40:
609:, and was concluded after a preliminary courtship, an agreement between the parents, and the payment of bride-price to the father of the bride. The wedding typically lasted three days, and was accompanied by a feast where special rituals, songs, and dances were performed. Following the wedding, the new groom took his wife to his nomad camp, separate from his family's, where they set up their own tent and began to live as an independent family unit. If the bride had premarital children, they remained with her father and were considered his children. Mixed Russian-Tofalar marriages are common today.
39:
94:
114:
81:
1127:
545:
following their death; the deceased were buried with their personal belongings under the belief that they would need them in the next life. Notably, they believed that in Erlik, everything was the 'wrong way around,' so the objects accompanying the dead had to be damaged. The
Tofalar death ritual has
320:
instead argued that the
Tofolar were a Ket (Yeniseian)-speaking tribe who adopted a Turkic language in the 6th-8th centuries and adapted for their own phonological system; they would go on to take on other influences, including the Samoyeds, among others. The Tofalar culture is generally believed to
464:
The
Tofalar were traditionally nomadic, and their economy centered around reindeer husbandry, trapping, and hunting. On average, one household kept anywhere from 20 to 30 reindeer, which they used for transportation, clothing, shelter, and food. Reindeer milk was used for drinking and making cheese
612:
Men were charged with hunting, fishing, pasturing reindeer, and creating various tools and objects from wood. Women ran the household, cared for children, prepared food, and preserved and stored food; it was also women who charted out the nomadic routes of the household, gathering the reindeer and
496:
During the Soviet era, most
Tofalar made their living working on state farms, even after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The Tofalar today are sedentary and primarily live in modern timber houses but still use traditional tents as storage. Hunting and fishing are the primary economic activities,
408:
In 2017, the
Nizhneudinsky District administration cancelled all benefits for air transport between Nizhneudinsk and Tofalaria settlements; previously, a helicopter ticket to Nizhneudinsk cost 750 rubles while beneficiaries flew for free. Afterwards, the government established a new fixed cost: it
381:
The
Soviets abolished the yasaq in 1926; in 1927, they enacted new hunting regulations and declared part of the former hunting grounds reservations., thus requiring Tofalar to get a permit to hunt in their native forests. Under new regulations, the moose the Tofalar used to eat now belonged to the
451:. The Tofa language did not have a written form until 1989, when the linguist Valentin Rassadin created a writing system based on the Cyrillic alphabet; in the 1990s, Tofalar activists successfully campaigned for their local schools to teach the children in the Tofa language.
344:
princes. The
Tofalar eventually moved from their homeland on the slopes of the Sayan Mountains up north to their current location during the 17th century. Historically, they have had extensive contact with the Tozhu Tuvans, sharing many similarities in culture and language.
393:: Krasnyi Okhotnik, Kirov and Kyzyl-Tofa. In 1930, a Tofalar national district with Alygdzher as its centre, was formed in the Irkutsk region. Several Russian speaking schools founded in the 1930s, where Tofalar children were taught Russian, displacing the Tofa language.
372:
Before the Soviet takeover, Tofalar mainly bartered with
Russians, Buryats, and Mongol traders, acquiring saddles of Buryat and Mongol manufacture, hunting knives, axes, felt saddlecloths, harnesses, treated sheepskin, and diverse textiles and ornaments.
409:
would cost 1500 rubles to fly to
Alygdzher and Upper Gutara, and 1300 rubles to Nerkha. This decision was widely unpopular among the Tofalar, as they believed the small-numbered indigenous peoples should have the right to move freely on their territory.
273:
and contains the Turkic plural suffix -lar, thus translating to "Tofas"; Tofalar means "people of the deer." The
Tofalar were formerly known as 'Karagas,' which was derived from the name of one particular Tofalar clan, the Kara-Kash or Karahaash.
4152:
681:
404:
The Tofalar today continue to fight for their rights to the land of their ancestors; of particular concern are non-native business men cutting down local cedar forests, the traditional hunting grounds of the Tofalar.
2690:
616:
Customarily, it was the youngest son who remained in the paternal tent and inherited the familial home. On the death of her husband, the widow inherited all the property of her deceased husband.
365:
furs, though this amount was often arbitrarily increased. As a result of this close contact, the Tofalar adopted many aspects of Russian culture, religion, and language. They were converted to
489:
for their fur, using rifles and accompanied by dogs. Alongside the curing of meat and the drying of reindeer milk for winter provisions, the Tofalar supplemented their diet with dried tubers (
546:
been greatly influenced by Christianity, and the Tofalar, like Russian Christians, mark the ninth day, fortieth day, sixth month, and first year after the death of a relative.
493:), wild onions, and pine and cedar nuts. Historically, products such as flour, groats, salt, sugar, tea, tobacco, and alcohol were purchased from traders in exchange for furs.
382:
state and were not allowed to be killed for food. The Soviets next enacted a campaign to force the Tofalar into adopting sedentarism and resettled them onto the sites of
2449:
836:
3791:
3950:
601:: The western group of nomadic camps, which included the territory of the Kara-Kash and Saryt-Haash clans on the Agul, Tagul, Gutara, Big Birius, and Iuglym rivers.
298:
by the end of the end of third millennium BCE and beginning of the second millennium BCE. During the Old Turkic period, the ancestors of the Tofalars underwent
3945:
773:
477:) in the summer. The Tofalar also hunt and eat deer, bear, waterfowl, and fish in autumn ponds during the spawning season; additionally, they hunted sables,
2597:
2466:
3454:
2903:
2892:
2416:) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity. In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former
1098:
856:
2704:
661:
1164:
4147:
2442:
999:
595:: The middle group of nomadic camps, which included the territory of the Cheptai clan on the Little Birius, Nerkha, Erma, and Iaga rivers.
396:
In 1948, industrial gold mining was developed in Tofalaria; after its termination, the region became completely subsidized by the state.
882:
386:, Utkum, Nerkha and Gutara. By 1932, all of the Tofalar had been resettled and their reindeer and hunting grounds were collectivized.
312:
and J. G. Georgi initially regarded the Tofalar as a Samoyedic people, and that they had only adopted their Turkic language from the
714:
4142:
2435:
497:
and deer continue to be used as a means of transport. Men leave their villages during winter to go hunting in the cedar forests.
226:. The Tofalar population is highly mixed with Russians due to the presence of Russian settlers and high rates of intermarriage.
4137:
1443:
964:
3670:
505:
Additionally, the Tofalar practice wrestling, archery, and horse racing. Traditional Tofalar music instruments include the
4007:
3740:
3156:
562:), though there used to be seven. Each clan consisted of a group of closely related families descended from one ancestor (
154:
3696:
3378:
1978:
1157:
354:
3980:
1024:
389:
In 1929, the first co-operative farms were formed, and from 1930 to 1931, the Tofalar were collectivized into three
2044:
3882:
3735:
1131:
585:), which included the territory of the Chogdu, Akchugdu, and Kara-Chogdu clans on the Yda, Kara-Burn, Ytkum, and
4045:
3710:
2713:
2376:
2335:
1503:
989:
340:, they were subject to the Mongol khans and paid tribute to them; later, they were subjugated by the western
4157:
3765:
2458:
1543:
1468:
1232:
1225:
1150:
707:
Islamic Peoples of the Soviet Union (with an appendix on the non-Muslim Turkic peoples of the Soviet Union)
3526:
3355:
2366:
215:
2685:
3818:
3531:
3502:
3439:
2022:
1317:
258:
3965:
2790:
2361:
1698:
1322:
1202:
530:
988:
Olson, James Stuart; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas Charles; Pappas, Nicholas C. J. (1994).
774:"People of the Deer Living near Lake Baikal: Dynamics of Ethno-Cultural Identity of Modern Tofalars"
3833:
3823:
3810:
3628:
3521:
3507:
2699:
2225:
1513:
1248:
288:
250:
287:
The ancestors of the Tofalar (and the closely related Soyots, Tozhu Tuvans, and Dukha) were proto-
4116:
4040:
3985:
3877:
3804:
3720:
3227:
1906:
1708:
1618:
1518:
440:
309:
270:
242:
657:
3751:
3745:
3725:
3681:
3492:
3234:
2064:
1963:
1424:
1282:
995:
739:
710:
366:
317:
4106:
3970:
3828:
3772:
3556:
3429:
3280:
3084:
3046:
2853:
2371:
2017:
1864:
1733:
1665:
1594:
1538:
1523:
1508:
1493:
1463:
1453:
1429:
1365:
1272:
444:
326:
199:
138:
3576:
4111:
4060:
4035:
3955:
3911:
3859:
3785:
3393:
3340:
3320:
3315:
3300:
3193:
3031:
3016:
2797:
2381:
1988:
1899:
1738:
1718:
1623:
1613:
1599:
1528:
1488:
1483:
1448:
1349:
1303:
1277:
890:
448:
435:. There are two dialects of the Tofa language: Alygdzher and Gutar. There are hundreds of
428:
295:
291:
3059:
1216:
4025:
4015:
3715:
3675:
3641:
3610:
3603:
3541:
3467:
3444:
3373:
3310:
3285:
3036:
2916:
2874:
2804:
2592:
2566:
2561:
2417:
2300:
2186:
2150:
2049:
1885:
1804:
1728:
1670:
1589:
1584:
1533:
1498:
1473:
1458:
1389:
1181:
1173:
682:
State statistics committee of Ukraine - National composition of population, 2001 census
555:
303:
219:
207:
99:
62:
1049:
357:, bringing the Tofalars under Russian influence. The Tofalar were required to pay the
4131:
4050:
4001:
3887:
3843:
3799:
3688:
3623:
3618:
3596:
3571:
3551:
3434:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3305:
3220:
3213:
3199:
3021:
3002:
2997:
2984:
2867:
2742:
2633:
2602:
2345:
2120:
2054:
1993:
1878:
1825:
1713:
1703:
1478:
1298:
424:
418:
299:
134:
4101:
3838:
3424:
3345:
3295:
3270:
3141:
3126:
3121:
3111:
2992:
2936:
2840:
2827:
2762:
2674:
2669:
2655:
2504:
2393:
2260:
2245:
2059:
1998:
1968:
1932:
1892:
1756:
1628:
1605:
1373:
1309:
1196:
624:
The conversion of the Tofalar to Christianity was largely in name only; there were
230:
170:
1416:
828:
1137:
4091:
4081:
4020:
3937:
3759:
3655:
3513:
3350:
3290:
3206:
3146:
3131:
3026:
2769:
2679:
2571:
2476:
2397:
2280:
2275:
2219:
1723:
1639:
1566:
1435:
1239:
586:
337:
574:) and migration routes. Tofalar territory used to be divided into three parts-
249:. Afterwards, they were resettled by the Soviet government and forced to adopt
3960:
3893:
3867:
3853:
3648:
3546:
3487:
3180:
3136:
2956:
2946:
2661:
2607:
2265:
2080:
1409:
1327:
322:
211:
743:
731:
427:
belongs to a branch of Turkic languages and is very close to the language of
4096:
3926:
3901:
3780:
3634:
3497:
3462:
3169:
3054:
3008:
2860:
2756:
2748:
2622:
2617:
2517:
2489:
2295:
2285:
2232:
2199:
2085:
1871:
1833:
1814:
1794:
1769:
1675:
1209:
658:"Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации"
637:
625:
518:
383:
254:
150:
2427:
1126:
3921:
3730:
3536:
3416:
3409:
3257:
3164:
3116:
3098:
3069:
2971:
2941:
2783:
2777:
2721:
2577:
2547:
2537:
2510:
2496:
2482:
2405:
2250:
2194:
2180:
2165:
2140:
2130:
2100:
1789:
1776:
1762:
1343:
486:
436:
4153:
Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East
17:
4076:
4055:
3975:
3916:
3872:
3398:
3366:
3360:
3265:
3242:
3074:
2966:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2835:
2727:
2640:
2612:
2542:
2532:
2524:
2340:
2290:
2240:
2214:
2209:
2170:
2160:
2115:
2110:
2095:
2012:
1958:
1916:
1809:
1799:
1784:
1633:
1402:
1356:
1267:
606:
554:
Prior to Soviet collectivization, the Tofalar were organized into five
482:
390:
341:
330:
246:
158:
119:
66:
1073:
4030:
3931:
3906:
3566:
3561:
3403:
3388:
3092:
2961:
2951:
2911:
2882:
2845:
2821:
2813:
2734:
2650:
2627:
2584:
2315:
2305:
2255:
2204:
2155:
2145:
2125:
2105:
2090:
2004:
1940:
1926:
1858:
1843:
1838:
1819:
1647:
1561:
313:
223:
86:
70:
628:
among the Tofalar until their 1930 suppression by the Soviet state.
541:
The Tofalar believed that the dead would go live in the Kingdom of
3848:
3702:
3662:
3590:
3582:
3275:
3188:
3174:
3106:
3064:
2977:
2553:
2413:
2310:
2270:
2175:
2135:
1853:
1848:
1680:
1395:
542:
510:
478:
470:
432:
362:
358:
238:
234:
178:
174:
1142:
4086:
2409:
2401:
613:
taking down the tents before reassembling the camp upon moving.
2431:
1146:
991:
An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires
521:; music was played to accompany songs and dances at festivals.
1099:"Tofalaria: How people and deer coexist in the Siberian taiga"
1074:"Tofalar - International Centre for Reindeer Husbandry - ICR"
857:"Reindeer Herding in the Eastern Sayan- A Story of the Soyot"
465:
and curdled milk. They lived in traditional conical tents (
533:, but sometimes sought out healing from Buryat healers.
353:
In 1648, the Russians built the fortified settlement of
732:"Современные тофалары (опыт интервальных исследований)"
1025:"Tofalars and Soyots - the Peoples Lost around Baikal"
469:), which were made of animal hide in the winter and
4069:
3994:
3480:
3453:
3256:
3155:
3083:
3045:
2902:
2891:
2465:
2354:
2328:
2073:
2031:
1977:
1949:
1747:
1689:
1656:
1575:
1552:
1382:
1336:
1291:
1260:
1189:
1180:
361:, and every gunbearer had to pay a fixed number of
316:in the 19th century. However, the Russian linguist
164:
144:
128:
110:
77:
56:
46:
1138:The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire
837:The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire
253:and were discouraged from practicing hunting and
883:"Endangered languages in Northeast Asia: report"
302:, adopting a Turkic language and abandoning the
369:early on but continued to adhere to shamanism.
2443:
1158:
8:
30:
994:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 635.
2899:
2450:
2436:
2428:
1186:
1165:
1151:
1143:
730:Кривоногов, Виктор Павлович (2016-09-03).
29:
772:Krivonogov, Victor P. (August 16, 2018).
709:. London: Routledge. pp. 428–431.
649:
778:Journal of Siberian Federal University
581:: The eastern group of nomadic camps (
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
7:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
261:, there were 762 Tofalar in Russia.
57:Regions with significant populations
881:Janhunen, Juha; Salminen, Tapani.
25:
1048:hecksinductionhour (2018-01-10).
509:, a stringed instrument like the
2408:, distinct from Levantine (i.e.
1125:
662:Federal State Statistics Service
447:, and dozens of loan words from
112:
92:
79:
38:
2598:Indigenous peoples of Dagestan
566:), led by an elder called the
214:, in the southwestern part of
1:
4148:Indigenous peoples of Siberia
1097:Gruzdeva, Anna (2016-07-19).
570:, and had its own territory (
155:Russian Orthodox Christianity
965:"Tofalar | Encyclopedia.com"
294:who arrived in the Eastern
198:; Тофалары, тофа (tofa) in
4174:
416:
349:Russian imperial expansion
329:), Samoyedic, Turkic, and
2390:
1509:Meskhetian (Ahiska) Turks
169:
149:
133:
61:
51:
37:
2377:Turkish Cypriot diaspora
2045:Bulgarian Crimean Tatars
861:www.culturalsurvival.org
529:The Tofalar mostly used
233:rule, the Tofalar led a
4143:Ethnic groups in Russia
2459:Ethnic groups in Russia
1534:Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman
1190:Azerbaijani communities
736:Новые исследования Тувы
705:Akiner, Shirin (1986).
377:Soviet collectivization
4138:Turkic peoples of Asia
2367:Crimean Tatar diaspora
1544:Western Thracian Turks
1479:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman
517:, which is similar to
216:Nizhneudinsky District
2074:Extinct Turkic groups
2032:Turkic minorities in
1979:Turkic minorities in
1950:Turkic minorities in
1748:Turkic minorities in
1226:Georgian Azerbaijanis
165:Related ethnic groups
3995:Unrecognized peoples
3481:Other ethnic peoples
2791:Amur-Ussuri Cossacks
2392:Central Asian (i.e.
2362:Azerbaijani diaspora
1699:Iranian Azerbaijanis
1337:Turkmen communities
1233:Western Azerbaijanis
1203:Iranian Azerbaijanis
1134:at Wikimedia Commons
969:www.encyclopedia.com
525:Traditional medicine
400:Post Soviet collapse
321:be a combination of
4070:Assimilated peoples
2686:Meadow-Eastern Mari
1383:Turkish communities
1249:Javanshir Qizilbash
1078:reindeerherding.org
1050:"Valentin Rassadin"
257:. According to the
210:people who live in
34:
4117:Siberian Bukharans
3276:Aukhovite Chechens
3228:Siberian Bukharans
2554:Aukhovite Chechens
1907:Siberian Bukharans
1709:Chaharmahali Turks
1690:Turkic minorities
1657:Turkic minorities
1576:Turkic minorities
1292:Kyrgyz communities
1261:Kazakh communities
1054:The Russian Reader
738:(in Russian) (3).
243:reindeer husbandry
4125:
4124:
3754:
3752:Astrakhan Kazakhs
3476:
3475:
3235:Zabolotnie Tatars
2714:Northwestern Mari
2425:
2424:
2324:
2323:
2235:
2228:
2189:
2065:Tatars of Romania
2038:
2007:
1964:Mongolian Kazakhs
1935:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1642:
1608:
1519:Palestinian Turks
1514:Montenegrin Turks
1438:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1368:
1359:
1352:
1312:
1283:Mongolian Kazakhs
1251:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1130:Media related to
1001:978-0-313-27497-8
483:Siberian polecats
318:Valentin Rassadin
292:hunters-gatherers
237:lifestyle in the
184:
183:
16:(Redirected from
4165:
4041:Crimean Italians
4010:
3940:
3896:
3862:
3829:Meskhetian Turks
3813:
3794:
3775:
3773:Sakhalin Koreans
3768:
3750:
3705:
3691:
3684:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3585:
3557:Crimean Karaites
3516:
3419:
3412:
3383:
3382:
3369:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3183:
3101:
3011:
2987:
2980:
2900:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2854:Astrakhan Tatars
2849:
2830:
2816:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2772:
2765:
2751:
2737:
2730:
2716:
2709:
2708:
2695:
2694:
2664:
2643:
2636:
2587:
2580:
2556:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2429:
2372:Turkish diaspora
2231:
2224:
2185:
2036:
2018:Karategin Uzbeks
2003:
1931:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1865:Astrakhan Tatars
1863:
1828:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1734:Iranian Turkmens
1666:Crimean Karaites
1638:
1604:
1504:Macedonian Turks
1469:Dodecanese Turks
1434:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1366:Iranian Turkmens
1364:
1355:
1348:
1308:
1247:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1187:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1144:
1129:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1021:
1006:
1005:
985:
979:
978:
976:
975:
961:
902:
901:
899:
898:
889:. Archived from
878:
872:
871:
869:
868:
853:
847:
846:
844:
843:
825:
786:
785:
769:
748:
747:
727:
721:
720:
702:
685:
679:
673:
672:
670:
668:
654:
118:
116:
115:
98:
96:
95:
85:
83:
82:
47:Total population
42:
35:
21:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4065:
4036:Caucasus Greeks
4008:Afro-Abkhazians
4006:
3990:
3936:
3892:
3860:Kola Norwegians
3858:
3809:
3790:
3771:
3764:
3701:
3687:
3680:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3581:
3512:
3472:
3449:
3415:
3408:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3252:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3194:Siberian Tatars
3179:
3151:
3097:
3079:
3041:
3007:
2983:
2976:
2894:
2887:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2843:
2826:
2812:
2803:
2798:Baikal Cossacks
2796:
2789:
2782:
2768:
2761:
2747:
2733:
2726:
2712:
2702:
2698:
2688:
2684:
2660:
2639:
2632:
2583:
2576:
2552:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2468:
2461:
2456:
2426:
2421:
2386:
2382:Kazakh diaspora
2350:
2320:
2069:
2035:
2033:
2027:
1989:Afghan Turkmens
1980:
1973:
1951:
1945:
1900:Siberian Tatars
1824:
1749:
1743:
1739:Iranian Kazakhs
1719:Khorasani Turks
1691:
1685:
1658:
1652:
1595:Chinese Kazakhs
1577:
1571:
1554:
1553:Turkic peoples
1548:
1449:Bulgarian Turks
1425:Abkhazian Turks
1378:
1350:Afghan Turkmens
1332:
1287:
1278:Iranian Kazakhs
1273:Chinese Kazakhs
1256:
1176:
1171:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1107:
1105:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1080:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1058:
1056:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1033:
1031:
1023:
1022:
1009:
1002:
987:
986:
982:
973:
971:
963:
962:
905:
896:
894:
880:
879:
875:
866:
864:
855:
854:
850:
841:
839:
827:
826:
789:
784:(8): 1274–1300.
771:
770:
751:
729:
728:
724:
717:
704:
703:
688:
680:
676:
666:
664:
656:
655:
651:
646:
634:
622:
552:
539:
527:
503:
462:
457:
421:
415:
402:
379:
351:
285:
280:
267:
113:
111:
93:
91:
80:
78:
32:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4171:
4169:
4161:
4160:
4158:Irkutsk Oblast
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4130:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4026:Astrakhan Jews
4023:
4018:
4013:
4012:
4011:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3802:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3783:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3769:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3685:
3673:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3611:Siberian Finns
3607:
3604:Murmansk Finns
3600:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3468:Tver Karelians
3465:
3459:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3413:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3370:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3191:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3172:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3089:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2981:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2897:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2805:Kuban Cossacks
2801:
2794:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2766:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2731:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2710:
2696:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2593:Crimean Tatars
2590:
2589:
2588:
2581:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2473:
2471:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2432:
2423:
2422:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2301:Yenisei Kyrgyz
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2050:Finnish Tatars
2047:
2041:
2039:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2008:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1753:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1671:Crimean Tatars
1668:
1662:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1614:Chinese Uzbeks
1611:
1610:
1609:
1600:Chinese Kyrgyz
1597:
1592:
1590:Chinese Tatars
1587:
1581:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1539:Tunisian Turks
1536:
1531:
1526:
1524:Romanian Turks
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1494:Lebanese Turks
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1474:Egyptian Turks
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1454:Croatian Turks
1451:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1430:Algerian Turks
1427:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1304:Chinese Kyrgyz
1301:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1229:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1193:
1191:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1174:Turkic peoples
1172:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1132:Tofalar people
1121:
1120:External links
1118:
1115:
1114:
1089:
1065:
1040:
1007:
1000:
980:
903:
873:
848:
829:"The Tofalars"
787:
749:
722:
715:
686:
674:
648:
647:
645:
642:
641:
640:
633:
630:
621:
618:
603:
602:
596:
590:
579:Burungu aallar
551:
548:
538:
535:
526:
523:
502:
499:
461:
458:
456:
453:
439:from medieval
417:Main article:
414:
411:
401:
398:
378:
375:
350:
347:
304:Mator language
284:
281:
279:
276:
269:Tofalar is an
266:
263:
241:, engaging in
220:Irkutsk Oblast
182:
181:
167:
166:
162:
161:
147:
146:
142:
141:
131:
130:
126:
125:
122:
108:
107:
104:
103:
102:
100:Irkutsk Oblast
75:
74:
63:Irkutsk Oblast
59:
58:
54:
53:
49:
48:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4170:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4051:Pontic Greeks
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4009:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3844:Mountain Jews
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3766:North Koreans
3763:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3690:
3689:Volga Germans
3686:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3671:Georgian Jews
3669:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3597:Ingrian Finns
3594:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3552:Bukharan Jews
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3221:Kalmak Tatars
3218:
3215:
3214:Eushta Tatars
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3200:Baraba Tatars
3197:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2868:Mishar Tatars
2865:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2700:Mountain Mari
2697:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2469:nationalities
2464:
2460:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2420:territories).
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2121:Black Klobuks
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2037:(exc. Russia)
2030:
2024:
2023:Afghan Kyrgyz
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1879:Mishar Tatars
1876:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:in Uzbekistan
1551:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1529:Serbian Turks
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1489:Kosovan Turks
1487:
1485:
1484:Israeli Turks
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1464:Cypriot Turks
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1444:Bosnian Turks
1442:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1318:Afghan Kyrgyz
1316:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1104:
1103:Russia Beyond
1100:
1093:
1090:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1041:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1003:
997:
993:
992:
984:
981:
970:
966:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
904:
893:on 2019-02-11
892:
888:
884:
877:
874:
862:
858:
852:
849:
838:
834:
830:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
788:
783:
779:
775:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
750:
745:
741:
737:
733:
726:
723:
718:
716:0-7103-0025-5
712:
708:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
687:
683:
678:
675:
663:
659:
653:
650:
643:
639:
636:
635:
631:
629:
627:
619:
617:
614:
610:
608:
605:Marriage was
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
584:
580:
577:
576:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
549:
547:
544:
536:
534:
532:
531:folk medicine
524:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
501:Entertainment
500:
498:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
459:
454:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
425:Tofa language
420:
419:Tofa language
412:
410:
406:
399:
397:
394:
392:
387:
385:
376:
374:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
348:
346:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
319:
315:
311:
307:
305:
301:
300:Turkification
297:
293:
290:
282:
277:
275:
272:
264:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
160:
156:
152:
148:
143:
140:
136:
132:
127:
123:
121:
109:
105:
101:
90:
89:
88:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
55:
50:
45:
41:
36:
19:
3839:Montenegrins
3527:Azerbaijanis
3356:Azerbaijanis
3247:
2841:Volga Tatars
2828:Tozhu Tuvans
2670:Komi-Permyak
2060:Lipka Tatars
1933:Tozhu Tuvans
1921:
1893:Volga Tatars
1606:Akto Turkmen
1499:Libyan Turks
1459:Cretan Turks
1374:Akto Turkmen
1323:Tajik Kyrgyz
1310:Akto Turkmen
1197:Azerbaijanis
1106:. Retrieved
1102:
1092:
1081:. Retrieved
1077:
1068:
1057:. Retrieved
1053:
1043:
1032:. Retrieved
1028:
990:
983:
972:. Retrieved
968:
895:. Retrieved
891:the original
886:
876:
865:. Retrieved
863:. 2022-09-23
860:
851:
840:. Retrieved
832:
781:
777:
735:
725:
706:
677:
665:. Retrieved
652:
623:
615:
611:
604:
599:Songy aallar
598:
593:Ortaa aallar
592:
582:
578:
571:
567:
563:
559:
553:
540:
528:
515:charty-hobus
514:
506:
504:
495:
490:
474:
466:
463:
429:Tozhu Tuvans
422:
407:
403:
395:
388:
380:
371:
367:Christianity
352:
335:
333:influences.
310:P. S. Pallas
308:
296:Sayan region
286:
268:
228:
203:
195:
191:
187:
185:
171:Tozhu Tuvans
27:Ethnic group
4021:Armeno-Tats
3938:Ural Swedes
3824:Macedonians
3819:Lithuanians
3656:Mingrelians
3532:Belarusians
3514:Cherkesogai
3377: [
3207:Chat Tatars
2703: [
2689: [
2281:Toquz Oghuz
2220:Oghuz Turks
2187:Sir-Kıvchak
1981:Afghanistan
1724:Qarai Turks
1640:Tor Uyghurs
1619:Fuyu Kyrgyz
1567:Karakalpaks
1436:Kouloughlis
1240:Karapapakhs
887:helsinki.fi
684:(Ukrainian)
556:patrilineal
475:polotnishch
460:Subsistence
338:Middle Ages
259:2010 census
251:sedentarism
4132:Categories
3981:Vietnamese
3966:Ukrainians
3894:Ruska Roma
3868:Pakistanis
3854:Norwegians
3811:Latgalians
3721:Hungarians
3682:Mennonites
3547:Bulgarians
3430:Tabasarans
2947:Kamchadals
2893:Indigenous
2662:Izhma Komi
2608:Kabardians
1328:Van Kyrgyz
1210:Shahsevans
1108:2023-09-17
1083:2023-09-17
1059:2023-09-17
1034:2023-09-17
1029:1baikal.ru
974:2023-09-17
897:2024-07-22
867:2023-09-17
842:2020-09-05
833:www.eki.ee
644:References
513:, and the
212:Tofalariya
106:719 (2021)
52:762 (2010)
4112:Pumpokols
4107:Meshchera
3927:Spaniards
3902:Romanians
3834:Moldovans
3781:Krymchaks
3716:Hamshenis
3635:Adjarians
3629:Georgians
3577:Estonians
3522:Assyrians
3508:Armenians
3498:Americans
3463:Besermyan
3374:Kubachins
3316:Chamalals
3301:Bagvalals
3170:Kumandins
3099:Hamnigans
3055:Izhorians
3047:Northwest
3017:Nganasans
3009:Khandeyar
2904:Far North
2875:Nağaybäks
2861:Kryashens
2757:Ossetians
2749:Khandeyar
2623:Karelians
2618:Karachays
2518:Telengits
2490:Natukhajs
2355:Diasporas
2296:Xueyantuo
2286:Uriankhai
2233:Pechenegs
2226:Turkomans
2200:Kutrigurs
1872:Kryashens
1834:Kumandins
1815:Karachays
1795:Besermyan
1770:Telengits
1676:Krymchaks
1659:in Crimea
1624:Ili Turks
1217:Küresünni
744:2079-8482
667:31 August
638:Alygdzher
607:exogamous
568:ulug-bash
519:balalaika
487:squirrels
441:Mongolian
437:loanwords
391:kolkhozes
384:Alygdzher
327:Yeniseian
289:Samoyedic
265:Etymology
255:shamanism
229:Prior to
151:Shamanism
129:Languages
124:18 (2001)
4061:Sireniki
4002:Africans
3951:Turkmens
3922:Slovenes
3878:Persians
3805:Latvians
3736:Japanese
3731:Italians
3537:Bosniaks
3445:Tsakhurs
3417:Karagash
3410:Ak Nogai
3341:Khwarshi
3321:Godoberi
3311:Botlikhs
3286:Akhvakhs
3258:Dagestan
3248:Tofalars
3165:Kamasins
3117:Negidals
3085:Far East
3070:Vepsians
3032:Yukaghir
2972:Alyutors
2942:Itelmens
2917:Chukchis
2784:Cossacks
2778:Russians
2722:Mordvins
2578:Besleney
2572:Cherkess
2548:Chechens
2538:Bashkirs
2525:Tubalars
2511:Chelkans
2505:Altaians
2497:Shapsugs
2483:Bzhedugs
2406:Turkmens
2394:Turkmeni
2251:Saragurs
2195:Kurykans
2181:Kipchaks
2166:Keraites
2151:Göktürks
2141:Dughlats
2131:Dingling
2101:Berendei
1952:Mongolia
1922:Tofalars
1886:Nağaybäk
1790:Bashkirs
1777:Tubalars
1763:Chelkans
1757:Altaians
1578:in China
1410:Tahtacıs
1403:Muhacirs
1344:Turkmens
632:See also
620:Religion
507:chadygan
413:Language
145:Religion
18:Tofalars
4077:Agrzhan
4056:Qaratay
4046:Korlaks
3986:Yazidis
3976:Uyghurs
3917:Slovaks
3873:Pamiris
3792:Kurmanj
3760:Koreans
3746:Kazakhs
3726:Indians
3676:Germans
3642:Ingiloy
3572:Dungans
3542:Britons
3493:Afghans
3399:Lezgins
3367:Kaitags
3361:Dargins
3336:Karatas
3331:Hunzibs
3326:Hinukhs
3306:Bezhtas
3266:Abazins
3243:Teleuts
3157:Siberia
3075:Votians
3022:Selkups
2967:Koryaks
2932:Dolgans
2927:Chuvans
2922:Chulyms
2895:peoples
2836:Udmurts
2728:Mokshas
2641:Abugach
2634:Koibals
2613:Kalmyks
2567:Chuvash
2562:Chukchi
2543:Buryats
2533:Balkars
2467:Titular
2418:Ottoman
2402:Iranian
2398:Afghani
2346:Mughals
2341:Hazaras
2291:Utigurs
2266:Türgesh
2241:Onogurs
2215:Nushibi
2210:Naimans
2171:Khazars
2161:Karluks
2116:Chigils
2111:Bulgars
2096:Barsils
2034:Europe
2013:Ansarlu
1959:Khotons
1917:Teleuts
1810:Dolgans
1805:Chuvash
1800:Chulyms
1785:Balkars
1729:Qashqai
1714:Khalajs
1692:in Iran
1634:Uyghurs
1357:Ansarlu
1268:Kazakhs
1182:Peoples
626:shamans
589:rivers.
558:clans (
550:Society
455:Culture
445:Russian
336:In the
283:Origins
278:History
271:endonym
247:hunting
235:nomadic
200:Russian
192:Karagas
188:Tofalar
175:Dukhans
159:Animism
139:Russian
135:Tofalar
120:Ukraine
67:Siberia
31:Tofalar
4097:Muroma
4031:Buzava
3971:Uzbeks
3946:Tajiks
3932:Swedes
3907:Rusyns
3800:Kyrgyz
3697:Greeks
3624:Gagauz
3619:French
3567:Czechs
3562:Cubans
3488:Abkhaz
3435:Talysh
3425:Rutuls
3404:Nogais
3389:Kumyks
3346:Tindis
3296:Archis
3271:Aghuls
3189:Soyots
3127:Orochs
3122:Nivkhs
3093:Evenks
3037:Yupiks
3003:Nenets
2998:Naukan
2985:Karaga
2962:Khanty
2952:Kereks
2912:Aleuts
2883:Yakuts
2846:Tatars
2822:Tuvans
2814:Pomors
2763:Digors
2743:Nenets
2735:Erzyas
2651:Khanty
2628:Khakas
2603:Ingush
2585:Ademey
2477:Adyghe
2414:Syrian
2336:Abdals
2329:Others
2316:Yabaku
2306:Yueban
2256:Shatuo
2246:Sabirs
2205:Merkit
2156:Kangly
2146:Esegel
2126:Cumans
2106:Bulaqs
2091:Basmyl
2055:Gagauz
2005:Timuri
1999:Aimaqs
1994:Afshar
1941:Yakuts
1927:Tuvans
1859:Tatars
1854:Soyots
1844:Nogais
1839:Kumyks
1826:Koibal
1820:Khakas
1750:Russia
1704:Afshar
1648:Yugurs
1562:Uzbeks
1417:Yörüks
1299:Kyrgyz
998:
742:
713:
583:aallar
485:, and
479:ermine
473:bark (
449:Buryat
433:Soyots
355:Udinsk
342:Buryat
331:Mongol
314:Tuvans
231:Soviet
224:Russia
208:Turkic
206:are a
204:people
190:(also
117:
97:
87:Russia
84:
71:Russia
4102:Merya
4092:Kotts
4082:Asans
4016:Ainus
3956:Turks
3912:Serbs
3883:Poles
3849:Mugat
3786:Kurds
3703:Urums
3663:Svans
3591:Finns
3583:Setos
3503:Arabs
3455:Other
3381:]
3291:Andis
3281:Avars
3175:Shors
3147:Ulchs
3142:Udege
3132:Oroks
3112:Nanai
3107:Evens
3065:Setos
3027:Yughs
2993:Mansi
2978:Apuka
2937:Enets
2770:Irons
2707:]
2693:]
2675:Mansi
2410:Iraqi
2311:Yagma
2276:Torks
2271:Tuhsi
2261:Tiele
2176:Kimek
2136:Duolu
1969:Dukha
1849:Shors
1681:Urums
1629:Salar
1396:Gajal
1390:Turks
572:aimak
543:Erlik
537:Death
511:gusli
491:saran
471:birch
363:sable
359:yasaq
239:taiga
179:Soyot
33:Тоъфа
4087:Chud
3961:Udis
3888:Roma
3741:Jews
3440:Tats
3394:Laks
3351:Tsez
3060:Sámi
2957:Kets
2844:(as
2680:Mari
2656:Komi
2412:and
2400:and
2081:Alat
1585:Äynu
996:ISBN
740:ISSN
711:ISBN
669:2024
560:nyon
467:chum
443:and
431:and
423:The
245:and
196:Tofa
186:The
3711:Han
3649:Laz
3181:Aba
3137:Taz
587:Iya
564:aal
323:Ket
222:of
194:or
4134::
3379:ru
2705:ru
2691:ru
2404:)
2396:,
2086:Az
1101:.
1076:.
1052:.
1027:.
1010:^
967:.
906:^
885:.
859:.
835:.
831:.
790:^
782:11
780:.
776:.
752:^
734:.
689:^
660:.
481:,
306:.
218:,
202:)
177:,
173:,
157:,
153:,
137:,
69:,
2848:)
2451:e
2444:t
2437:v
1166:e
1159:t
1152:v
1111:.
1086:.
1062:.
1037:.
1004:.
977:.
900:.
870:.
845:.
746:.
719:.
671:.
325:(
73:)
65:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
