627:; Brandt, Mary E.; Brown, Daren W.; Burgess, Lester W.; Chulze, Sofia; Coleman, Jeffrey J.; Correll, James C.; Covert, Sarah F.; Crous, Pedro W.; Cuomo, Christina A.; De Hoog, G. Sybren; Di Pietro, Antonio; Elmer, Wade H.; Epstein, Lynn; Frandsen, Rasmus J. N.; Freeman, Stanley; Gagkaeva, Tatiana; Glenn, Anthony E.; Gordon, Thomas R.; Gregory, Nancy F.; Hammond-Kosack, Kim E.; Hanson, Linda E.; Jímenez-Gasco, María del Mar; Kang, Seogchan; Kistler, H. Corby; Kuldau, Gretchen A.; Leslie, John F.; Logrieco, Antonio; Lu, Guozhong; Lysøe, Erik; Ma, Li-Jun; McCormick, Susan P.; Migheli, Quirico; Moretti, Antonio; Munaut, Françoise; O'Donnell, Kerry; Pfenning, Ludwig; Ploetz, Randy C.; Proctor, Robert H.; Rehner, Stephen A.; Robert, Vincent A. R. G.; Rooney, Alejandro P.; bin Salleh, Baharuddin; Scandiani, Maria Mercedes; Scauflaire, Jonathan; Short, Dylan P. G.; Steenkamp, Emma; Suga, Haruhisa; Summerell, Brett A.; Sutton, Deanna A.; Thrane, Ulf; Trail, Francis; Van Diepeningen, Anne; VanEtten, Hans D.; Viljoen, Altus; Waalwijk, Cees; Ward, Todd J.; Wingfield, Michael J.; Xu, Jin-Rong; Yang, Xiao-Bing; Yli-Mattila, Tapani; Zhang, Ning (May 2013).
275:. It was further decided that no anamorph-typified name should be taken up to displace a widely used teleomorph-typified name without the case's having been considered by the General Committee established by the Congress. Recognizing that there were cases in some groups of fungi where there could be many names that might merit formal retention or rejection, a new provision was introduced: Lists of names can be submitted to the General Committee and, after due scrutiny, names accepted on those lists are to be treated as conserved over competing synonyms (and listed as Appendices to the
206:. A decade later, it was starting to become obvious that fungi with no known sexual stage could confidently be placed in genera which were typified by species in which the sexual stage was known. This possibility of abandoning the dual nomenclatural system was debated at subsequent International Mycological Congresses and on other occasions, and the need for change was increasingly recognized. At the International Botanical Congress in Vienna in 2005, some minor modifications were made which allowed anamorph-typified names to be
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in 1981 to clarify and simplify the procedures – and the new terms anamorph, teleomorph, and holomorph entered general use. An unfortunate effect of the simplification was that many name changes had to be made, including for some well-known and economically important species; at that date, the
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preceded sporulation. This is a controversial choice because it is not clear that the morphological differences which traditionally define anamorphs and teleomorphs line up completely with sexual practices, or whether those sexual practices are sufficiently well understood in some cases.
119:, which tend to be evolutionarily conserved. However, many fungi reproduce only asexually, and cannot easily be classified based on sexual characteristics; some produce both asexual and sexual states. These species are often members of the
127:. Even among fungi that reproduce both sexually and asexually, often only one method of reproduction can be observed at a specific point in time or under specific conditions. Additionally, fungi typically grow in mixed colonies and
160:
The dual naming system can be confusing. However, it is essential for workers in plant pathology, mold identification, medical mycology, and food microbiology, fields in which asexually reproducing fungi are commonly encountered.
178:, which were then modified several times, and often substantially. The rules have been updated regularly and become increasingly complex, and by the mid-1970s they were being interpreted in different ways by different
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McNeill, J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme Van Reine, W.F.; Smith, G.F.; Wiersema, J.H.; Turland, N.J. (2012),
271:. In order not to render illegitimate the names that had been introduced in the past for separate morphs, it was agreed that these should not be treated as superfluous alternative names in the sense of the
169:
The separate names for anamorphs of fungi with a pleomorphic life-cycle has been an issue of debate since the phenomenon was recognized in the mid-19th century. This was even before the first international
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and adopted the principle "one fungus, one name". After 1 January 2013, one fungus can only have one name; the system of permitting separate names to be used for anamorphs then ended. This means that all
251:
237:
The Vienna
Congress (2005) established a Special Committee to investigate the issue further, but it was unable to reach a consensus. Matters were becoming increasingly desperate as mycologists using
157:
permitted mycologists to give asexually reproducing fungi (anamorphs) separate names from their sexual states (teleomorphs); but this practice was discontinued as of 1 January 2013.
150:
allows accurate placement of species which are known from only part of their life cycle. Others retain the term "deuteromycetes," but give it a lowercase "d" and no taxonomic rank.
567:
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011
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154:
471:"A new dawn for the naming of fungi: impacts of decisions made in Melbourne in July 2011 on the future publication and regulation of fungal names"
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183:
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The problem of choosing one name among many remains to be examined for many large, agriculturally or medically-important genera like
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539:
Cannon, P. F.; Kirk, P. M. (2000). "The philosophies and practicalities of amalgamating anamorph and teleomorph concepts".
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629:"One fungus, one name: defining the genus Fusarium in a Scientifically Robust Way That Preserves Longstanding Use"
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591:"Choosing one name for pleomorphic fungi: The example of Aspergillus versus Eurotium, Neosartorya and Emericella"
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by material showing the sexual stage when it was discovered, and for that anamorph name to continue to be used.
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302:. Articles have been published on such specific genera to propose ways to define them under the newer rules.
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amongst each other. These facts have made it very difficult to link the various states of the same fungus.
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93:-like. When a single fungus produces multiple morphologically distinct anamorphs, these are called
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Fungi that are not known to produce a teleomorph were historically placed into an artificial
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146:," simply for convenience. Some workers hold that this is an obsolete concept, and that
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The
International Botanical Congress in Melbourne in July 2011 made a change in the
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approaches started to ignore the provisions, or interpret them in different ways.
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Unforeseen in the 1970s, when the 1981 provisions were crafted, was the impact of
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Guarro, J; Genéj; Stchigel, Am (Jul 1999), "Developments in fungal taxonomy",
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287:) had always been excluded from the provisions permitting dual nomenclature.
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were issued in 1867. Special provisions are to be found in the earliest
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Geiser, David M.; Aoki, Takayuki; Bacon, Charles W.; Baker, Scott E.;
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are classified primarily based on the structures associated with
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This article is about life cycles of fungi. For other uses, see
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International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
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Taylor, John W.; Göker, Markus; Pitt, John I. (24 June 2016).
569:, vol. Regnum Vegetabile 154, A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG,
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This article incorporates CC-BY-3.0 text from the reference
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proposed for a species, regardless of what stage they are
103:: the whole fungus, including anamorphs and teleomorph.
79:: the sexual reproductive stage (morph), typically a
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267:All names now compete on an equal footing for
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215:Ainsworth and Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi
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683:at the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures.
413:International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
155:International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
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217:sought to replace the term anamorph with
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165:From dual system to single nomenclature
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123:, but a few of them belong to the
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188:International Botanical Congress
172:rules for botanical nomenclature
153:Historically, Article 59 of the
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359:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
333:List of mitosporic Ascomycota
193:conservation of species names
681:Anamorph-teleomorph database
646:10.1094/PHYTO-07-12-0150-LE
27:Terminology used with fungi
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469:Hawksworth, D. L. (2011).
195:was not allowed under the
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968:List of mycology journals
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53:apply to portions of the
32:Anamorph (disambiguation)
283:-forming fungi (but not
625:Bhattacharyya, Madan K.
490:10.3897/mycokeys.1.2062
239:molecular phylogenetic
958:List of fungal orders
204:molecular systematics
953:Glossary of mycology
371:10.1128/CMR.12.3.454
245:One fungus, one name
221:and teleomorph with
108:Dual naming of fungi
963:List of mycologists
542:Studies in Mycology
285:lichenicolous fungi
148:molecular phylogeny
117:sexual reproduction
735:Outline of lichens
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483:(2): 7–20.
293:Aspergillus
208:epitypified
180:mycologists
55:life cycles
1027:Categories
887:Haustorium
846:Sporangium
833:Teliospore
656:2263/31751
524:October 1,
409:Article 59
339:References
121:Ascomycota
77:Teleomorph
66:Ascomycota
43:teleomorph
902:Sporocarp
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563:"Preface"
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101:Holomorph
51:holomorph
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937:Mushroom
892:Mycelium
851:Conidium
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549:: 19–25.
517:U.S. CDC
509:species"
476:MycoKeys
397:10398676
306:See also
299:Fusarium
269:priority
262:typified
87:Anamorph
47:anamorph
39:mycology
18:Anamorph
999:Commons
774:Mycosis
507:Candida
411:of the
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227:mitosis
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281:Lichen
136:phylum
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932:Yeast
882:Hypha
875:Other
820:Ascus
797:spore
598:Taxon
594:(PDF)
512:(PDF)
176:Codes
113:Fungi
63:phyla
59:fungi
946:List
927:Mold
661:PMID
571:ISBN
526:2023
393:PMID
375:ISSN
296:and
277:Code
273:Code
197:Code
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