guinness
901:scissors
897:calluses
891:Nail art
872:pedicure
868:manicure
742:footwear
734:exercise
723:infected
712:cyanosis
636:nutrient
632:spooning
628:clubbing
569:hangnail
519:paraquat
475:proximal
457:Function
320:and the
284:germinal
224:tetrapod
216:primates
3057:Medulla
3047:Cuticle
2732:Toenail
2622:Forearm
2568:Scrotum
2514:Midriff
2504:Abdomen
2497:(Trunk)
2447:Occiput
2390:Eyebrow
2281:9637179
2246:3939930
2015:. 2011.
1990:4375768
1900:15 July
1871:4908446
1831:7496239
1822:2551187
1780:1597537
1691:2039096
1610:2151163
1051:evolved
972:acetone
862:Fashion
836:Protein
809:calcium
565:cuticle
403:the end
387:cuticle
378:cuticle
344:keratin
236:polymer
230:called
228:protein
208:fingers
127:D009262
87:Details
18:Toenail
3136:Lunula
3077:Muscle
3052:Cortex
2954:Adnexa
2919:Pannus
2873:Dermis
2667:Little
2657:Middle
2637:Finger
2612:Axilla
2553:Pelvis
2546:Nipple
2541:Breast
2536:Thorax
2480:Throat
2457:Temple
2420:Tongue
2400:Eyelid
2279:
2244:
2236:
2199:
2123:
2046:
1997:
1987:
1931:
1878:
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1829:
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1607:
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1541:856692
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1486:
1435:
1402:
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1291:
1104:. The
1041:, and
1035:ungues
1030:unguis
907:, and
826:biotin
750:yeasts
701:Filing
657:), or
651:fungus
591:or in
541:; and
469:Growth
389:, and
318:dermis
310:lunula
295:nerves
287:matrix
280:tissue
240:hooves
204:digits
115:unguis
93:System
46:(film)
3102:Hair
2717:Ankle
2697:Thigh
2652:Index
2647:Thumb
2627:Wrist
2617:Elbow
2590:Limbs
2573:Vulva
2563:Penis
2519:Navel
2509:Waist
2495:Torso
2452:Scalp
2425:Tooth
2410:Mouth
2380:Cheek
2298:Nails
2242:S2CID
2066:Nails
1537:S2CID
1474:–35.
1287:–95.
1205:(PDF)
1094:titis
1090:Aotus
1043:talon
994:, is
959:linen
754:molds
730:socks
727:dirty
705:cloth
593:shock
571:(top)
299:lymph
244:horns
220:claws
186:[
175:54326
110:Latin
3118:Nail
2995:Hair
2793:Skin
2737:Sole
2722:Heel
2712:Foot
2707:Calf
2702:Knee
2662:Ring
2632:Hand
2580:Anus
2531:Back
2485:Nape
2467:Neck
2405:Nose
2385:Chin
2370:Face
2365:Hair
2357:Head
2349:Skin
2343:Body
2277:PMID
2234:PMID
2197:ISBN
2121:ISBN
2044:PMID
1995:PMID
1929:PMID
1902:2023
1876:PMID
1827:PMID
1776:PMID
1768:ISSN
1687:PMID
1615:PMID
1559:ISBN
1529:PMID
1521:ISSN
1484:ISBN
1449:2010
1433:PMID
1400:ISBN
1353:ISBN
1317:2010
1289:ISBN
1249:2010
1063:taxa
1039:hoof
963:silk
938:PMMA
870:and
824:and
807:and
752:and
719:skin
577:EMTs
527:urea
506:hair
449:The
348:nail
308:The
301:and
282:(or
242:and
234:, a
212:toes
210:and
200:nail
151:7065
134:TA98
122:MeSH
61:Nail
2727:Toe
2692:Hip
2679:Leg
2599:Arm
2437:Jaw
2432:Ear
2415:Lip
2395:Eye
2269:doi
2265:106
2226:doi
2222:294
2036:doi
1985:PMC
1975:doi
1866:PMC
1858:doi
1817:PMC
1809:doi
1805:311
1758:doi
1679:doi
1605:PMC
1597:doi
1593:335
1589:BMJ
1513:doi
1476:doi
1472:403
1285:392
1217:doi
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