406:
1859:, pp. 137 and 147, Quote (p. 137): "As we will see later, Tolkkapiyam, the core of which may be assigned to pre-Christian era, consists perhaps of many layers, some of which may be much earlier than others", (p. 147): "Thus, the nuclear portions of Tolkappiyam were probably born sometimes in the 2nd or 1st century BC, but hardly before 150 BC.".
568:
or layers. The
Tolkappiyam manuscript versions that have survived into the modern age were fixed by about the 5th century CE, according to Zvelebil. Scholars reject traditional datings based on three sangams and the myth of great floods because there is no verifiable evidence in its favor, and the available evidence based on linguistics, epigraphy,
492:(a diacritical mark to distinguish pure consonants from consonants with inherent vowels) only became prevalent in Tamil epigraphs after the 2nd century CE. According to linguist S. Agesthialingam, Tolkappiyam contains many later interpolations, and the language shows many deviations consistent with late old Tamil (similar to
1228:
rules are followed and exemplified in Old Tamil (pre-700 CE) literature. The Middle Tamil (700-1600 CE) and Modern Tamil (post-1600 CE) have additional distinct grammatical characteristics. Causative stems of verb bases are "lexical in Old Tamil, morphological in Middle Tamil, and syntactic in Modern
567:
The tradition and some Indian scholars favor an early date for its composition, before the common era, and state that it is the work of one person associated with sage
Agastya. Other Indian scholars, and non-Indian scholars such as Kamil Zvelebil, prefer to date it not as a single entity but in parts
469:
is difficult to date. Some in the Tamil tradition place the text in the mythical second sangam, variously in 1st millennium BCE or earlier. Scholars place the text much later and believe the text evolved and expanded over a period of time. According to
Nadarajah Devapoopathy the earliest layer of the
644:
chapter. Elsewhere it mentions terms related to caste. Such ideas about different weddings and caste, states
Iyengar, must be the influence of Sanskrit and Indo-Aryan ideologies. He disagrees with those European scholars who refuse to "concede high antiquity to the Dravidian civilization", and as a
1180:
stated, "I am sure that
Tolkappiyam is a work which demanded not only vast knowledge and a lot of thinking but a considerable creative skill from its composer." Dubyanskiy also said that the authority of the text was undeniable: "It is a literary and cultural monument of great importance."
933:
are incomplete, indicative of a proto-language. It does not, for example, distinguish between retroflex and non-retroflex consonants, states Thomas
Lehmann. The phonetic and phonemic sections of the first book show the influence of Vedic Pratisakhyas, states Hartmut Scharfe, but with some
955:
cover compounds, some semantic and lexical issues. It also mentions the twelve dialectical regions of Tamil speaking people, which suggests the author(s) had a keen sense of observation and inclusiveness for Old Tamil's linguistic geography. According to Peter Scharf, the
929:"joining, copulation") which is combination of sounds, orthography, graphemic and phonetics with sounds as they are produced and listened to. The phonemic inventory it includes consists of 5 long vowels, 5 short vowels, and 17 consonants. The articulatory descriptions in
648:
In post-Independence India, the Tamil scholar Gift
Siromoney states that the Tolkappiyam should be dated based on the chronology of TALBI-P system based inscriptions, which is difficult to date. He suggests that this could be around the time of Ashoka, or centuries
824:
show the same ideas for grammatically structuring a language and it uses borrowed Indo-European words found in Panini and
Patanjali works to explain its ideas. According to Hartmut Scharfe and other scholars, the phonetic and phonemic sections of the
1329:
765:(1500–1200 BCE). According to the traditional legend, the original grammar was called Agathiam written down by sage Agastya, but it went missing after a great deluge. His student Tolkappiyar was asked to compile Tamil grammar, which is
960:
here are inspired by the work on
Sanskrit grammar by Panini, but it uses Tamil terminology and adds technical innovations. Verb forms and the classification of nominal compounds in the second book show the influence of Patanjali's
690:
in the 100 BCE to 250 CE period. Rest of the sections and sutras of the text to centuries between 3rd and 5th century CE. The extant manuscripts of
Tolkappiyam are based on the "final redaction" of the 5th century, states
1165:, the former being a standard medieval rhetorica and the latter being a detailed treatise on Tamil prosody. Naccinarkiniyar's commentary, being a scholar of both Tamil and Sanskrit, quotes from Parimelalakar's works.
527:
includes examples to explain its rules, and these examples provide indirect information about the ancient Tamil culture, sociology, and linguistic geography. It is first mentioned by name in Iraiyanar's
1387:, pp. 138–146 with footnotes, Quote: "this fact would give us approximately the 5th cent. AD as the earliest date of Porulatikaram, and as the date of the final redaction of the Tolkappiyam.".
1147:
The commentary by Ilampuranar dated to the 11th or 12th century CE is the most comprehensive and probably the best, states Zvelebil. The commentary by Senavaraiyar deals only with the second book
697:, a Japanese Indologist, states that the Tolkappiyam has several layers with the oldest dating to 1st or 2nd century CE, and the newest and the final redaction dating to the 5th or 6th century CE.
609:
that borrow, translate or closely paraphrase verses and phrases found in the works of ancient and influential Sanskrit scholars such as Panini, Patanjali, Manu, Kautilya, Bharata and Vatsyayana.
2237:
Burnell, Arthur Coke (1875). On the Aindra school of Sanskrit Grammarians: their place in the Sanskrit and subordinate literatures. Mangalore: Basel Mission Book and Tract Depository, 8-20.
714:
Herman Tieken, a Dutch scholar, states that the Tolkappiyam dates from the 9th century CE at the earliest. He arrives at this conclusion by treating the Tolkappiyam and the anthologies of
1703:
These agreements may probably advance the lower limit of the date for Tol, but do not mean more recently than the 5th Cent. A.D., as suggested by some critics such as S. Vaiyapuri Pillai
846:(pre-Paninian grammatical system) and lived in south Kerala, but "we do not know of any definite data concerning the original author or authors". This traditional belief, according to
598:
versus the grammar found in the oldest known Tamil texts (Sangam era); this evidence covers items such as phonemic shapes, palatals, and the evolution in the use of compounds
1892:"It is thus impossible to put the original text much later than the eighth century, for by the tenth century the whole Pāṇḍiya kingdom had fallen under the orthodox Coḷas."
896:
format provides a distilled summary of the rules, one that is not easy to read or understand; commentaries are necessary for the proper interpretation and understanding of
1897:(1975). "On the Aindra School of Sanskrit Grammarians: Their place in the Sanskrit and Subordinate Literatures". Mangalore: Basel Mission Book and Tract Depository: 8–9.
2213:
1029:
inscriptions found in South India and dated to between 3rd century BCE and 4th century CE had three different grammatical form. Only one of them is assumed in the
429:
There is no firm evidence to assign the authorship of this treatise to any one author. There is a tradition of belief that it was written by a single author named
186:
2847:
564:
The dating of the Tolkappiyam is difficult, much debated, and it remains contested and uncertain. Proposals range between 5,320 BCE and the 8th century CE.
2335:
Selby, Martha Ann (2011) Tamil Love Poetry: The Five Hundred Short Poems of the Aiṅkuṟunūṟu, an Early Third-Century Anthology. Columbia University Press,
842:
According to Zvelebil, another Tamil tradition believes that the earliest layer by its author(s) – Tolkappiyan – may have been a Jaina scholar, who knew
663:
a diacritical mark to distinguish pure consonants from consonants with inherent vowels only became prevalent in Tamil epigraphs after the 2nd century CE.
174:
1010:
was likely a guide for bardic poets, where the first two books led to this third on how to compose their songs. The third book's linking of literature (
286:
1810:, Seminar on "Origin evolution and reform of the Tamil script", pp. 21–29, The Institute of Traditional Cultures, University Buildings, Madras-600005
2784:
2769:
2528:
310:
181:
1006:(marital love). It also deals with dramaturgy, simile, prosody and tradition. According to Zvelebil, this arrangement suggests that the entire
783:
named Camatakkini. The earliest mention of Agastya-related Akattiyam legends are found in texts approximately dated to the 8th or 9th century.
839:, though there is also evidence of innovations. The author(s) had access and expertise of the ancient Sanskrit works on grammar and language.
3250:
3017:
3012:
2736:
2398:
2357:
2326:
2305:
2255:
2104:
2056:
1522:
1483:
1369:
3204:
212:
2827:
133:
2240:
Hart, George L. 1975. The poems of ancient Tamil, their milieu and their Sanskrit counterparts. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2234:
Albert. 1985. Tolkāppiyam phonology and morphology : an English translation. Madras : International Institute of Tamil Studies.
2247:
Tolkāppiyam in English: translation, with the Tamil text, transliteration in the roman script, introduction, glossary, and illustrations
1359:
462:
on orthography, phonology, etymology, morphology, semantics, prosody, sentence structure and the significance of context in language.
3230:
2478:
2442:
2419:
2378:
2340:
2284:
1696:
1549:
1215:
The palm-leaf manuscripts and commentaries on the text vary slightly in the total number of verse-sutras; they are all about 1,610.
474:
was likely composed between the 2nd and 1st century BCE, and the extant manuscript versions fixed by about the 5th century CE. The
262:
138:
245:
238:
3235:
3179:
735:
605:
versus the grammar taught and found in the oldest known Sanskrit texts; this includes tracing verses and phrases found in the
572:
and other Indian texts suggest a much later date. The disagreements now center around divergent dates between the 3rd century
556:
meaning "book, text, poem, kavya"; together, the title has been translated as "ancient book", "ancient poem", or "old poem".
2576:
1229:
Tamil", for example, states Lehmann. Nevertheless, many features of Middle and Modern Tamil are anchored in the Old Tamil of
1847:
Vaiyapuri Pillai, S. 1956. History of Tamil language and literature; beginning to 1000 A.D.. Madras: New Century Book House.
169:
726:
equal to Sanskrit, and assigning new dates to the traditionally accepted dates for a vast section of divergent literature (
90:
3022:
882:) of different sizes. The text has a cumulative total of 1,610 (Eluttatikaram 483 + Sollatikaram 463 + Porulatikaram 664)
951:"Sol" meaning "word", and the second book deals with "etymology, morphology, semantics and syntax", states Zvelebil. The
2521:
250:
1565:
1423:
S. Agesthialingam, A grammar of Old Tamil (with special reference to Patirruppattu), Annamalai University, (1979), pXIV
3053:
2812:
1618:, pp. 16–17, Quote=The date of Tol has been variously proposed as lying between 5320 B.C. and the 8th Cent. A.D..
1057:
meter. It is unintelligible without a commentary. Tamil scholars have written commentaries on it, over the centuries:
820:
and ideas credited to more ancient Panini. Further, the author(s) lived after Patanjali, because various sections of
636:
In his book published in 1925, T. R. Sesha Iyengar – a scholar of Dravidian literature and history, states that the
274:
3240:
3194:
3032:
348:
145:
3199:
2656:
1606:
The Date of the Tolkappiyam: A Retrospect." Annals of Oriental Research (Madras), Silver Jubilee Volume: 292–317
3037:
2941:
2669:
2621:
2571:
2496:
1838:
Memoirs of the American philosophical society, vol. 199. Philadelphia, Pa: American Philosophical Society, p. 7
1195:
317:
162:
157:
83:
3189:
3163:
2837:
2514:
1177:
734:). Hermen Tieken's work has, however, been criticised on fundamental, methodological, and other grounds by
501:
78:
1717:
Tieken, Herman Joseph Hugo. 2001. Kāvya in South India: old Tamil Caṅkam poetry. Groningen: Egbert Forsten.
3245:
2926:
2731:
1323:
119:
63:
2985:
2980:
755:, some traditionally believe, was written by a single author named Tolkappiyar, a disciple of Vedic sage
322:
107:
2957:
2664:
2626:
1902:
257:
225:
281:
269:
478:
likely relied on some unknown even older literature. The Tolkappiyam belongs to second Sangam period.
2779:
2674:
1173:
986:) of Old Tamil. It is here, that the book covers the two genres found in classical Tamil literature:
777:, the author is stated to be Tiranatumakkini (alternate name for Tolkappiyan), the son of a Brahmin
305:
233:
3068:
3027:
2863:
1894:
847:
700:
676:, the author of the Tamil lexicon, dated Tolkappiyam to not earlier than the 5th or 6th century CE.
652:
497:
481:
293:
217:
1564:
Sir Ralph Lilley Turner - A comparative dictionary to the Indo-Aryan languages, Entry 3110 kāˊvya
150:
3184:
3137:
2764:
1648:
723:
694:
686:
of the Tolkappiyam to 150 BCE or later. In his 1974 review, Zvelebil places Book 1 and 2 of the
2975:
2759:
2474:
2438:
2415:
2394:
2374:
2353:
2336:
2322:
2301:
2280:
2261:
2251:
2100:
2052:
1986:
Zvelebil, Kamil. 1973. The smile of Murugan on Tamil literature of South India. Leiden: Brill.
1692:
1545:
1539:
1518:
1479:
1365:
1034:
795:
727:
715:
679:
573:
569:
71:
43:
36:
2468:
2388:
1684:
579:
The datings proposed by contemporary scholars is based on a combination of evidence such as:
114:
3111:
2936:
2842:
1640:
1512:
673:
423:
205:
298:
3209:
3132:
3073:
2774:
2690:
1915:
1361:
Love in Sanskrit and Tamil Literature: A Study of Characters and Nature, 200 B.C.-A.D. 500
774:
934:
differences. For example, unlike the Pratisakhyas and the later Tamil, the first book of
102:
3116:
2883:
2537:
2464:
2428:
1968:, Book review, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 61, No. 4 (Nov., 2002), pp. 1404–1406
1965:
1806:
1791:
918:
751:
There is no firm evidence to assign the authorship of this treatise to any one author.
739:
493:
396:
1822:
Early Tamil Epigraphy - From the Earliest Times to the Sixth century C.E., 2nd Edition
1411:
Early Tamil Epigraphy - From the Earliest Times to the Sixth century C.E., 2nd Edition
799:
3224:
3142:
3106:
3083:
2878:
2802:
2706:
2641:
2636:
2591:
2581:
1190:
831:
200:
1836:
A Reference Grammar of Classical Tamil Poetry: 150 B.C.–pre-Fifth/Sixth Century A.D.
1566:
https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/soas_query.py?qs=kāvikā&searchhws=yes
1306:
1304:
3078:
3058:
2898:
2646:
2596:
2586:
2566:
2561:
2556:
1737:
1735:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1026:
588:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
2432:
2409:
2368:
2347:
2316:
2295:
2274:
2245:
2094:
2046:
1473:
769:. In Tamil historical sources such as the 14th-century influential commentary on
2832:
2807:
2631:
2501:
815:
655:
dates the Tolkappiyam to no earlier than the 2nd century CE, as it mentions the
484:
dates the Tolkappiyam to no earlier than the 2nd century CE, as it mentions the
353:
3063:
2817:
892:
meter, though some versions of its surviving manuscripts have a few less. The
126:
95:
707:
who contributed to the study of Dravidian languages was of the view that the
3158:
2916:
2873:
2822:
2551:
2265:
803:
645:
compromise suggests the Tolkappiyam was composed "before the Christian era".
365:
334:
50:
2921:
2451:
Kamil Zvelebil (1991). "Comments on the Tolkappiyam Theory of Literature".
1153:
1018:) created a symbiotic relationship between the two. The literary theory of
17:
1022:, according to Peter Scharf, borrows from Sanskrit literary theory texts.
640:
while explaining grammar, uses terms for various forms of marriage in the
2990:
704:
523:("Porul" meaning "subject matter", i.e. prosody, rhetoric, poetics). The
329:
978:"Porul" meaning "subject matter", and this book deals with the prosody (
2893:
1652:
806:
works on Sanskrit grammar because some verses of Tolkappiyam – such as
761:
756:
731:
719:
419:
360:
532:– a 7th- or 8th-century text – as an authoritative reference, and the
2888:
2137:
2135:
1631:
Ramaswamy, Vijaya (1993). "Women and Farm Work in Tamil Folk Songs".
1341:
1339:
884:
814:– seem to be borrowed and exact translation of verses of Patanjali's
794:
were composed by author(s) who lived before the "majority of extant"
450:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
1644:
1025:
Epigraphical studies, such as those by Mahadevan, show that ancient
835:, while its rules for nominal compounds follow those in Patanjali's
1795:, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, reprinted 1995, pp 155–157
2868:
1151:. The commentary by Perasiriyar, which is heavily indebted to the
779:
2506:
2214:"Tolkappiyam is not dependent on Sanskrit sources: Tamil scholar"
3088:
2711:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2510:
2390:
Manuscript, Print and Memory: Relics of the Cankam in Tamilnadu
1328:. International Institute of Tamil Studies. 1969. p. 131.
1514:
Tamil Language for Europeans: Ziegenbalg's Grammatica Damulica
913:"Eluttu" means "sound, letter, phoneme", and this book of the
666:
V. S. Rajam, a linguist specialised in Old Tamil, in her book
2279:. Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
1014:) to the grammatical rules of the first and the second book (
711:
could not be dated to "much later than the eighth century."
511:
contains aphoristic verses arranged into three books – the
458:
meter. It is a comprehensive text on grammar, and includes
1198:– who was the first to translate Tolkāppiyam into English.
2434:
A History of Indian literature Vol.10 (Tamil Literature)
2411:
The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India
375:
31:
2470:
Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature
850:, is supported by a few Jaina Prakrit words such as
730:, post-Sangam literature and Bhakti literature like
3172:
3151:
3125:
3097:
3046:
3003:
2966:
2950:
2907:
2856:
2793:
2752:
2745:
2724:
2699:
2683:
2655:
2614:
2607:
2544:
2276:The archaeology of seafaring in ancient South Asia
1765:
1753:
1726:
1665:
1615:
1345:
448:), with a cumulative total of 1,610 (483+463+664)
418:"ancient poem"), is the most ancient extant Tamil
2093:Thomas Lehmann (2015). Sanford B. Steever (ed.).
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2048:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics
1472:Thomas Lehmann (2015). Sanford B. Steever (ed.).
1467:
1465:
921:, how they are produced (phonology). It includes
623:), and inconsistencies between the sutras of the
536:remains the authoritative text on Tamil grammar.
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
1691:. Leiden; New York; Cologne: Brill. p. 18.
1538:Willem van Reijen; Willem G. Weststeijn (1999).
2141:
2019:
1456:
1310:
612:comparison of poetry and prose rules taught in
2294:Tolkāppiyar; P. S. Subrahmanya Sastri (1999).
2199:
2187:
2158:
2126:
2071:
2007:
1995:
1880:
1868:
1856:
1777:
1741:
1591:
1498:
1444:
1432:
1396:
1384:
1295:
1264:
1252:
616:versus the actual early Tamil poetry and prose
2522:
2051:. Oxford University Press. pp. 253–254.
1977:book titled "Tholkappiyar Kaalam", Madhivanan
1713:
1711:
1276:
668:A Reference Grammar of Classical Tamil Poetry
587:versus the grammar found in the oldest known
8:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1053:is a collection of aphoristic verses in the
722:project to raise the prestige of Tamil as a
659:being an integral part of Tamil script. The
496:), rather than the early old Tamil poems of
488:being an integral part of Tamil script. The
2749:
2611:
2529:
2515:
2507:
1934:Journal of the American Oriental Institute
1517:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 1–2.
786:According to Kamil Zvelebil, the earliest
548:is a attribute-based composite word, with
515:("Eluttu" meaning "letter, phoneme"), the
374:
1626:
1624:
938:does not treat /ṭ/ and /ṇ/ as retroflex.
2785:Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition
2300:. Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute.
2045:Peter Scharf (2013). Keith Allan (ed.).
1602:
1600:
1059:
422:text and the oldest extant long work of
1435:, pp. 131–134 with footnotes, 150.
1245:
1208:
1911:
1900:
1332:from the original on 13 November 2017.
829:shows considerable influence of Vedic
519:("Sol" meaning "Sound, word") and the
2737:World Classical Tamil Conference 2010
1928:George Hart III. "Review of Tieken's
7:
1119:Partial: 1st, 2nd and part 3rd book
994:(war, society, exterior world). The
990:(love, erotics, interior world) and
213:Tamil history from Sangam literature
1948:G.E. Ferro-Luzzi. "Tieken, Herman,
1501:, pp. 131–132 with footnote 1.
1313:, pp. 178–179 with footnote 2.
682:dates the earliest layer, the core
2244:V Murugan; G. John Samuel (2001).
1744:, pp. 142–146 with footnotes.
1594:, pp. 138–146 with footnotes.
1447:, pp. 131–134 with footnotes.
1399:, pp. 138–139 with footnotes.
1325:Journal of Tamil Studies, Volume 1
1298:, pp. 131–132 with footnotes.
25:
3200:Ancient manuscript digitalisation
2212:Karthik Madhavan (27 June 2010).
1883:, pp. 138–147 with footnotes
1807:Origin of the Tamil-Brahmi script
1511:Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg (2010).
1224:According to Thomas Lehmann, the
1041:, except in some minor respects.
670:dates it to pre-fifth century CE.
619:Prakrit and Sanskrit loan words (
436:The surviving manuscripts of the
1358:Nadarajah, Devapoopathy (1994).
1037:is same as the one described in
601:comparison of grammar taught in
594:comparison of grammar taught in
583:comparison of grammar taught in
3180:Standardisation of Tamil script
1689:Tamil Love Poetry & Poetics
2250:. Institute of Asian Studies.
1:
2370:Tamil Love Poetry and Poetics
2273:Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2003).
2099:. Routledge. pp. 76–78.
1789:Sesha Iyengar, T.R. (1925),
1478:. Routledge. pp. 75–76.
1176:, veteran Tamil scholar from
1157:, frequently quotes from the
27:Ancient work on Tamil grammar
3251:Ancient Indian grammar works
2352:. Harvard University Press.
2321:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
1683:Takahashi, Takanobu (1995).
1544:. Rodopi. pp. 321–322.
1364:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
878:), each with nine chapters (
552:meaning "ancient, old", and
444:), each with nine chapters (
3054:Megalithic graffiti symbols
2813:Nālāyira Tivviya Pirapantam
2367:Takanobu Takahashi (1995),
3267:
3195:Printing in Tamil language
2297:Tolkāppiyam: Poruḷatikāram
1108:Partial: 1st and 2nd book
874:(grammar) in three books (
591:and old-Tamil inscriptions
349:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
3231:Tamil-language literature
2387:Eva Maria Wilden (2014).
917:covers the sounds of the
718:as part of a 9th-century
440:consists of three books (
400:
373:
340:
223:
192:
125:
70:
61:
42:
34:
2942:Tamil Lexicon dictionary
2622:Bangalore Tamil dialects
2315:Hartmut Scharfe (1977).
1956:. June 2001. pp. 373–374
1804:Gift Siromoney (1983),
1196:P. S. Subrahmanya Sastri
3190:Simplified Tamil script
2838:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
2408:Kamil Zvelebil (1973),
2096:The Dravidian Languages
1766:Takanobu Takahashi 1995
1754:Takanobu Takahashi 1995
1727:Takanobu Takahashi 1995
1666:Takanobu Takahashi 1995
1616:Takanobu Takahashi 1995
1475:The Dravidian Languages
1346:Takanobu Takahashi 1995
1178:Moscow State University
3236:History of linguistics
2927:Purapporul Venbamaalai
2732:World Tamil Conference
2497:Tolkāppiyam in English
2346:David Shulman (2016).
2318:Grammatical Literature
1954:Asian Folklore Studies
1939::1. pp. 180–184. 2004.
1910:Cite journal requires
1820:Mahadevan, I. (2014).
1409:Mahadevan, I. (2014).
1033:. The language of the
1002:(premarital love) and
287:Tiṇaimālai Nūṟṟaimpatu
64:Eighteen Greater Texts
2958:Yāḻpāna Vaipava Mālai
2627:Central Tamil dialect
2577:Proto-South Dravidian
2473:. BRILL. p. 73.
2393:. Walter de Gruyter.
1930:Kavya in South India.
1768:, pp. 16, 20–22.
1756:, pp. 16, 18–19.
1138:15th to 17th century
1094:13th or 14th century
1083:10th to 12th century
226:Eighteen Lesser Texts
3023:Indo-Aryan languages
2848:Tamil Ganaptya texts
2780:List of Sangam poets
2725:Global organizations
2437:, Otto Harrasowitz,
2142:Hartmut Scharfe 1977
2020:Hartmut Scharfe 1977
1950:Kavya in South India
1457:Hartmut Scharfe 1977
1311:Hartmut Scharfe 1977
1174:Alexander Dubyanskiy
576:and 8th century CE.
389:, also romanised as
3028:Dravidian languages
2828:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
2200:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
2190:, pp. 134–136.
2188:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
2159:Kamil Zvelebil 1974
2144:, pp. 180–181.
2127:Kamil Zvelebil 1974
2072:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
2022:, pp. 180–182.
2010:, pp. 136–137.
2008:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
1996:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
1881:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
1869:Kamil Zvelebil 1974
1857:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
1834:Rajam, V. S. 1992.
1778:Kamil Zvelebil 1991
1742:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
1592:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
1499:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
1459:, pp. 179–180.
1445:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
1433:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
1397:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
1385:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
1296:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
1267:, pp. 131–133.
1265:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
1253:Kamil Zvelebil 1973
1065:
998:is subdivided into
798:, who clearly knew
653:Iravatham Mahadevan
482:Iravatham Mahadevan
476:Tolkappiyam Ur-text
218:Ancient Tamil music
134:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
3185:Tanittamil Iyakkam
3138:Tamil onomatopoeia
2765:Tamil books of Law
2373:, BRILL Academic,
2349:Tamil: A Biography
1685:"2. Erudite works"
1277:David Shulman 2016
1141:Partial: 2nd book
1130:Partial: 2nd book
1097:Partial: 2nd book
1060:
738:, George Hart and
724:classical language
695:Takanobu Takahashi
175:Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai
3241:Sangam literature
3218:
3217:
3205:Formation of CICT
2999:
2998:
2976:Asthana Kolahalam
2760:Sangam literature
2720:
2719:
2453:Archiv Orientální
2400:978-3-11-035276-4
2359:978-0-674-97465-4
2328:978-3-447-01706-0
2307:978-81-85170-27-5
2257:978-81-87892-05-2
2106:978-1-136-91164-4
2058:978-0-19-164343-9
1729:, pp. 16–18.
1668:, pp. 16–19.
1639:(9/11): 113–129.
1524:978-3-447-06236-7
1485:978-1-136-91164-4
1371:978-81-208-1215-4
1348:, pp. 16–17.
1145:
1144:
1113:Naccinarkkiniyar
1086:Full: all verses
1035:Sangam literature
796:Sangam literature
759:mentioned in the
728:Sangam literature
716:Sangam literature
703:, a 19th-century
680:Kamil V. Zvelebil
570:Sangam literature
382:
381:
378:
342:Bhakti Literature
275:Tiṉaimoḻi Aimpatu
187:Ciṟupāṇāṟṟuppaṭai
182:Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai
72:Eight Anthologies
44:Sangam literature
37:Sangam literature
16:(Redirected from
3258:
3112:Tamil honorifics
2843:Vinayagar Agaval
2808:Kampa Irāmāyaṉam
2770:Five Great Epics
2750:
2612:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2508:
2499:
2484:
2460:
2447:
2424:
2404:
2383:
2363:
2332:
2311:
2290:
2269:
2222:
2221:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2162:
2156:
2145:
2139:
2130:
2124:
2111:
2110:
2090:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2042:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1946:
1940:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1898:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1871:, pp. 9–10.
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1817:
1811:
1802:
1796:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1680:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1633:Social Scientist
1628:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1595:
1589:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1469:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1299:
1293:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1234:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1066:
1061:Commentaries on
982:) and rhetoric (
848:Vaiyapuri Pillai
775:Naccinarkkiniyar
736:G.E. Ferro-Luzzi
674:Vaiyapuri Pillai
424:Tamil literature
413:
412:
411:
409:
402:
282:Aintinai Eḻupatu
270:Aintiṇai Aimpatu
263:Kaḷavaḻi Nāṟpatu
251:Iṉiyavai Nāṟpatu
206:Sangam landscape
32:
21:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3210:Project Madurai
3168:
3152:Transliteration
3147:
3133:Tamil phonology
3121:
3099:
3093:
3074:Pallava grantha
3042:
3006:other languages
3005:
2995:
2969:natural science
2968:
2967:Mathematics and
2962:
2946:
2909:
2903:
2852:
2795:
2789:
2775:Ponniyin Selvan
2741:
2716:
2695:
2691:Malaysian Tamil
2684:Southeast Asian
2679:
2651:
2603:
2572:Proto-Dravidian
2540:
2535:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2463:
2450:
2445:
2427:
2422:
2407:
2401:
2386:
2381:
2366:
2360:
2345:
2329:
2314:
2308:
2293:
2287:
2272:
2258:
2243:
2230:
2225:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2186:
2165:
2157:
2148:
2140:
2133:
2125:
2114:
2107:
2092:
2091:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2044:
2043:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1952:(Book review).
1947:
1943:
1927:
1923:
1909:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1803:
1799:
1792:Dravidian India
1788:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1709:
1699:
1682:
1681:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1645:10.2307/3520429
1630:
1629:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1337:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1302:
1294:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1187:
1171:
1159:Dandiyalankaram
1124:Tayvaccilaiyar
1047:
864:
749:
633:
562:
542:
407:
405:
404:
403:
311:Paḻamoḻi Nāṉūṟu
239:Nāṉmaṇikkaṭikai
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3264:
3262:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3223:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3117:Tamil numerals
3114:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2986:Kaṇita Tīpikai
2983:
2981:Kaṇakkatikāram
2978:
2972:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2538:Tamil language
2536:
2534:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2491:
2490:External links
2488:
2486:
2485:
2479:
2465:Kamil Zvelebil
2461:
2448:
2443:
2429:Kamil Zvelebil
2425:
2420:
2405:
2399:
2384:
2379:
2364:
2358:
2343:
2333:
2327:
2312:
2306:
2291:
2285:
2270:
2256:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2204:
2202:, p. 134.
2192:
2163:
2161:, p. 133.
2146:
2131:
2129:, p. 132.
2112:
2105:
2076:
2074:, p. 137.
2064:
2057:
2024:
2012:
2000:
1998:, p. 136.
1988:
1979:
1970:
1966:Anne E. Monius
1958:
1941:
1921:
1912:|journal=
1895:Burnell, A. C.
1885:
1873:
1861:
1849:
1840:
1827:
1824:. p. 271.
1812:
1797:
1782:
1770:
1758:
1746:
1731:
1719:
1707:
1697:
1670:
1658:
1620:
1608:
1596:
1569:
1557:
1550:
1530:
1523:
1503:
1491:
1484:
1461:
1449:
1437:
1425:
1416:
1413:. p. 271.
1401:
1389:
1377:
1370:
1350:
1335:
1315:
1300:
1281:
1269:
1257:
1255:, p. 131.
1244:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1217:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1170:
1167:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1046:
1043:
976:
975:
970:
949:
948:
943:
919:Tamil language
911:
910:
905:
863:
860:
748:
745:
744:
743:
712:
698:
692:
677:
671:
664:
650:
646:
632:
631:Dates proposed
629:
628:
627:
617:
610:
599:
592:
561:
558:
541:
538:
494:Cilappatikaram
380:
379:
371:
370:
368:
363:
357:
356:
351:
345:
344:
338:
337:
332:
326:
325:
323:Mutumoḻikkānci
320:
318:Ciṟupañcamūlam
314:
313:
308:
302:
301:
296:
290:
289:
284:
278:
277:
272:
266:
265:
260:
254:
253:
248:
242:
241:
236:
230:
229:
221:
220:
215:
209:
208:
203:
197:
196:
194:Related topics
190:
189:
184:
178:
177:
172:
166:
165:
160:
154:
153:
148:
146:Malaipaṭukaṭām
142:
141:
136:
130:
129:
123:
122:
117:
111:
110:
105:
99:
98:
93:
87:
86:
81:
75:
74:
68:
67:
59:
58:
53:
47:
46:
40:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3263:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3246:Grammar books
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3143:Tamil prosody
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3107:Tamil grammar
3105:
3104:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3084:Tamil Braille
3082:
3080:
3079:Modern script
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3002:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:Brahmin Tamil
2705:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2642:Madurai Tamil
2640:
2638:
2637:Madras Bashai
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2592:Second Sangam
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2582:Tamil Sangams
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2480:90-04-09365-6
2476:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2446:
2444:3-447-01582-9
2440:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2421:90-04-03591-5
2417:
2413:
2412:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2380:90-04-10042-3
2376:
2372:
2371:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2341:9780231150651
2338:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2288:
2286:9780521011099
2282:
2278:
2277:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1904:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1698:90-04-10042-3
1694:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1551:90-420-0728-1
1547:
1543:
1542:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1279:, p. 28.
1278:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1232:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1191:Tamil grammar
1189:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1163:Yapparunkalam
1160:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1149:Sollathikaram
1140:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1127:16th century
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1116:14th century
1115:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1105:13th century
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1091:Cenavaraiyar
1090:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
974:
973:Porulatikaram
971:
968:
967:
966:
964:
959:
954:
947:
944:
941:
940:
939:
937:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
909:
908:Eluttatikaram
906:
903:
902:
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
886:
881:
877:
873:
869:
861:
859:
857:
854:found in the
853:
849:
845:
840:
838:
834:
833:
832:Pratishakhyas
828:
823:
819:
818:
813:
809:
805:
802:and followed
801:
797:
793:
789:
784:
782:
781:
776:
772:
768:
764:
763:
758:
754:
746:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
710:
706:
702:
699:
696:
693:
689:
685:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
665:
662:
658:
654:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
615:
611:
608:
604:
600:
597:
593:
590:
586:
582:
581:
580:
577:
575:
571:
565:
559:
557:
555:
551:
547:
539:
537:
535:
531:
526:
522:
521:Porulatikaram
518:
514:
513:Eluttatikaram
510:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
477:
473:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
452:
447:
443:
439:
434:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
410:
401:தொல்காப்பியம்
398:
394:
393:
392:Tholkaappiyam
388:
387:
377:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
358:
355:
352:
350:
347:
346:
343:
339:
336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
324:
321:
319:
316:
315:
312:
309:
307:
304:
303:
300:
297:
295:
292:
291:
288:
285:
283:
280:
279:
276:
273:
271:
268:
267:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
252:
249:
247:
244:
243:
240:
237:
235:
232:
231:
228:
227:
222:
219:
216:
214:
211:
210:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
195:
191:
188:
185:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
171:
170:Paṭṭiṉappālai
168:
167:
164:
161:
159:
156:
155:
152:
151:Maturaikkāñci
149:
147:
144:
143:
140:
139:Kuṟiñcippāṭṭu
137:
135:
132:
131:
128:
124:
121:
120:Patiṟṟuppattu
118:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
73:
69:
66:
65:
60:
57:
54:
52:
49:
48:
45:
41:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3059:Tamil-Brahmi
2937:Caturakarāti
2931:
2910:dictionaries
2908:Grammars and
2803:Cīrappurānam
2647:Nellai Tamil
2597:Third Sangam
2587:First Sangam
2567:Manipravalam
2562:Modern Tamil
2557:Middle Tamil
2469:
2456:
2452:
2433:
2410:
2389:
2369:
2348:
2317:
2296:
2275:
2246:
2228:Bibliography
2217:
2207:
2195:
2095:
2067:
2047:
2015:
2003:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1903:cite journal
1888:
1876:
1864:
1852:
1843:
1835:
1830:
1821:
1815:
1805:
1800:
1790:
1785:
1773:
1761:
1749:
1722:
1702:
1688:
1661:
1636:
1632:
1611:
1560:
1541:Subjectivity
1540:
1533:
1513:
1506:
1494:
1474:
1452:
1440:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1404:
1392:
1380:
1360:
1353:
1324:
1318:
1272:
1260:
1248:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1211:
1172:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1102:Peraciriyar
1080:Ilampuranar
1062:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1045:Commentaries
1038:
1030:
1027:Tamil-Brahmi
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
977:
972:
962:
957:
952:
950:
946:Sollatikaram
945:
935:
930:
926:
922:
914:
912:
907:
897:
893:
889:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
865:
855:
851:
843:
841:
836:
830:
826:
821:
816:
811:
807:
791:
787:
785:
778:
770:
766:
760:
752:
750:
708:
687:
683:
667:
660:
656:
641:
637:
624:
620:
613:
606:
602:
595:
589:Tamil-Brahmi
584:
578:
566:
563:
553:
549:
545:
543:
533:
529:
524:
520:
517:Sollatikaram
516:
512:
508:
506:
489:
485:
480:
475:
471:
466:
464:
459:
455:
449:
445:
441:
437:
435:
430:
428:
415:
391:
390:
385:
384:
383:
341:
246:Iṉṉā Nāṟpatu
224:
193:
163:Neṭunalvāṭai
158:Mullaippāṭṭu
62:
55:
29:
2932:Tolkāppiyam
2833:Thiruppugal
2632:Kongu Tamil
2502:archive.org
1231:Tolkappiyam
1226:Tolkappiyam
1135:Kallatanar
1063:Tolkappiyam
1051:Tolkappiyam
1039:Tolkappiyam
1031:Tolkappiyam
1020:Tolkappiyam
1008:Tolkappiyam
936:Tolkappiyam
931:Tolkappiyam
915:Tolkappiyam
898:Tolkappiyam
870:deals with
868:Tolkappiyam
856:Tolkappiyam
827:Tolkappiyam
822:Tolkappiyam
792:Tolkappiyam
771:Tolkappiyam
767:Tolkappiyam
753:Tholkapiyam
740:Anne Monius
709:Tolkappiyam
701:A C Burnell
688:Tolkappiyam
638:Tolkappiyam
625:Tolkappiyam
614:Tolkappiyam
607:Tolkappiyam
603:Tolkappiyam
596:Tolkappiyam
585:Tolkappiyam
546:Tolkāppiyam
534:Tolkappiyam
525:Tolkappiyam
509:Tolkappiyam
502:Pattuppāṭṭu
472:Tolkappiyam
467:Tolkappiyam
438:Tolkappiyam
431:Tolkappiyar
386:Tolkāppiyam
354:Ramavataram
306:Ācārakkōvai
299:Tirikaṭukam
258:Kār Nāṟpatu
79:Aiṅkurunūṟu
56:Tolkāppiyam
18:Tolkappiyam
3225:Categories
3069:Vatteluttu
2796:literature
2794:Devotional
2746:Literature
2700:Sociolects
2670:Batticaloa
2657:Sri Lankan
2459:: 345–359.
1241:References
963:Mahabhasya
852:patimaiyon
837:Mahābhāṣya
817:Mahābhāṣya
812:T-Elutt 83
705:Indologist
498:Eṭṭuttokai
294:Tirukkuṟaḷ
127:Ten Idylls
103:Kuṟuntokai
96:Kalittokai
91:Puṟanāṉūṟu
35:Topics in
3126:Phonology
3098:Lexis and
3064:Koleḻuttu
3004:Tamil and
2917:Agattiyam
2874:Iraichchi
2823:Tirumurai
2818:Tēmpāvaṉi
2552:Old Tamil
2414:, BRILL,
2218:The Hindu
1169:Reception
1016:ilakkanam
1012:ilakkiyam
872:ilakkanam
808:T-Col 419
804:Patanjali
691:Zvelebil.
642:Kalaviyal
544:The word
540:Etymology
530:Akapporul
366:Tirumuṟai
335:Kainnilai
234:Nālaṭiyār
115:Paripāṭal
84:Akanāṉūṟu
51:Agattiyam
2991:Yerambam
2753:Classics
2608:Dialects
2467:(1992).
2431:(1974),
2266:48857533
1330:Archived
1185:See also
923:punarcci
876:atikaram
844:aintiram
554:kappiyam
442:atikaram
108:Natṟiṇai
3100:grammar
3047:Scripts
3018:Sinhala
3013:English
2951:History
2894:Ullurai
2665:Negombo
2545:History
1653:3520429
1069:Author
888:in the
862:Content
790:of the
762:Rigveda
757:Agastya
732:Tevaram
720:Pandyan
684:Ur-text
621:vadacol
454:in the
420:grammar
361:Tevaram
3173:Events
3038:Korean
2922:Nannūl
2889:Thinai
2857:Poetry
2675:Jaffna
2615:Indian
2477:
2441:
2418:
2397:
2377:
2356:
2339:
2325:
2304:
2283:
2264:
2254:
2103:
2055:
1695:
1651:
1548:
1521:
1482:
1368:
1154:Nannūl
1075:Notes
1000:kalavu
969:Book 3
958:sutras
953:sutras
942:Book 2
904:Book 1
885:sutras
800:Pāṇini
788:sutras
747:Author
649:later.
460:sutras
451:sutras
408:listen
201:Sangam
3033:Malay
2884:Puram
2869:Venpa
2864:Kural
1649:JSTOR
1203:Notes
1072:Date
1055:nūṛpā
1004:karpu
992:puram
980:yappu
894:sutra
890:nūṛpā
780:rishi
661:puḷḷi
657:puḷḷi
500:and
490:puḷḷi
486:puḷḷi
456:nūṛpā
397:Tamil
376:edit
330:Elāti
3164:Moḻi
3089:Arwi
2879:Akam
2712:Arwi
2475:ISBN
2439:ISBN
2416:ISBN
2395:ISBN
2375:ISBN
2354:ISBN
2337:ISBN
2323:ISBN
2302:ISBN
2281:ISBN
2262:OCLC
2252:ISBN
2101:ISBN
2053:ISBN
1916:help
1693:ISBN
1546:ISBN
1519:ISBN
1480:ISBN
1366:ISBN
1161:and
1049:The
996:akam
988:akam
927:lit.
880:iyal
866:The
560:Date
507:The
465:The
446:iyal
416:lit.
3159:ISO
2899:Ulā
2500:at
1937:124
1641:doi
984:ani
810:and
773:by
574:BCE
550:tol
3227::
2457:59
2455:.
2260:.
2216:.
2166:^
2149:^
2134:^
2115:^
2079:^
2027:^
1932:"
1907::
1905:}}
1901:{{
1734:^
1710:^
1701:.
1687:.
1673:^
1647:.
1637:21
1635:.
1623:^
1599:^
1572:^
1464:^
1338:^
1303:^
1284:^
965:.
900:.
858:.
504:.
433:.
426:.
414:,
399::
2530:e
2523:t
2516:v
2483:.
2403:.
2362:.
2331:.
2310:.
2289:.
2268:.
2220:.
2109:.
2061:.
1918:)
1914:(
1780:.
1655:.
1643::
1554:.
1527:.
1488:.
1374:.
1233:.
925:(
742:.
395:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.