37:
1430:
di Salvo, Martino L.; Florio, Rita; Paiardini, Alessandro; Vivoli, Mirella; D’Aguanno, Simona; Contestabile, Roberto (January 2013). "Alanine racemase from
Tolypocladium inflatum: A key PLP-dependent enzyme in cyclosporin biosynthesis and a model of catalytic promiscuity".
1187:
Bushley, Kathryn E.; Raja, Rajani; Jaiswal, Pankaj; Cumbie, Jason S.; Nonogaki, Mariko; Boyd, Alexander E.; Owensby, C. Alisha; Knaus, Brian J.; Elser, Justin; Miller, Daniel; Di, Yanming; McPhail, Kerry L.; Spatafora, Joseph W.; Heitman, Joseph (20 June 2013).
1291:
Lin, Jie; Chen, Xiaoyan; Cai, Xiaoyue; Yu, Xinfang; Liu, Xingzhong; Cao, Ya; Che, Yongsheng (26 August 2011). "Isolation and
Characterization of Aphidicolin and Chlamydosporol Derivatives from Tolypocladium inflatum".
470:
inhibitors that also have insecticidal and antifungal properties. Little is known about the role of these metabolites in the ecology of the fungus. In 2011, Linn and co-workers studied crude extracts of
1469:
Hoppert, Michael; Gentzsch, Carsten; Schorgendorfer, Kurt (1 October 2001). "Structure and localization of cyclosporin synthetase, the key enzyme of cyclosporin biosynthesis in
Tolypocladium inflatum".
389:
310:. However due to the economic importance of the fungus to the pharmaceutical industry and the fact that the incorrect name had already become well-entrenched, a proposal to formally
275:
was isolated. In 1971 the
Austrian mycologist, Walter Gams, re-identified the isolate as a previously unknown microfungus affiliated with the order Hypocreales. He erected the genus
596:
and the prevention of rejection in organ transplantation. Ciclosporin A works by targeting and binding with human ciclophilin A. This ciclosporine-ciclophilin binding inhibits
411:
strain/isolate NRRL 8044 (ATCC 34921) was sequenced and published in 2013 by
Bushley and colleagues. This was the same strain from which the ciclosporin was first isolated.
1021:
Bååth, E.; Díaz-Raviña, M.; Bakken, L. R. (24 November 2005). "Microbial
Biomass, Community Structure and Metal Tolerance of a Naturally Pb-Enriched Forest Soil".
1677:
906:
Svarstad, H; Bugge, HC; Dhillion, SS (2000). "From Norway to
Novartis: Cyclosporin from Tolypocladium inflatum in an open access bioprospecting regime".
855:
Dhillion, Shivcharn S.; Svarstad, Hanne; Amundsen, Cathrine; Bugge, Hans Chr (September 2002). "Bioprospecting: Effects on
Environment and Development".
1638:
1126:"A new dawn for the naming of fungi: impacts of decisions made in Melbourne in July 2011 on the future publication and regulation of fungal names"
1700:
1089:
Hodge, Kathie T.; Krasnoff, Stuart B.; Humber, Richard A. (September 1996). "Tolypocladium inflatum Is the
Anamorph of Cordyceps subsessilis".
396:" principle, fungi can not have different names for their anamorphic and teleomorphic stages if they are found to be the same species so
494:. Hodge and co-workers suggested that the fungus may have originated as an insect pathogen but evolved over time survive asexually as a
393:
244:
228:
1239:
Yang, Xiuqing; Feng, Peng; Yin, Ying; Bushley, Kathryn; Spatafora, Joseph W.; Wang, Chengshu; Turgeon, B. Gillian (2 October 2018).
788:
1756:
251:
that grows on soil. It is much more commonly found in its asexual stage and this is the stage that was originally given the name
1334:"The Inhibitory Effect Of Trichoderma Species And Other Soil Microfungi On Formation Of Mycorrhiza By Laccaria Bicolor In Vitro"
1190:"The Genome of Tolypocladium inflatum: Evolution, Organization, and Expression of the Cyclosporin Biosynthetic Gene Cluster"
1741:
1378:"Cyclosporine A, an in vitro calmodulin antagonist, induces nuclear lobulations in human T cell lymphocytes and monocytes"
36:
941:
Dreyfuss, M; Härri, E; Hofmann, H; Kobel, H; Pache, W; Tscherter, H (1976). "Cyclosporin A and C: new metabolites from
298:
borne in slimy heads. Canadian mycologist John
Bissett re-examined the strain in 1983, finding it to match the species
1158:
1682:
1751:
1746:
1705:
817:
526:
may also have the ability to inhibit certain fungal plant pathogens from colonizing their hosts. For example,
1761:
708:"Phylogenetic-based nomenclatural proposals for Ophiocordycipitaceae (Hypocreales) with new combinations in
609:
475:
and found that the fungus produced six new secondary metabolites and four other chlamydosporol derivatives.
581:
has long been of interest in biotechnology due to its production of a relatively non-cytotoxic, natural 11
1580:
621:
589:
303:
487:
is chiefly as a soil fungus its sexual state has been encountered as a pathogen of insects, specifically
620:
is blocked. Ciclosporin A considerably alters the nuclear morphology of in vitro human peripheral blood
535:
423:
319:
131:
1692:
1630:
1533:
1479:
1030:
864:
660:
636:. Ciclosporin A was first introduced in medical use in the 1970s after an organ transplant to reduce
632:
structure. The expression levels of alanine racemase affects the level of cyclosporine production by
98:
1241:"Cyclosporine Biosynthesis in Tolypocladium inflatum Benefits Fungal Adaptation to the Environment"
593:
451:
302:, a fungus described prior to the work of Gams. According to the rules of publication priority for
422:
is similar to other fungi in the order Hypocreales in generating a variety of biologically active
1503:
1106:
1054:
962:
923:
888:
369:
357:
and has been found to dominate the mycota of lead-contaminated soils. A study conducted by Baath
311:
153:
31:
337:
occurs most commonly in soil or leaf litter, particularly at high latitudes in cold soils. The
1713:
1612:
1561:
1495:
1448:
1407:
1355:
1309:
1270:
1221:
1046:
880:
741:
659:
abilities. It has been recommended for autoimmune diseases as well as potential treatment for
648:
443:
218:
1718:
1551:
1541:
1487:
1440:
1397:
1389:
1345:
1301:
1260:
1252:
1211:
1201:
1139:
1098:
1038:
1000:
954:
915:
872:
731:
723:
664:
637:
78:
1537:
1483:
1034:
868:
759:
1625:
1402:
1377:
1350:
1333:
1265:
1240:
1216:
1189:
736:
707:
676:
672:
585:
555:
1735:
1556:
1522:
656:
617:
613:
601:
567:
447:
288:
248:
108:
1507:
1058:
966:
927:
892:
727:
1617:
644:
543:
435:
236:
495:
1206:
1651:
597:
292:
268:
224:
88:
1603:
876:
1444:
1042:
919:
652:
641:
582:
531:
463:
439:
431:
68:
1144:
1125:
629:
551:
507:
361:. found that 35% of the fungal isolates recovered from lead-laden soil were
48:
1499:
1452:
1359:
1313:
1274:
1225:
1050:
884:
745:
683:-produced cyclosporin A are a major product of the pharmaceutical company,
1565:
1546:
1491:
1411:
1393:
1256:
1664:
1597:
1130:
684:
559:
519:
342:
284:
240:
232:
1643:
1110:
958:
605:
499:
346:
338:
295:
243:
that arises from the cadaver of its host beetle. In its asexual stage (
1656:
1523:"Cyclophilin-dependent stimulation of transcription by cyclosporin A."
1305:
1669:
547:
491:
488:
467:
455:
264:
211:
207:
58:
1574:
1102:
1004:
671:. Despite its use in medicine, cyclosporine A exhibits significant
604:. Without calcineurin, the activity of nuclear factor of activated
668:
625:
563:
991:
Bissett, J. (1983). "Notes on Tolypocladium and related genera".
462:
contains a 12-gene cluster associated with a repetitive element.
640:. This use was based on cyclosporin’s ability to interfere with
354:
221:
214:
1578:
318:
against earlier names was made and accepted, establishing the
446:
drug used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs.
426:. Two significant groups of metabolites are produced from
345:
that are terminated with narrow necks bearing subglobose
522:
growth of a number of fungal species. Some suggest that
518:
has also shown to produce substances that inhibit the
510:, researchers Samson and Soares hypothesized that the
793:(Petch) G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung & Spatafora (2007)"
217:
sample that, under certain conditions, produces the
1587:
193:(Petch) G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung & Spatafora (2007)
263:In 1969, a soil sample containing microfungi from
1327:
1325:
1323:
530:had a small but significant effect on inhibiting
376:was the asexual state of what was then known as
1526:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
450:also has the potential use in the treatment of
1464:
1462:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1521:Larson, T. G.; Nuss, D. L. (1 January 1993).
1371:
1369:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
8:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
701:
699:
514:species may have a nematode alternate host.
283:Gams. The taxon is characterized by swollen
1016:
1014:
267:, found by Hans Peter Frey. was brought to
1575:
1286:
1284:
279:to accommodate the isolate which he named
20:
1555:
1545:
1401:
1349:
1264:
1215:
1205:
1143:
857:Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment
735:
322:of the mold that produces ciclosporin as
947:European Journal of Applied Microbiology
679:, and hepathotoxicity. Drugs containing
372:and colleagues determined that the mold
341:is characterized by spherically swollen
1433:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
828:. International Mycological Association
799:. International Mycological Association
770:. International Mycological Association
695:
588:named Ciclosporin A. Ciclosporin is an
1332:Summerbell, Richard C. (March 1987).
271:from which a fungus misidentified as
7:
1693:3db0601e-6217-41d1-aa21-0f9f645491a3
600:and effectively inhibits the human
538:isolated from the crude extract of
306:, Bissett proposed the combination
1351:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb00881.x
466:are mitochondrial and prokaryotic
14:
1376:Simons, J. W. (1 January 1986).
35:
728:10.5598/imafungus.2014.05.01.12
1:
908:Biodiversity and Conservation
506:has not been shown to affect
384:was later moved to the genus
239:. It forms a small, compound
1207:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003496
1382:The Journal of Cell Biology
1294:Journal of Natural Products
791:Elaphocordyceps subsessilis
398:Elaphocordyceps subsessilis
210:originally isolated from a
190:Elaphocordyceps subsessilis
1778:
1124:Hawksworth, D. L. (2011).
993:Canadian Journal of Botany
877:10.1579/0044-7447-31.6.491
592:used in the management of
172:(O. Rostr.) Bissett (1983)
1445:10.1016/j.abb.2012.11.011
1043:10.1007/s00248-005-0008-3
647:. Ciclosporin A also has
558:), A375 (human malignant
368:In 1996, Kathie Hodge of
159:
152:
137:
130:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
1472:Archives of Microbiology
945:(Link ex Pers.) Rifai".
610:transcription regulators
534:formation. Furthermore,
442:properties and is a key
1757:Fungi described in 1916
1145:10.3897/mycokeys.1.2062
920:10.1023/A:1008990919682
822:(O. Rostr.) Arx (1986)"
434:. Ciclosporin exhibits
227:. In its sexual stage (
1589:Tolypocladium inflatum
943:Trichoderma polysporum
762:Tolypocladium inflatum
628:to a radially splayed
622:mononuclear leukocytes
590:immunosuppressant drug
579:Tolypocladium inflatum
516:Tolypocladium inflatum
485:Tolypocladium inflatum
420:Tolypocladium inflatum
402:Tolypocladium inflatum
400:was made a synonym of
353:is highly tolerant of
335:Tolypocladium inflatum
324:Tolypocladium inflatum
304:botanical nomenclature
273:Trichoderma polysporum
253:Tolypocladium inflatum
203:Tolypocladium inflatum
179:(O. Rostr.) Arx (1986)
141:Tolypocladium inflatum
25:Tolypocladium inflatum
1547:10.1073/pnas.90.1.148
1492:10.1007/s002030100324
1394:10.1083/jcb.102.1.145
1257:10.1128/mBio.01211-18
550:cell lines including
536:secondary metabolites
424:secondary metabolites
415:Metabolite production
388:. However, under the
382:Cordyceps subsessilis
378:Cordyceps subsessilis
330:Growth and morphology
287:, sparingly branched
183:Cordyceps subsessilis
1742:Ophiocordycipitaceae
661:rheumatoid arthritis
546:against eight human
394:one fungus, one name
308:Tolypocladium niveum
169:Tolypocladium niveum
99:Ophiocordycipitaceae
1538:1993PNAS...90..148L
1484:2001ArMic.176..285H
1035:2005MicEc..50..496B
869:2002Ambio..31..491D
594:autoimmune diseases
452:autoimmune diseases
430:: ciclosporins and
959:10.1007/bf00928431
542:have shown modest
407:The genome of the
370:Cornell University
300:Pachybasium niveum
162:Pachybasium niveum
1729:
1728:
1714:Open Tree of Life
1581:Taxon identifiers
1306:10.1021/np200431k
1023:Microbial Ecology
914:(11): 1521–1541.
649:anti-inflammatory
444:immunosuppressant
219:immunosuppressant
206:is an ascomycete
199:
198:
194:
187:
180:
173:
166:
16:Species of fungus
1769:
1722:
1721:
1709:
1708:
1696:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1673:
1672:
1660:
1659:
1647:
1646:
1634:
1633:
1621:
1620:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1559:
1549:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1466:
1457:
1456:
1427:
1416:
1415:
1405:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1353:
1329:
1318:
1317:
1300:(8): 1798–1804.
1288:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1219:
1209:
1184:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1086:
1063:
1062:
1018:
1009:
1008:
999:(5): 1311–1329.
988:
971:
970:
938:
932:
931:
903:
897:
896:
852:
837:
836:
834:
833:
814:
808:
807:
805:
804:
785:
779:
778:
776:
775:
756:
750:
749:
739:
703:
247:) it is a white
192:
185:
178:
171:
165:O. Rostr. (1916)
164:
143:
123:T. inflatum
40:
39:
21:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1752:Parasitic fungi
1747:Fungi of Europe
1732:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1704:
1699:
1691:
1689:
1681:
1676:
1668:
1663:
1655:
1650:
1642:
1637:
1629:
1624:
1616:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1583:
1573:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1429:
1428:
1419:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1338:New Phytologist
1331:
1330:
1321:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1200:(6): e1003496.
1186:
1185:
1164:
1157:
1153:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1103:10.2307/3760965
1088:
1087:
1066:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1005:10.1139/b83-139
990:
989:
974:
940:
939:
935:
905:
904:
900:
854:
853:
840:
831:
829:
820:Beauveria nivea
816:
815:
811:
802:
800:
787:
786:
782:
773:
771:
764:W. Gams (1971)"
758:
757:
753:
706:Quandt (2014).
705:
704:
697:
693:
665:type I diabetes
638:graft rejection
576:
481:
458:of filamentous
417:
386:Elaphocordyceps
332:
261:
188:
181:
176:Beauveria nivea
174:
167:
148:
145:
139:
126:
79:Sordariomycetes
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1775:
1773:
1765:
1764:
1762:Fungus species
1759:
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1733:
1727:
1726:
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1697:
1687:
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1648:
1635:
1622:
1609:
1593:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1572:
1571:
1532:(1): 148–152.
1513:
1478:(4): 285–293.
1458:
1417:
1388:(1): 145–150.
1365:
1344:(3): 437–448.
1319:
1280:
1231:
1162:
1151:
1116:
1064:
1029:(4): 496–505.
1010:
972:
933:
898:
863:(6): 491–493.
838:
809:
780:
751:
722:(1): 121–134.
694:
692:
689:
677:cardiotoxicity
673:nephrotoxicity
586:cyclic peptide
575:
572:
556:adenocarcinoma
480:
477:
416:
413:
331:
328:
260:
257:
237:scarab beetles
197:
196:
157:
156:
150:
149:
147:W. Gams (1971)
146:
135:
134:
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28:
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2:
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1276:
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1242:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:PLOS Genetics
1191:
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769:
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763:
755:
752:
747:
743:
738:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
711:
710:Tolypocladium
702:
700:
696:
690:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
657:antiparasitic
654:
650:
646:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:T-lymphocytes
615:
611:
607:
603:
602:immune system
599:
595:
591:
587:
584:
580:
573:
571:
569:
568:breast cancer
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:Tolypocladium
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
490:
486:
479:Pathogenicity
478:
476:
474:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
448:Ciclosporin A
445:
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291:, and small,
290:
289:conidiophores
286:
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277:Tolypocladium
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132:Binomial name
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110:Tolypocladium
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645:biosynthesis
633:
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574:Medical uses
554:(human lung
544:cytotoxicity
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436:insecticidal
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186:Petch (1937)
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109:
24:
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1652:iNaturalist
953:: 125–133.
681:T. inflatum
634:T. inflatum
598:calcineurin
540:T. inflatum
528:T. inflatum
524:T. inflatum
504:T. inflatum
502:. Although
496:facultative
473:T. inflatum
464:Efrapeptins
460:T. inflatum
432:efrapeptins
428:T. inflatum
409:T. inflatum
374:T. inflatum
363:T. inflatum
351:T. inflatum
316:T. inflatum
293:unicellular
281:T. inflatum
269:Switzerland
225:ciclosporin
89:Hypocreales
1736:Categories
1097:(5): 715.
832:2016-01-03
803:2016-01-03
774:2016-01-03
716:IMA Fungus
691:References
653:antifungal
642:lymphokine
583:amino acid
532:mycorrhiza
440:antifungal
231:) it is a
229:teleomorph
69:Ascomycota
65:Division:
1091:Mycologia
630:lobulated
508:nematodes
483:Although
392:'s 2011 "
343:phialides
314:the name
285:phialides
212:Norwegian
117:Species:
55:Kingdom:
49:Eukaryota
1665:MycoBank
1626:Fungorum
1604:Q7814689
1598:Wikidata
1508:33075098
1500:11685373
1453:23219598
1360:33873894
1314:21812410
1275:30279281
1226:23818858
1138:: 7–20.
1131:MycoKeys
1059:10149428
1051:16328661
967:26876550
928:27371551
893:18497904
885:12436849
826:MycoBank
797:MycoBank
768:MycoBank
746:25083412
685:Novartis
560:melanoma
520:in vitro
312:conserve
245:anamorph
241:ascocarp
233:parasite
154:Synonyms
95:Family:
45:Domain:
1644:2564398
1566:8419916
1534:Bibcode
1480:Bibcode
1412:3484481
1403:2114042
1266:6168864
1217:3688495
1111:3760965
1031:Bibcode
865:Bibcode
737:4107890
606:T-cells
566:(human
562:), and
500:saprobe
347:conidia
339:species
296:conidia
259:History
105:Genus:
85:Order:
75:Class:
1719:222877
1690:NZOR:
1670:324640
1657:384525
1631:324640
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667:, and
655:, and
548:tumour
492:larvae
489:beetle
468:ATPase
456:genome
454:. The
265:Norway
208:fungus
1701:NZPCN
1683:29910
1618:57BV2
1557:45617
1504:S2CID
1251:(5).
1107:JSTOR
1055:S2CID
963:S2CID
924:S2CID
889:S2CID
669:HIV-1
626:ovoid
624:from
564:MCF-7
498:soil
359:et al
59:Fungi
1706:6497
1678:NCBI
1639:GBIF
1562:PMID
1496:PMID
1449:PMID
1408:PMID
1356:PMID
1310:PMID
1271:PMID
1245:mBio
1222:PMID
1047:PMID
881:PMID
742:PMID
614:IL-2
608:and
552:A549
438:and
355:lead
249:mold
222:drug
215:soil
1613:CoL
1552:PMC
1542:doi
1488:doi
1476:176
1441:doi
1437:529
1398:PMC
1390:doi
1386:102
1346:doi
1342:105
1302:doi
1261:PMC
1253:doi
1212:PMC
1202:doi
1140:doi
1099:doi
1039:doi
1001:doi
955:doi
916:doi
873:doi
732:PMC
724:doi
616:in
612:of
570:).
390:ICN
235:on
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