401:, American society fully realized the importance of healthy women. When hostilities of the North and South broke out and thousands of men fled to the battlefield, many adolescent girls and young women were pushed to be responsible for tasks that would be traditionally considered in the men's realm. Women who had not been allowed to have independent bank accounts were now expected to take care of the finances. American wives, mothers, and young girls who used to rely on the men in the household for security now had the duty of protecting their homes from the army. As a result, mothers focused on improving the physical constitution of their daughters while taking care of their own. Many women who had subscribed to the Cult of True Womanhood before the Civil War found themselves engaging in an array of masculine actions during it. Women being given the duties of men during the period of Civil War encouraged tomboyism.
390:
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381:, the author lauds the health benefits of being a tomboy, that girls should be "not feminine till it is time to be". Joseph Lee, a playground advocate, wrote in 1915 that a "tomboy phase" was crucial to physical development of young girls between the ages of 8 and 13. Coupled with the birth of first wave feminism and the US's depressed economy, tomboyism amongst young girls emerged because the young girls' parents permitted or even promoted the tomboy upbringing due to the decaying economy and the American turbulent political climate.
581:" all as various forms of female masculinity. In China, tomboys are called "εε°ε" (jiΓ‘ xiao zi), which literally translates as "pseudo-boy". This term is largely used as a derogatory term to describe those girls with masculine characteristics. Most of the times calling someone a "εε°ε" is a humiliation which implies that the individual could not find a boyfriend. This largely reduces the value of women to only romance and diminishes girls' confidence in working in what is traditionally defined as the "boy's realm."
634:. With raising female liberation and gender-neutral playgrounds (at least in the US) in the 21st century, an increasing number of girls could technically be considered "tomboys" without being referred to as "tomboys" because it is considered normal for girls to engage in physical activities, play equally with boys, and wear pants, masculine or gender-neutral clothing. The association between lesbianism and tomboyism is not only outdated but can also be disrespectful to both women and lesbians.
522:, depending on the decade and geographical region. Idealized masculinity is atop the hegemony and sets the traditional standard, and is often upheld and spread by young children playing with one another. Tomboys may view femininity as having been pushed on them, which results in negative feelings toward femininity and those who embrace it. In this case, masculinity may be seen as a defense mechanism against the harsh push toward femininity, and a reclaiming of agency that is often lost due to
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one way of serving by using one's body. This type of story often follows the trope of the tomboy being discovered after being injured, and plays with the particular ways bodies get revealed, policed and categorized. This type of story is also often nationalistic, and the tomboy is usually presented as the hero that more female characters should look up to, although they still often shed some of their more extreme ways after the war.
205:
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allowed to be a family β including critiques of class and often a women's role in a family. Tomboyism can be argued to even begin to normalize and encourage the inclusion of other marginalized groups and types of families in fiction including, LGBT families or racialized groups. This is all due to the challenging of gender roles, and assumptions of maternity and motherhood that tomboys inhabit.
45:
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outdoors and physical games, by which comfortable clothing such as pants and jersey helps to facilitate their physical engagement. A 2002 study suggests that some girls are "born tomboys" because of the higher testosterone levels of the mother during pregnancy. Being a childhood tomboy does not determine one's sexual orientation or life-long gender presentation.
147:
86:
347:, "tomboy" was used to mean a "rude, boisterous or forward boy". By the 1570s, however, "tomboyβ had taken on the meaning of a "bold or immodest woman", finally, in the late 1590s and early 1600s, the term morphed into its current meaning: "a girl who behaves like a spirited or boisterous boy; a wild romping girl."
648:
Tomboys in fictional stories are often used to contrast a more girly and traditionally feminine character. These characters are also often the ones that undergo a makeover scene in which they learn to be feminine, often under the goal of getting a male partner. Usually with the help of the more girly
537:. Barbara Creed argues that the tomboy's "image undermines patriarchal gender boundaries that separate the sexes", and thus is a "threatening figure". This "threat" affects and challenges the idea of what a family must look like, generally nuclear independent heterosexual couplings with two children.
675:
Tomboys are also used in patriotic stories, in which the female character wishes to serve in a war, for a multitude of reasons. One reason is patriotism and wanting to be on the front lines. This often ignores the many other ways women were able to participate in war efforts and instead retells only
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people who have relationships with women; the former appears more common than the latter. Women who engage in romantic relationships with other women, but who are not masculine, are often still deemed heterosexual. This leads to more invisibility for those that are lesbian and feminine. Scholar Kale
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of the late 1800s, the US's increasing economic instability made fragile femininity no longer desirable. Young women joined the workforce to support their families and learn practical job skills, and thus a more robust physique was needed to support the physical demands of job practices. This led to
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Tomboyism in fiction often symbolizes new types of family dynamics, often following a death or another form of disruption to the nuclear family unit, leading families of choice rather than a descent. This provides a further challenge to the family unit, including often critiques of socially who is
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expanded the discussion of gender inequality in areas such as sexuality, family dynamics, workspace, and laws in relation with patriarchy and culture. With the main purpose of critiquing the patriarchal system, this movement opened avenues for women in education, employment, and legal protection
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suggested that some adult women take pride in describing their childhood selves as tomboys, "as if to suggest: I was (and am) independent and active; I held (and hold) my own with boys and men and have earned their respect and friendship; I resisted (and continue to resist) gender stereotypes".
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Psychologists speculate that childhood tomboy behavior results from a young child's innate curiosity combined with family dynamics and imposed societal gender roles and behavioral customs. The preference of athletics and masculine clothing can be explained by adolescent tomboys' curiosity about
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Tomboy can be seen as a phase of gender presentation in adolescence. Some parents might be concerned by the lack of femininity in their child but the tomboy phase is, in fact, crucial to physical development between the ages of 8 and 13, according to
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linked their self-identification as tomboys and lesbians to both labels positioning them outside "cultural and gender boundaries". Psychoanalyst Dianne Elise's essay in 1995 reported that more lesbians noted being a tomboy than straight women.
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The word also has a history of sexual, even lesbian, connotations. The connection between tomboyism and lesbianism continued, in a more positive way, as a frequent theme in twentieth-century lesbian literature and nonfiction coming out
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In the late 20th century, the term tomboy describes girls who wear unfeminine clothing, actively engage in physical sports, and embrace what are often known as "boy toys" such as cars, or other activities usually associated with
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tomboy state, eternally ambiguous. The stage of life where tomboyism is acceptable is very short and rarely are tomboys allowed to peacefully and happily age out of it without changing and without giving up their tomboyness.
369:". Under the influence of this ideal of femininity, women did not engage in strenuous sports or any physical activity. This paradigm remained stagnant until the mid-nineteenth century. During the
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argued that since the term tomboy implicitly associates a behavior to masculine gender and reminds the societal expectation for girls, its use could be considered condescending and sexist.
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The idea that there are girl activities and clothing, and that there are boy activities and clothing, is often reinforced by the tomboy concept. Tomboyism can be seen as both refusing
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since the 1960s, where it is generally no longer considered a male trait for girls and women not to wear such clothing. An increase in the popularity of women's sporting events (see
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In western culture, tomboys are expected to one day cease their masculine behavior, usually during or right before puberty, return to feminine behavior, and are expected to embrace
606:. Throughout history, there has been a perceived correlation between tomboyishness and lesbianism. For instance, Hollywood films would stereotype the adult tomboy as a "predatory
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In the
Philippines, tomboys are masculine-presenting women who have relations with other women, with the other women tending to be more feminine, although not exclusively, or
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Hollywood film offers us a vision of the adult tomboy as the predatory butch dyke: in this particular category, we find some of the best and worst of
Hollywood stereotyping.
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which combines "tom" with "boy". Though this word is now used to refer to "boy-like girls", the etymology suggests the meaning of tomboy has changed drastically over time.
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While some tomboys later reveal a lesbian identity in their adolescent or adult years, behavior typical of boys but displayed by girls is not a true indicator of one's
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girls who show masculine traits are often repressed or punished. However, the ubiquity of traditionally female clothing such as skirts and dresses has declined in the
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Before the mid-19th century, femininity was equated with emotional fragility, physical vulnerability, hesitation, and domestic submissiveness, commonly known as the "
617:, argue that "tomboyhood is much more than a phase for many lesbians"; it "seems to remain a part of the foundation of who we are as adults". Many contributors to
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the paradigm shift in people's expectations of young women from languishing, decorative beauty to vigorously healthy, thus laying the groundwork for tomboyism.
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and traditional gender conventions, but also conforming to gender stereotypes. The concept may be considered outdated or looked at from a positive viewpoint.
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traits are often devalued and unwanted, and tomboys often respond to this viewpoint. This can be due in part to an environment that desires and only values
1650:
Fajardo, K. B. (1 January 2008). "TRANSPORTATION: Translating
Filipino and Filipino American Tomboy Masculinities through Global Migration and Seafaring".
487:, the playground movement advocate in 1915. Some girls start to embrace femininity as age increases while some persist to be tomboys in adulthood.
2008:
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Gabriel
Phillips & Ray Over (1995). "Differences between heterosexual, bisexual, and lesbian women in recalled childhood experiences".
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Tomboy is often a phase of gender presentation in childhood. It is not a true indicator of sexual orientation or future gender display.
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Nadal, Kevin L.; Corpus, Melissa J. H. (September 2013). ""Tomboys" and "baklas": Experiences of lesbian and gay
Filipino Americans".
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is one example of this. Tomboy figures who do not eventually go on to conform to feminine and heterosexual expectations often simply
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Hines, M.; Golombok, S.; Rust, J.; Johnston, K. J.; Golding, J.; Avon
Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children Study Team (2002).
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resulted in societal fears about the sexualities of tomboys, and this caused some to question whether tomboyism leads to
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Bailey, J. Michael; Bechtold, Kathleen T.; Berenbaum, Sheri A. (2002). "Who Are
Tomboys and Why Should We Study Them?".
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girls to engage in physical activities, play with peers of the same and opposite gender, and wear comfortable clothing.
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into a beautiful swan, ignoring past objectives and often framed in a way that they have become their best self.
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Army recruited men for the
American Civil War, leaving the women behind to take care of the "left duties of men."
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or unfeminine clothing and engaging in physical sports or other activities and behaviors usually associated with
1263:"Testosterone during pregnancy and gender role behavior of preschool children: A longitudinal, population study"
1126:"A developmental study of destereotyping and androgynous activity preferences of tomboys, nontomboys, and males"
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443:. The term is used less frequently than before in the West mainly because it is now a societal norm for
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Ahlqvist, Sheana; Halim, May Ling; Greulich, Faith K.; Lurye, Leah E.; Ruble, Diane (1 September 2013).
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that states a
Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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1009:"Lessons in Liberation: Schooling Girls in Feminism and Femininity in 1970s ABC Afterschool Specials"
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Tomboys! Feisty Girls and
Spirited Women A film by Julie Akeret and Christian McEwen
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Bantigue Fajardo argues for the similarity between "tomboy" in the Philippines and "
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Creed, Barbara (25 September 2017), "Lesbian Bodies: Tribades, Tomboys and Tarst",
1456:"One Choice, Many Petals: Reading the Female Voice of Tris in the Divergent Series"
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Battling girlhood: sympathy, race and the tomboy narrative in American literature
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argues that while the defying of gender roles is often tolerated in young girls,
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casual tone, awkward discussion of gender stereotypes, partial speech, militancy.
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Harris, Adrienne (15 July 2000). "Gender as a Sort Assembly Tomboys' Stories".
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533:. Tomboys who do not do such are occasionally stigmatized, usually due to
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Brown, Jayne Relaford (1999). "Tomboy". In B. Zimmerman (ed.).
986:. Philadelphia, USA: Temple University Press. pp. 24β16.
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1199:"Tomboy Tales: The rural, nature and the gender of childhood"
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This article is about the type of girl. For other uses, see
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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A girl who behaves in a manner considered typical of boys
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Hemmer, Joan D.; Kleiber, Douglas A. (1 December 1981).
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914:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. pp. 4β6.
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1237:"Study Suggests That Tomboys May Be Born, Not Made"
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941:. Boston: Small, Maynard & Company. p.
613:". Lynne Yamaguchi and Karen Barber, editors of
526:ideas of what girls are and are not able to do.
1833:Yamaguchi, Lynne and Karen Barber, ed. (1995).
1645:
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1095:"Why Calling Someone A "Tomboy" Is Problematic"
413:Feminist Suffrage Parade in New York City, 1912
1793:Encyclopedia of Lesbian Histories and Cultures
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212:The examples and perspective in this article
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1048:"Tomboys and sissies: Androgynous children?"
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73:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1954:Tomboys and sissies: Androgynous children?
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1652:GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies
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268:Learn how and when to remove this message
250:Learn how and when to remove this message
187:Learn how and when to remove this message
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1761:Tomboys: A Literary and Cultural History
1171:Adegbenro, Adeyinka (19 November 2019).
983:Tomboys: A Literary and Cultural History
911:Tomboys: A Literary and Cultural History
799:
797:
795:
590:Association of tomboyism with lesbianism
377:In Charlotte Perkin Gilman's 1898 book,
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1124:Plumb, Pat; Cowan, Gloria (May 1984).
843:
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1810:from the original on 8 September 2017
1619:Gender play: boys and girls in school
7:
1837:. Los Angeles: Alyson Publications.
1695:Asian American Journal of Psychology
1622:. Rutgers University Press. p.
980:Abate, Michelle Ann (28 June 2008).
908:Abate, Michelle Ann (28 June 2008).
294:, 1873 painting by John George Brown
879:Abate, Michelle Ann (4 June 2015).
860:from the original on 8 January 2017
1435:from the original on 29 April 2018
1383:from the original on 29 April 2018
1365:. Duke University Press. pp.
935:Gilman, Charlotte Perkins (1898).
848:King, Elizabeth (5 January 2017).
649:character, they transform from an
405:20th century: Second wave feminism
25:
1835:Tomboys! Tales of Dyke Derring-Do
615:Tomboys! Tales of Dyke Derring-Do
54:This article has multiple issues.
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1905:"Tomboy as Protective Identity"
1796:. Routledge. pp. 771β772.
1548:, Routledge, pp. 111β124,
1500:Studies in Gender and Sexuality
1093:Zulch, Sebastian (4 May 2015).
850:"A Short History of the Tomboy"
385:Late 19th century and Civil War
316:traits. It may include wearing
62:or discuss these issues on the
657:'s character in the 1953 film
1:
2009:Childhood-related stereotypes
1903:Craig, Traci (October 2011).
1585:Proehl, Kristen Beth (2011).
1007:Pike, Kirsten (1 June 2011).
762:Social construction of gender
1921:10.1080/10894160.2011.532030
1758:Abate, Michelle Ann (2008).
1546:Feminist Theory and the Body
1321:10.1080/15298868.2012.717709
1197:JONES, OWAIN (1 June 1999).
772:Trousers as women's clothing
430:against domestic violence.
345:Oxford Dictionary of English
1984:Female gender nonconformity
1861:Archives of Sexual Behavior
1764:. Temple University Press.
1405:Halberstam, Judith (1988).
1357:Halberstam, Judith (1998).
1203:Gender, Place & Culture
807:Archives of Sexual Behavior
226:, discuss the issue on the
104:. The specific problem is:
2025:
1909:Journal of Lesbian Studies
1173:"Why girls become tomboys"
752:Sex and gender distinction
644:List of tomboys in fiction
641:
343:In 1533, according to the
100:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
31:
1664:10.1215/10642684-2007-039
1512:10.1080/15240650109349157
665:remain in their childhood
594:During the 20th century,
1554:10.4324/9781315094106-13
1468:10.4324/9781315691633-11
1454:Jennings, Nancy (2016).
638:Representations in media
465:Psychobehavioral aspects
1979:Female stock characters
1734:""ε₯³ζ±ε"δΈ"εε°ε"-εε‘ε°δΉ¦ι¦θ±θ―δΈη"
1616:Thorne, Barrie (1993).
1282:10.1111/1467-8624.00498
1025:10.3167/ghs.2011.040107
824:10.1023/A:1016272209463
336:The word "tomboy" is a
304:is a term referring to
34:Tomboy (disambiguation)
1215:10.1080/09663699925060
779:Wartime cross-dressers
767:Victorian dress reform
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451:Beginning 21st century
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367:Cult of True Womanhood
167:by rewriting it in an
1994:Slang terms for women
1595:10.21220/s2-3741-jk05
1460:Gender(ed) Identities
1419:10.1215/9780822378112
747:Queer heterosexuality
600:LGBT social movements
598:and backlash against
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1999:Stereotypes of women
1738:www.yingyushijie.com
959:Lee, Joseph (1915).
575:tombois in Indonesia
427:second wave feminism
356:In the United States
232:create a new article
224:improve this article
214:may not represent a
111:improve this article
938:Women and Economics
596:Freudian psychology
455:Sebastian Zulch of
419:first wave feminism
379:Women and Economics
1874:10.1007/BF01541985
1409:Female Masculinity
1361:Female Masculinity
1142:10.1007/BF00287381
1064:10.1007/BF00287972
632:sexual orientation
585:Sexual orientation
560:term. Sociologist
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421:mainly focused on
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399:American Civil War
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169:encyclopedic style
156:is written like a
1771:978-1-59213-722-0
1563:978-1-315-09410-6
1428:978-0-8223-2226-9
1309:Self and Identity
1270:Child Development
1136:(9β10): 703β712.
1058:(12): 1205β1212.
993:978-1-59213-724-4
962:Play in Education
921:978-1-59213-724-4
737:Non-binary gender
531:heteronormativity
470:Child development
434:Late 20th century
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1868:(1): 1β20.
1439:18 December
1387:18 December
965:. pp.
890:13 December
818:: 333β341.
732:Joan of Arc
520:masculinity
397:During the
318:androgynous
113:if you can.
1968:Categories
1803:0815319207
1743:3 December
1589:(Thesis).
1483:3 December
1376:0822322439
1246:3 December
1182:3 December
786:References
727:Hatshepsut
722:Girly girl
692:Effeminacy
604:lesbianism
558:pejorative
546:adolescent
535:homophobia
505:skateboard
485:Joseph Lee
445:adolescent
292:The Tomboy
240:March 2023
177:March 2023
59:improve it
1974:Androgyny
1814:21 August
1715:1948-1993
1680:142268960
1672:1064-2684
1603:724578046
1528:144985570
1520:1524-0657
1337:143966649
1329:1529-8868
1223:0966-369X
1158:143885856
1150:0360-0025
1130:Sex Roles
1106:26 August
1080:143826710
1072:1573-2762
1052:Sex Roles
1033:1938-8322
864:6 January
707:Geek girl
687:Androgyny
655:Doris Day
314:masculine
308:or young
228:talk page
65:talk page
1937:35791467
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1890:23296942
1821:stories.
1808:Archived
1433:Archived
1381:Archived
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885:Keywords
881:"Tomboy"
858:Archived
832:12187546
697:En homme
680:See also
619:Tomboys!
577:", and "
554:Title IX
516:Feminine
222:You may
95:require
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351:History
332:Origins
163:Please
97:cleanup
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302:Tomboy
1989:Girls
1933:S2CID
1886:S2CID
1676:S2CID
1524:S2CID
1333:S2CID
1266:(PDF)
1154:S2CID
1076:S2CID
969:β393.
814:(4).
757:Sissy
608:butch
312:with
310:women
306:girls
230:, or
1925:PMID
1878:PMID
1839:ISBN
1816:2012
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1766:ISBN
1745:2022
1711:ISSN
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1628:ISBN
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866:2017
828:PMID
611:dyke
441:boys
322:boys
1917:doi
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