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372:. General Howard enlisted the help of Jeffords in concluding these treaties. Learning of his work with the Freedmen's Bureau, Jeffords knew that Howard was honorable and would be respected by Cochise, and eventually conducted the general into Cochise's camp. A treaty was signed in 1872, ending the decade-long war with the Chiricahua Apaches.
426:, and Chiricahua Mountains. With Nicholas Rogers and Sidney De Long, he staked a claim to the famed Brunckow Mine in 1875 and remained in control of it into the 1880s. He was a partner in a mine in the Santa Ritas and head of a company trying to supply water to the city of Tucson. He lived out the last 22 years of his life in the
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was sent with 66 men of
Company C, 7th Infantry, which he commanded, to get the boy back. Johnny Ward went along as interpreter. The lieutenant invited Cochise to his camp for parley and they retired to the lieutenant's tent for lunch and talk along with his brother, Coyuntura, and Ward. Bascom told
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as his reservation and Tom
Jeffords as his agent. From 1872 to 1876, there was peace in southern Arizona. Then renegade Apaches killed Nicholas Rogers who had sold them whiskey and the cry went out to abolish the reservation and remove Jeffords as agent. Tom Jeffords embarked on a series of ventures
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Cochise said he did not have them but thought he knew who did. Bascom told the chief he would be a hostage against the boy's safe return. Cochise's father and brothers had been slain by
Mexicans during parley and his people had been poisoned. Hearing that he would be a hostage, Cochise pulled his
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Between 1867 and 1869, Jeffords was the superintendent of a mail line from Tucson to
Socorro. He apparently gave people to understand that he had met Cochise during this period and negotiated a peace for his mail riders. This is very unlikely as they were attacked as often, seldom, after he took
269:. Since Confederate forces had invaded southern New Mexico and occupied the countryside as far as Tucson, Colonel Canby needed a brave courier who knew the route through the wilds along the Gila River. Tom Jeffords returned east to
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in 1862 as a scout with the lead companies of the
California Column. He remained with the Army as a civilian scout throughout the war as the Army engaged Navajo, Apache and Comanche Indians and kept the Texans out of New Mexico.
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Meeting the next day, Cochise violated the flag of truce and took his own hostage. In following days, he took three more. Surrounded by what he believed were 500 Apaches, Bascom sent for aid. The first to arrived was
Surgeon
346:, both senior to Bascom. Moore took command. Irwin proposed hanging the six Apache hostages (the woman and boys were released at Fort Buchanan). Bascom demurred but, outranked, allowed the hanging.
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Settlers branded
Jeffords "Indian lover" and wrote scathing reports to politicians back in Washington. In 1875, he was removed as the federal agent and the Chiricahua Apaches were relocated to the
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on the lower San Pedro River had forced the Pinal, Coyotero and other
Western Apaches to alter their raiding routes so that they swung east toward the Chiricahua Mountains and Apache Pass.
349:
Cochise, formerly inclined toward peace with the white settlers, now joined other Apache chiefs in hostility to them. It was not long before the Army retaliated, and the war was on.
406:. Cochise was spared this; he had died of natural causes about a year after signing the now broken treaty. The Apache wars began again, but were ended in 1886 with the surrender of
172:. Three months later he made the trip and stayed for over six months during which time their friendship grew while the negotiations failed. Cochise was unwilling to accept the
229:. Jeffords and his brothers sailed the Great Lakes, Tom becoming a captain while still in his early twenties. Bored and in search of wealth, Tom followed the gold rush to
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was instrumental in ending the Indian wars in that region. He first met
Cochise when he rode alone into Cochise's camp in 1871 to request that the chief come to
300:. Although the abduction was probably the work of Pinal Indians, a clear trail led to Cochise's doorstep. Reassignment of two companies of dragoon cavalry to
364:
to the
Arizona Territory with orders to end the Apache wars by negotiating treaties with the tribes. Howard was an apt choice, as he had been head of the
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knife, slashed the ties of the tent, and escaped up Overlook Ridge. His brother, his son and nephew, two warriors and his wife remained as hostages.
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The story of Jeffords, General Howard, Cochise, and the Apache wars was told in historically-based but dramatized form in a novel by
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had been out to Apache Pass twice before to recover stock and had sworn he would, "proceed to force them to terms the next time".
388:
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512:
565:
The Apache Wars: The Hunt for Geronimo, the Apache Kid, and the Captive Boy Who Started the Longest War in American History
434:, at a homestead near the Owlhead Buttes. He died on February 19, 1914, and was buried in Tucson's Evergreen Cemetery.
53:
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Cochise killed and possibly tortured his four hostages. Two troops of dragoons arrived under command of Lieutenants
168:
for peace talks. Cochise declined at least in part because he was afraid to travel with his family after the recent
524:"Tom Jeffords: Indian Agent" by Harry G. Cramer III (Tucson: Journal of Arizona History, Autumn, 1976, pp. 265–300)
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and that Jeffords be made Indian agent for the region. These requests were granted, and the Indian raids subsided.
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803:"Executive Order of December 14, 1872 ~ Chiricahua Reservation Lands Restored to Public Domain - October 30, 1876"
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221:, where his father was trying to earn enough money to purchase a farm. When Tom was seven, the family moved to
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805:[Executive Orders Relating to Indian Reserves, from May 14, 1855, to July 1, 1902].
729:[Executive Orders Relating to Indian Reserves, from May 14, 1855, to July 1, 1902].
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to ride over 500 miles alone across Apache country to Fort Yuma, California, where Colonel
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This was not the first time that Cochise had been forced to return stolen stock. Captain
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in 1859, working on the road from Leavenworth to Denver. From there. he pursued the
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422:, where he was part owner of a number of mines. He staked claims in the Huachuca,
886:. Vol. 4. Tucson, Arizona: Arizona Pioneers' Historical Society. p. 75.
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Making Peace with Cochise: the 1872 Journal of Captain Joseph Alton Sladen
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The Wrath of Cochise: The Bascom Affair and the Origins of the Apache Wars
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County, New Mexico, and that same year followed the Colorado Gold Rush to
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to that city, and as prospector and mine owner and developer. He died at
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border. Cochise requested that his people be allowed to remain in the
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Once They Moved Like The Wind: Cochise, Geronimo, And The Apache Wars
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A monument was dedicated to Jeffords in Evergreen Cemetery in 1964.
368:, the agency responsible for assisting freed black slaves after the
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as a civilian courier. Jeffords accepted an assignment from Colonel
927:
Television Introductions: Narrated TV Program Openings since 1949
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Tombstone, A.T.: A History of Early Mining, Milling, and Mayhem
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played Jeffords in the movie. It was later adapted into a 1956
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to Cochise's Stronghold, believed to be China Meadow, in the
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Cochise that he wanted the boy and Ward's stolen livestock.
543:
Sonnichsen, Charles Leland (1988). "Who was Tom Jeffords".
176:
as his reservation and home. In October 1872, Jeffords led
733:. United States Government Printing Office. pp. 5–6.
704:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 120–126.
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establishing the Chiricahua Reservation in the southeast
193:, head of the first Tucson water company trying to bring
152:, prospector, and superintendent of overland mail in the
861:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 19–20, 75, 86.
809:. United States Government Printing Office. p. 6.
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594:. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 109–116.
503:C: Arizona Daily Star, Tucson on February 20, 1914
965:Tom Jeffords, Evergreen Cemetery, Tucson, Arizona
538:
536:
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532:
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834:. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 375.
624:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 707.
245:in Arizona. He soon moved on to the mines in
144:(January 1, 1832 – February 19, 1914) was a
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727:"Chiricahua Reservation ~ December 14, 1872"
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509:show the February 19, 1914 as date of death.
249:, New Mexico. The Civil War found Tom near
184:. Cochise demanded and got the Dragoon and
855:Shillingberg, Wm. B. (February 19, 2016).
652:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 256–257.
545:Pilgrim in the sun: a southwestern omnibus
31:
20:
135:Brokering peace with Apache Chief Cochise
1012:Military personnel from New York (state)
1017:People from Chautauqua County, New York
621:Encyclopedia of Frontier Biography: G-O
484:
547:. Texas Western Press. pp. 88–99.
924:Terrace, Vincent (November 7, 2013).
782:Cochise, Apache warrior and statesman
759:. United States General Land Office.
588:Pfanz, Donald C. (November 9, 2000).
7:
567:. Crown/Archetype. pp. 41–44.
563:Hutton, Paul Andrew (May 3, 2016).
471:that ran for 72 episodes, in which
377:18th President of the United States
86:Evergreen Cemetery, Tucson, Arizona
591:Richard S. Ewell: A Soldier's Life
14:
757:United States Library of Congress
679:. Pegasus Books. pp. 10–12.
618:Thrapp, Dan L. (August 1, 1991).
453:. The novel was adapted into the
16:American Indian agent (1832–1914)
930:. Scarecrow Press. p. 138.
753:"Territory of Arizona Map, 1876"
650:The Encyclopedia of the Old West
335:32 years later for this action.
897:Stone, Barry (August 4, 2016).
903:. Icon Books. pp. 51–52.
884:The Journal of Arizona History
1:
1022:People from Arizona Territory
786:. Whittlesey House. pp.
673:Mort, Terry (April 2, 2013).
189:as sutler and postmaster at
1032:United States Army soldiers
1027:United States Indian agents
389:Mexico–United States border
253:and he participated in the
54:Chautauqua County, New York
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801:Grant, Ulysses S. (1912).
725:Grant, Ulysses S. (1912).
700:Sweeney, Edward R (2008).
648:McLoughlin, Denis (1977).
410:, the last Apache leader.
281:
205:35 miles north of Tucson.
126:Pinkerton Detective Agency
960:The grave of Tom Jeffords
499:The Conquest of Apacheria
493:Al Sieber Chief of Scouts
213:Tom Jeffords was born in
142:Thomas Jefferson Jeffords
30:
25:Thomas Jefferson Jeffords
900:The 50 Greatest Westerns
379:Ulysses Grant issued an
292:had begun in 1861, when
178:General Oliver O. Howard
828:Roberts, David (1994).
418:Jeffords relocated to
404:San Carlos Reservation
375:On December 14, 1872,
309:George Nicholas Bascom
265:was arriving with the
156:. His friendship with
982:"Broken Arrow" (1956)
778:Wyatt, Edgar (1953).
362:General Oliver Howard
414:Later life and death
397:Chiricahua Mountains
393:New Mexico Territory
186:Chiricahua Mountains
971:Broken Arrow (1950)
882:Sonnichsen (1962).
515:of Access Genealogy
513:also this biography
428:Tortolita Mountains
203:Tortolita Mountains
170:Camp Grant Massacre
72:Tortolita Mountains
491:A: Dan L. Thrapp:
441:In popular culture
353:charge as before.
290:Chiricahua Apaches
288:Open war with the
255:Battle of Valverde
235:San Juan Gold Rush
146:United States Army
937:978-0-8108-9250-7
910:978-1-78578-159-9
868:978-0-8061-5409-1
841:978-0-671-88556-4
711:978-0-8061-2973-0
686:978-1-4532-9847-3
659:978-0-7100-0963-0
601:978-0-8078-8852-0
574:978-0-7704-3582-0
475:played Jeffords.
385:Arizona Territory
366:Freedmen's Bureau
302:Fort Breckinridge
271:Arizona Territory
267:California Column
215:Chautauqua County
182:Dragoon Mountains
154:Arizona Territory
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114:Years active
64:February 19, 1914
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109:, prospector
107:Indian agent
66:(1914-02-19)
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1007:1914 deaths
1002:1832 births
473:John Lupton
424:Dos Cabezas
307:Lieutenant
298:Mickey Free
247:Pinos Altos
237:of 1860 to
231:Pike's Peak
91:Nationality
996:Categories
501:, page 145
495:, page 218
479:References
251:Fort Craig
209:Early life
46:1832-01-01
497:B: Dito:
430:north of
370:Civil War
243:Gila City
225:, in the
117:1876–1903
74:north of
815:34008449
765:99446141
739:34008449
463:(1950).
457:'s film
408:Geronimo
356:In 1871
219:New York
122:Employer
94:American
955:Cochise
788:118–123
449:called
387:at the
294:Cochise
201:in the
162:Cochise
160:leader
148:scout,
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811:LCCN
761:LCCN
735:LCCN
706:ISBN
681:ISBN
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239:Taos
61:Died
40:Born
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974:at
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
