2587:"It is inconceivable to me." cried crusty U.S. Navy Captain Douglas Dismukes in 1925, "that an officer with my record should be passed over for promotion to admiral." Largely to appease Sea Dog Dismukes, who, although credited with saving the torpedoed transport Mount Vernon in World War I, was being forced into retirement because of age, Congress that year passed the so-called "Tombstone Law." Under it, all battle-cited Navy, Marine and Coast Guard officers are promoted one grade upon being piped out of service. This allowed a generous wash of war-decorated four-stripe captains, for example, to engrave "Rear Admiral" across their business cards, social invitations—and tombstones.
1187:
449:
the active list, since the only staff corps officers with ranks higher than captain were the bureau chiefs. Staff corps officers continued to retire with the rank of commodore even after the grade was abolished in 1899. In 1916, the rank of rear admiral was established on the active list for all staff corps officers except chaplains and professors of mathematics, weakening the original rationale for this promotion by making flag rank more attainable. The retirement age was increased to 64 and staff corps officers were given the pay of their rank, so officers who retired with the rank of commodore now received its retired pay as well.
246:
312:
policy of rewarding Civil War veterans with more than 40 years of service by promoting them to brigadier general before they retired. From 1903 to 1906, another 62 colonels were promoted to brigadier general and retired after only one day in grade, including three weeks in 1903 when 34 colonels were promoted and retired at the rate of one or two a day. Even after
Congress provided a one-grade tombstone promotion for all Army officers with Civil War service in 1904, the administration continued to nominate one-day generals, lieutenant colonels and even a one-day major,
922:
temporary grade in which they served at least six months, the Army could deliberately promote a colonel to temporary brigadier general in his 29th year of service and then fail to select him for permanent brigadier general, forcing him to retire in his 30th year for excessive time in grade as a permanent colonel, but with the rank and retired pay of his highest temporary grade of brigadier general. The equivalent Navy captain also retired in his 30th year, but could receive a tombstone promotion to only the rank of rear admiral and not its retired pay.
462:
1089:
1020:
hump legislation that created tombstone promotions to encourage voluntary retirement, the World War II hump bill achieved the same incentive by repealing them. About 1,500 officers with the rank of commander or above would lose their tombstone promotions unless they retired by
November 1. Fearing a flood of hasty retirements that would wreak havoc with overseas assignments, the Navy lobbied to postpone the deadline until July 2, 1960, but Cannon blocked any extension.
1029:
750:
1419:, promotion to the next higher grade. Officers retiring after 35 years of service received a substantive promotion to the next higher grade and its full pay. By 1925, officers could retire after 30 years with both the brevet rank and retired pay of the next higher grade, after 35 years with substantive promotion to the next higher grade, and after 40 years with substantive promotion to the next higher grade and brevet promotion to the grade above that.
524:
891:, but equal treatment was better achieved by eliminating tombstone promotions altogether. The Air Force was adamantly opposed to adopting them itself, because the nature of air warfare during World War II gave only fliers the combat decorations needed for a tombstone promotion, unjustly discriminating against the half of all Air Force officers who had made an equal contribution as ground personnel.
904:
590:
867:
813:
1231:
800:
his highest active-duty pay, ranging from a minimum of 50 percent when an officer became eligible to retire after 20 years of service, to a maximum of 75 percent at 30 years. Until 1949, a tombstone promotion entitled an officer to retire with the 75 percent maximum after any length of service, making it possible to retire at 20 years with 75 percent pay instead of 50 percent.
1174:. Like other Navy staff corps officers, professors of mathematics qualified for tombstone promotions to commodore after 40 years of service. Congress halted appointments to the corps in 1916, and it expired when the last professor retired on July 1, 1936. The tombstone promotion for the defunct corps was repealed by the Officer Personnel Act. The Naval Academy reestablished a
1389:
956:, recalling that when reviewing a list of brigadier generals who could be promoted to temporary major general, "General Ridgway looked over this list and decided that of the people being retired, he would promote about ten of them, old friends and sons of old friends of his, even though they would hold the rank only three to six months and then they'd be retired."
1507:) often occurred in the form of promotion to higher ranks and sometimes to higher job classes upon retirement with a pension. In recent times, until the mid-1970s, such promotions have mainly been granted to general officers (flag officers) and salaried employees. The last time such a promotion occurred was in 1991 when Commanding Admiral of the
416:
vice admiral on the grounds that the grade had been abolished in 1890 and all subsequent vice admirals actually held the grade of rear admiral with only the temporary rank of vice admiral, so the grade of vice admiral did not exist. The Court of Claims overturned this decision and gave Leys the retired pay of a vice admiral.
515:
the Corps of
Professors of Mathematics, which was scheduled to dissolve when its last commissioned professor retired, since new appointments in that corps had been halted in 1916. The Officer Personnel Act of 1947 repealed this law even for professors of mathematics, all of whom had long since retired.
2774:
Hearings Before a
Subcommittee of the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, Eighty-First Congress, First Session on H. R. 2553: A Bill to Provide Pay, Allowances, Retirement, and Survivor Benefits for Members of the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, Coast and Geodetic
824:
Officers who retired with a tombstone promotion could be recalled to active duty in either the grade from which they retired or their tombstone grade on the retired list. Starting in 1958, if recalled in their tombstone grade, officers became eligible for its retired pay after serving continuously in
921:
Navy personnel officers claimed that the Army and Air Force already provided a "tombstone promotion with pay" by manipulating their dual promotion tracks for temporary and permanent grades. Since mandatory retirement laws were based on time in permanent grade but officers could retire in the highest
728:
on
September 8, 1939, following the outbreak of World War II in Europe. Only 55 Navy and 38 Marine Corps officers had received tombstone promotions for commendations prior to that date, with 38 Navy and 77 Marine Corps officers still eligible. However, by January 26, 1943, another 2,000 officers had
572:
Only 21 Coast Guard officers received this type of promotion. In 1947, flag grades were established in the Coast Guard, giving its officers the same promotion opportunities as their Navy counterparts, so at the Coast Guard's request, Congress repealed the 40-year tombstone promotion when it codified
452:
A staff corps officer's right to retire as a commodore could even survive the demise of his staff corps. In 1925, retired line officer Frank W. Bartlett, originally an officer in the
Engineer Corps, successfully argued that he should have been retired as a commodore instead of a captain, even though
319:
Congress finally required in 1906 that general officers serve at least one year in grade before retiring for reasons other than age or disability. This largely ended the succession of one-day generals, except for occasional coincidences of age and deliberate promotions of incapacitated officers. For
138:
After the Civil War, promotions stagnated in the Navy because too many officers were recruited during the war. Wartime officers rose to higher grades at a relatively young age and could remain in service until retirement, resulting in a group of younger officers who were trapped in lower grades. For
1019:
To the Navy's surprise, Cannon sponsored an amendment to terminate all tombstone promotions on
November 1, 1959, which he attached to a bill passed on August 11, 1959, to flatten the hump of excess officers who entered the service during World War II. In ironic contrast to Civil War and World War I
559:
Like Navy staff corps during the nineteenth century, the Coast Guard was so small that its officers had little chance of reaching flag rank or even captain, so the promotion was meant as an incentive for officers to complete a full 40-year career. Flag grades did not exist in the Coast Guard, whose
448:
were authorized to retire with the relative rank but not the pay of a commodore, if they retired after 45 years of service, or at the age of 62 after at least 40 years of service. This was meant to reward long service in a staff corps with a higher rank on the retired list than could be attained on
415:
The
Comptroller General ruled Jadwin was entitled to the retired pay of a lieutenant general since several retired lieutenant generals had continued to draw pensions even after the grade was abolished on the active list in 1907. However, the same Comptroller General denied Leys the retired pay of a
174:
proposed that senior captains, commanders, and lieutenants be encouraged to retire voluntarily by giving them the rank and half pay of the next higher grade. A decade later, the outgoing secretary of the Navy recommended compelling officers to retire for age or incapacity, with an honorary one-rank
1217:
protested the decision, because flag and general officer billets could only be added to the JAG Corps by subtracting them from somewhere else, owing to a cap on the number of general and flag officers. To pass the Senate, the bill was amended to make the AJAG grades optional and to retire AJAGs as
1040:
Tombstone promotions on the basis of combat citations ended on
November 1, 1959. The anticipated glut of early retirement applications never materialized. By September 10, 1959, only 29 Navy captains and 12 commanders had asked to retire with a tombstone promotion who would not already have had to
894:
The subcommittee deleted the provision from the final law, citing the administrative burden, expense, and inevitable controversy associated with retroactively assessing the tombstone promotion eligibility of all serving and retired Army and Air Force officers, as well as the fact that neither Army
799:
Although a tombstone promotion gave an officer only the rank of the next higher grade and not its retired pay, it could still increase the officer's retired pay if he retired with less than 30 years of service. Retired pay was computed by multiplying an officer's years of service by 2.5 percent of
546:
asked
Congress to give the same promotion to the Army, since "otherwise the Army becomes the object of comparison with what may seem to be the more favored branch of Congress". Instead, the 1917 naval appropriation act simply withdrew the tombstone promotion from the Marine Corps, only nine months
514:
confirmed that Terry was entitled to his tombstone promotion, the Navy began appealing for Congress to stop lieutenants from retiring as commodores. In 1925, Congress closed the loophole by specifying that only captains could retire as commodores. The law was repealed altogether in 1926 except for
365:
In 1935, Congress invited Army officers below the grade of major, who had served during World War I and had 15 to 29 years of service, to retire voluntarily in the grade of major. By 1940, the World War I hump had advanced into field grades, so the tombstone promotion was updated to allow officers
344:
The 1904 Army Appropriation Act authorized Army officers who had served in the Civil War to retire with the rank and retired pay of the next higher grade, if they were below the grade of brigadier general and retired for disability, age, or after 40 years of service. In 1906, Navy and Marine Corps
277:, on the condition that they retired after a week, allowing Brooke to become an active major general. After Brooke's retirement, the four brigadier general vacancies were filled by six colonels, two of whom also retired almost immediately, setting a precedent for the future. Between the end of the
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In late 1928, retirement promotions were eliminated for all but the senior officer in each grade, who could retire with a one-grade promotion after 30 years, or a two-grade promotion after 40 years. This triggered a rush of retirement applications from officers with more than 30 years of service,
1290:
of a commander. Starting in 1796, senior lieutenants were retired in batches with both the rank and half-pay of a commander, and in 1830, lieutenants not in those batches were given the option to retire with the rank of commander but half-pay of a lieutenant. Batches of commanders were retired as
492:
Two lieutenants in the Pay Corps and Construction Corps were promoted to commodore when they retired after more than 40 years of mostly enlisted service. After 38 years as a paymaster's clerk or chief pay clerk, Edward F. Delaney received an emergency commission during World War I as an assistant
311:
In early 1903, the Senate passed an amendment to give Army officers with at least one year of service during the Civil War a similar tombstone promotion as provided in 1899 for Civil War veterans in the Navy, but the House rejected it. Undeterred, the War Department continued the administration's
236:
In 1912, Congress repealed the 1899 tombstone promotion system for all but Civil War veterans, specifying that Navy officers who applied for voluntary retirement or were selected for involuntary retirement would have the rank and three-fourths the sea pay of the grade from which retired. The root
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opposed expanding tombstone promotions, since they devalued higher ranks, but had not pushed to eliminate them because officers had been led to expect them for decades and they would end automatically once every officer with a World War II combat citation had retired. "The Department's position,
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expansion and postwar drawdown of the Army and Navy created a new hump of excess officers in lower grades, which both services tried to flatten by again offering tombstone promotions for voluntary retirements, and also restricting length of service in each grade to force involuntary retirements.
1306:
until 1864, but a superannuated rear admiral was appointed without distinction of squadron and was sarcastically said to belong to a non-existent yellow squadron. Senior captains were commissioned as the first yellow admirals in 1747 so that more employable captains could be promoted past them.
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gave this expansion of the 1925 tombstone promotion law, disparagingly dubbed "the hero act", his unenthusiastic endorsement. "We have tried for years to get the hero act out. But if it is going to be continued, we must have it extended to the Army," he told a House subcommittee in 1949. "If we
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to rear admiral on the retired list, since Belknap had retired for excessive time in grade, not age, and therefore did not qualify for the 1925 tombstone promotion. Congress extended tombstone promotion eligibility to cover retirement due to time in grade in 1931, and retirement due to physical
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remained committed to its policy of retiring captains at age 56. Instead, Congress passed the so-called "Tombstone Law" that authorized Dismukes personally to be retired as a rear admiral, and provided more generally that all Navy and Marine Corps officers who were specially commended for their
502:
argued that the law "was not designed to establish the military monstrosity of requiring the promotion to the flag rank of commodore of one who had served practically all his career in the Navy in a grade ranking with but after ensign" and tried to void both promotions, but was overruled by the
2654:
Court-Martial Order No. 8–1949: Re advancement on the retired list of retired officers who were recalled to active duty, specially commended for performance of duty in actual combat while serving on such new active duty, and thereafter released from active duty and have resumed their status of
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defines "long and distinguished" service to be at least 30 years of total active commissioned service and at least 10 years of continuous service as a permanent professor or department head. By 2018, nearly 80 percent of retired Air Force Academy permanent professors had received a tombstone
1221:
Similar numerical limits on flag officer billets in 2008 led the Navy to establish the position of Chief Judge of the Navy as a designated AJAG in rotation for a tombstone promotion, rather than the active-duty one-star billet preferred by the study panel that had recommended its creation.
782:
Exceptions to this rule were officers who held temporary grades during World War II. A 1946 law gave Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard officers the retired pay as well as the rank of the highest temporary grade in which they had satisfactory service on or before June 30, 1946, which the
761:
Tombstone promotions were based on an officer's grade on the day they actually retired. A vice admiral or lieutenant general could only receive a tombstone promotion to four-star admiral or general if he still held a three-star job when he retired, so when Marine Corps Lieutenant General
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on December 7, 1941, along with 2,000 enlisted men who could qualify for a tombstone promotion if they ever became an officer. The Navy Department, which had always opposed the 1925 tombstone promotion law, worried that tombstone promotions would become the norm instead of the exception.
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Retired officers who actually served in a grade while on active duty had precedence over those who advanced to that grade based on combat citations. Captains who only reached flag rank by retiring with an honorary combat citation promotion were derisively nicknamed "tombstone admirals".
488:
exceeded 45 years, so he was placed on the retired list with the rank of commodore and a pay raise, since the retired pay of a commodore exceeded his active-duty pay as a lieutenant. Johnson received the same four-grade promotion from lieutenant to commodore when he retired in 1921.
1762:
Fyffe and Erben were older than Skerrett, so neither could be promoted to rear admiral unless Skerrett retired before them. Erben orchestrated the entire sequence, even paying for Skerrett to bring his family home from China and for the lost difference in active and retired pay.
555:
In 1923, Coast Guard officers with 40 years of service were authorized to retire with the rank and retired pay of the next higher grade. For captains, the next higher grade for this purpose was commodore, until it was changed retroactively to rear admiral (lower half) in 1937.
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and three-fourths the retired pay of a warrant officer. Subsequent legislation kept the tombstone promotion for Coast Guard officers and warrant officers in line with the Navy and Marine Corps, repealing its three-fourths retired pay in 1950, and the promotion itself in 1959.
663:
Tombstone promotions for combat citations were inspired by the case of Navy Captain Douglas E. Dismukes, who faced mandatory retirement in 1925 because his age disqualified him from further consideration for promotion to rear admiral. Dismukes had commanded the transport
208:
Since the point of the law was to open more vacancies in higher ranks, Congress offered the same tombstone promotion to officers who retired voluntarily. "If we did not do it we would have very few applicants for retirement," said House Naval Affairs Committee chairman
1245:
Many states allow retiring National Guard officers with enough years of service to request a tombstone promotion to the next higher grade. Such a promotion is sometimes called a "wooden star" because it applies only within the state and is not federally recognized.
980:
By May 29, 1959, the Navy retired list included 33 admirals, 154 vice admirals, and 1,222 rear admirals who had never served in those grades on active duty, representing 53 percent, 78 percent, and 86 percent, respectively, of all living retirees in those grades.
568:
rank of rear admiral and reverted to his permanent grade of captain upon leaving office, so a tombstone promotion was the only way Coast Guard officers could retire with the same rank and pay as officers with comparable length of service in the much larger Navy.
204:
drew an analogy to Army officers who were retired in the next higher grade if discovered to be physically disqualified by an examination for promotion to that grade, and explained the higher pay as a way to make up for the involuntary nature of the retirements.
895:
nor Air Force officials seemed to really want it. Asked how strenuously the other services would resist continuing tombstone promotions just for the Navy, Dahlquist shrugged, "Not strenuously. We think it is a poor law, but we are not going to worry about it."
382:
3188:
Hearing Before the Oversight and Investigations Subcommittee of the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, First Session: Beyond Service Core Competency: Are Our Junior Officers Prepared For Today's Security
766:
was abruptly ordered to relinquish his three-star command on September 1, 1955, and revert to major general for the two months until his statutory retirement, he preserved his tombstone promotion to general by changing his retirement date to September 1.
1494:
on April 15, 1964, ordered an end to tombstone promotions on December 16, 1965, effective October 9, 1966. More than 4,000 commissioned and non-commissioned officers in the Brazilian military elected to keep their tombstone promotions by retiring early.
988:
reported that the Navy was more than halfway through retiring the list of officers eligible for tombstone promotions based on combat citations from World War II, and that the tombstone promotion law would terminate itself when that list was exhausted.
537:
The 1916 naval appropriation act authorized Marine Corps colonels to retire as brigadier generals after 45 years of service, or after 40 years of service if they retired at age 64, mirroring the tombstone promotion to commodore in Navy staff corps.
127:
778:
and was relieved of his three-star command on January 7, 1950, only three weeks before he was scheduled to retire with a tombstone promotion to admiral. Instead, he reverted to rear admiral and received a tombstone promotion back to vice admiral.
965:
23:
is an advance in rank awarded at retirement. It is often an honorary promotion that does not include any corresponding increase in retired pay, whose only benefit is the right to be addressed by the higher rank and have it engraved on one's
497:
was commissioned as a naval constructor with the rank of lieutenant in 1921 and retired as a commodore in 1924, after only 3 years as a commissioned officer and 39 years as an enlisted man, warrant officer, or chief warrant officer. The
220:
for active service, it still maintained the retirement rank for Navy captains who were voluntarily or involuntarily retired. However, captains who received their tombstone promotions for service during the Civil War were retired as a
232:
reached the mandatory retirement age of 62, the most senior captain was Harrison G. O. Colby, also 62. The second-ranking captain at the time, Leavitt C. Logan, was promoted to rear admiral only two days before retiring for age.
1311:
in the current war to become an rear admiral on the active list, or in the previous war to retire as a yellow admiral. By 1891, any captain could retire as a rear admiral or even vice admiral if he had enough years of service.
169:
that officers in excess of certain grade distributions be allowed to retire with the rank and retired pay of the next highest grade. Tombstone promotions as retirement incentives had been suggested as early as 1842, when the
366:
who had served during World War I to retire in the grade of lieutenant colonel if they had 23 to 28 years of service, or colonel if more than 28 years, and failed to reach those grades due to length-of-service restrictions.
46:, tombstone promotions were introduced to encourage early retirements and reduce the excessive number of officers recruited during wartime expansion, at the time including both the rank and retired pay of the higher grade.
1154:
whose grade is below brigadier general and whose service as permanent professor has been long and distinguished, may retire in the grade of brigadier general at the discretion of the President, but with no pay increase.
484:, were commissioned by special act of Congress in the grade of professor of mathematics with the rank of lieutenant. When Terry retired in 1917, his combined service as civilian professor and commissioned officer in the
2998:
Promotion and Involuntary Retirement of Regular Officers in the Armed Services: Hearing Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Armed Services of the United States Senate, Eighty-Sixth Congress, First Session, on S.
3368:
803:
The Career Compensation Act of 1949 gave all officers the same retired pay formula and repealed the 75 percent retired pay for a tombstone promotion, whose only remaining benefit was an honorary increase in rank.
1302:: a captain who retired with a commission as superannuated rear admiral that entitled him to the half-pay of a rear admiral but no further promotion or employment. Flag officers were divided by seniority into
237:
causes of the promotion hump were not resolved until the late 1910s, when Congress replaced promotion by seniority with promotion by selection, and provided different mandatory retirement ages for each grade.
1369:, who declined promotion to field marshal when he retired in 1976 because he had presided over deep cutbacks in Army personnel during his term. End-of-term promotions to five-star ranks were stopped in 1995.
2125:
Hearings on H.R. 9997 to Regulate the Distribution, Promotion, and Retirement of Officers of the Line of the Navy, and for Other Purposes, Committee on Naval Affairs, House of Representatives, Seventy-Fifth
1005:
878:
An early draft of the Career Compensation Act of 1949 would have granted tombstone promotions in the Army for combat citations awarded up to December 31, 1946, the same as in the Navy. Army personnel chief
257:
The Army, which had its own Civil War hump to flatten, created the equivalent of a tombstone promotion by advancing officers shortly before they retired, often with only a single day in the higher grade.
1559:
183:
The Navy Personnel Act of 1899 was a sweeping reform designed to revitalize the officer corps, especially at command ranks, by weeding out superannuated Civil War veterans. Line officers in the grades of
541:
No Marine Corps colonel then on the active list had served long enough to qualify for this promotion yet, but a number of senior Army colonels did have more than 40 years of service. Army Chief of Staff
336:
were each promoted to major general and immediately retired for disability; Bandholtz had collapsed from heart problems in April and Hay was recovering from an automobile accident the previous year.
228:
Neither the plucking board nor tombstone promotions substantially flattened the promotion hump, and promotion by seniority continued to advance officers close to retirement age. When rear admiral
213:. "There must be an incentive for voluntary retirement." The incentives for voluntary retirement applied to all Navy officers with a creditable record that included service during the Civil War.
369:
Congress gave a similar tombstone promotion to the Navy in 1938, authorizing lieutenants with 21 years of service to retire in the grade of lieutenant commander if they had served in the Navy or
933:
in 1924 and was selected for temporary brigadier general in 1953, confirmed by the Senate in January 1954, and retired in that grade seven months later, after 30 years of service. Navy officer
624:—could retire with a tombstone promotion to the rank but not the pay of the next higher grade, if they were specially commended for their performance of duty in actual combat before the end of
3590:
829:
retired with a tombstone promotion to general on December 31, 1955, and was recalled to active duty in his tombstone grade to serve as staff director of the Net Evaluation Subcommittee of the
476:
Although intended for captains, the wording of the law allowed staff corps officers of any rank to retire as a commodore after enough years of service. In 1913, two civilian professors at the
787:
interpreted to mean an officer could apply his tombstone promotion to his highest temporary grade from World War II, instead of the grade he held when he retired. For example, Rear Admiral
3230:
1554:
1535:
changed its formula to calculate pensions based on their final year's pay, resulting in a slew of pre-retirement promotions that were estimated to increase average pensions by 10 percent.
1194:
Upon completing one year in the role of Assistant Judge Advocate General (AJAG) of the Navy, AJAGs can retire as rear admirals (lower half) or brigadier generals. Until the passing of the
349:
officers in 1908. In 1907, Army brigadier generals who held the rank for at least three years and had served in the Civil War could retire with the rank and retired pay of major general.
1267:
if they had served at least one year in the previous rank. Although nominally automatic, such promotions could be withheld at the sovereign's discretion, as when Peter III's successor,
1195:
2687:
Hearings Before the Committee on Naval Affairs of the House of Representatives, Seventy-Eighth Congress, First Session: Sundry Legislation Affecting the Naval Establishment, 1943
693:, and who retired due to age ineligibility for promotion, would retire with three-fourths the retired pay of the grade from which retired, and the rank of the next higher grade.
636:
601:
2351:
Hearings Before the Subcommittee of the Committee on Naval Affairs, United States Senate, Sixty-Eighth Congress, First Session: Equalization of Promotion of Officers of the Navy
675:
1928:
Hearings Before the Committee on Military Affairs of the United States Senate on the Army Appropriation Bill for the Fiscal Year 1906–1907, Fifty-Ninth Congress, First Session
1291:
superannuated captains starting in 1840, and batches of captains as superannuated rear admirals starting in 1846, in order to clear the active list of ancient veterans of the
412:
retired as a lieutenant general in 1929 and James F. Leys as a vice admiral in 1932, the first Army engineer and first Navy surgeon, respectively, to achieve three-star rank.
1286:
Royal Navy officers retired with at least the pay of a higher rank as early as 1737, when 30 of the oldest lieutenants were pensioned off with the rank of lieutenant but the
1213:. The House of Representatives passed a bill to establish the JAG Corps with two AJAGs of the Navy in the grades of rear admiral or brigadier general. Navy and Marine Corps
791:
reverted from vice admiral to rear admiral after World War II, was restored to vice admiral when he retired on April 1, 1947, and received a tombstone promotion to admiral.
493:
paymaster with the rank of ensign, rising to passed assistant paymaster with the rank of lieutenant by 1922, when he retired at the age of 64 with a promotion to commodore.
2437:
Hearing Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, United States Senate, Eighty-Fourth Congress, First Session: Coast Guard Retirement Bills
1549:
1532:
709:
Between 1938 and 1942, tombstone promotions for combat citations were expanded to include periods other than World War I, Navy and Marine Corps officers already retired,
725:
163:
997:
833:
from April 1, 1956, to January 1, 1959, qualifying him after two years to be the first Marine, other than former commandants, to receive the retired pay of a general.
674:, and was decorated for saving the ship after it was torpedoed by a German submarine while returning to the United States with more than 1,600 passengers, including
2084:
Hearings Before the Committee on Military Affairs, House of Representatives, Seventy-Sixth Congress, Third Session: Promotion of Promotion List Officers of the Army
1175:
171:
737:
The Officer Personnel Act of 1947 consolidated all of the various tombstone promotion laws, and limited eligibility to combat citations awarded before the end of
197:
1544:
1263:
issued a manifesto to release the Russian nobility from obligatory state service, including a provision that allowed any noble to retire one rank higher in the
874:
told Congress that if the Navy got tombstone promotions for combat citations, then so should the Army, but it would be better to repeal the "hero act" entirely.
3249:
3833:
1202:
1045:
594:
175:
promotion to soften the blow. The Phythian Board's report eventually led Congress to tie a tombstone promotion to the Navy's first "plucking" board in 1899.
74:
1479:
during World War II and wanted to preserve tombstone promotions for his former soldiers. By 1971, over one hundred living retirees held the highest rank of
1363:
1352:
1348:
1278:, officers received a one-grade promotion at retirement if they had served at least one year in their current rank, or five years in the case of colonels.
3160:. History of Acquisition in the Department of Defense. Vol. II. Washington, D.C.: Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense. p. 256.
1271:, declined to promote a particular major general at retirement on the grounds that "She was above the Laws, and did not choose to grant him this reward."
3016:
1846:
1765:
1210:
1130:
for 21 years, was advanced to vice admiral on the retired list under the Appointments Clause when he retired permanently in August 1988. Rear Admiral
757:
lost his third star and a tombstone promotion to admiral three weeks before he retired, receiving instead a tombstone promotion back to vice admiral.
1445:
in November 1963. Army regulations granted one promotion at retirement for each of the following: more than 35 years of service, combat against the
1159:
1069:
907:
527:
499:
304:, who also promptly retired a few days later and was succeeded by Oscar F. Stanton, who also retired early after a few days. Stanton's replacement,
1793:
1044:
All five lieutenant generals in the Marine Corps asked to retire a few weeks after the repeal was passed, having been passed over for selection as
830:
621:
93:
2522:
2200:
Hearings Before the Committee on Naval Affairs of the House of Representatives on Sundry Legislation Affecting the Naval Establishment, 1922–1923
1865:
1472:
1186:
2610:
Hearings Before Committee on Naval Affairs of the House of Representatives on Sundry Legislation Affecting the Naval Establishment, 1926–1927
2564:
Hearings Before Committee on Naval Affairs of the House of Representatives on Sundry Legislation Affecting the Naval Establishment, 1929–1930
2545:
Hearings Before Committee on Naval Affairs of the House of Representatives on Sundry Legislation Affecting the Naval Establishment, 1924–1925
1423:
severely depleting senior officer grades to the point that many jobs slated for colonels and lieutenant colonels had to be filled by majors.
854:
684:
Friends of Dismukes and Schall in the House and Senate introduced legislation to exempt Dismukes from the mandatory retirement law, but the
3271:
Origins of the United States Navy Judge Advocate General's Corps: A History of Legal Administration in the United States Navy, 1775 to 1967
1303:
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721:
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193:
820:
retired with only the rank of general, but was recalled to active duty in his tombstone grade and eventually got its retired pay as well.
1012:
65:
after 40 years of service. Honorary tombstone promotions are still granted for this reason to long-serving permanent professors at the
1508:
1456:
1392:
1206:
784:
425:
2775:
Survey, Public Health Service, the Reserve Components Thereof, the National Guard, and the Air National Guard, and for Other Purposes
2453:
Hearings Before the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, Eighty-Fourth Congress, Second Session: Sundry Legislation
841:
Tombstone promotions for combat citations were authorized for Coast Guard officers in 1942 and reauthorized in 1949 when the various
3701:
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If the Army and Navy both got tombstone promotions, then the Air Force must have them too, said Air Force assistant personnel chief
652:
437:
196:
would be mandatorily retired with the rank and three-fourths the sea pay of the next higher grade if they were selected by a board.
108:
who retired with an honorary promotion. The derisive nickname of "tombstone admiral" was sometimes used to describe these officers.
2751:
Court-Martial Order No. 4–1948: Advancement in rank on retired list: special commendation for performance of duty in actual combat
2671:
Hearing Before the Committee on Naval Affairs, United States Senate, Seventy-Eighth Congress, First Session: Miscellaneous Bills
269:, who was more senior but younger, because Wheaton would retire for age only a month later. The same promotions were offered to
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2015:
2007:
1917:
1675:
1601:
1516:
1299:
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850:
644:
70:
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930:
710:
511:
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58:
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colonel, whether it would be better to expand tombstone promotions to the Army and Air Force or to eliminate them entirely,
49:
Tombstone promotions are also incentives for officers to complete a full career in military communities that do not provide
3297:"From Law Member to Military Judge: The Continuing Evolution of an Independent Trial Judiciary in the Twenty-First Century"
1476:
561:
504:
3337:
724:
unsuccessfully asked Congress to restrict tombstone promotions to commendations awarded before the President declared a
245:
101:
3136:
134:
was finally promoted at the age of 50, and applied to retire with a tombstone promotion to rear admiral a decade later.
2935:
1167:
938:
477:
465:
185:
105:
2370:
1901:
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and thirty-three other Army colonels were each promoted to brigadier general and retired after only one day in grade.
1527:
A tombstone promotion can also refer to an end-of-career promotion to increase retirement benefits, better known as
1347:
upon completing their terms as chiefs of their respective service staffs, either at retirement or upon elevation to
884:
thought that we could abolish the hero act, we would like that best, but if we can't abolish it we must join them."
1446:
1190:
Assistant judge advocates general of the Navy can retire with a tombstone promotion to one-star admiral or general.
1116:
1100:
714:
665:
613:
370:
85:
296:
could be promoted to rear admiral the day before reaching retirement age. In July 1894, Asiatic Station commander
617:
405:
217:
189:
89:
62:
3742:. Statens offentliga utredningar, 0375-250X ; 1974:46 (in Swedish). Stockholm: Allmänna förl. p. 149.
278:
1234:
982:
976:
arranged to end tombstone promotions for combat citations, which were never extended to the Army and Air Force.
96:
officers retired with honorary one-grade promotions on the basis of combat citations awarded before the end of
3691:
1411:
officers with at least 30 years of service to retire with the full pay of their highest grade and an honorary
934:
325:
3143:. Vol. 20, no. 18. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. October 27, 1977. p. 12.
3795:
Waiting for Dead Men's Shoes: Origins and Development of the U.S. Navy's Officer Personnel System, 1793–1941
3102:
The following named officer to be placed on the retired list in the grade indicated under the provisions of
494:
481:
469:
250:
1075:
gave up his tombstone promotion to remain on duty until the new commandant took office on January 1, 1960.
2365:
775:
730:
80:
Tombstone promotions have also been granted to honor exceptional individual service, such as building the
2578:
1775:
926:
648:
533:
asked that a Marine Corps tombstone promotion be extended to the Army, but Congress repealed it instead.
140:
2980:
Senior Officer Oral History Program - Interview with General Herbert B. Powell, USA, Retired, Section 7
1449:, and participation in World War II. Contemplating a hypothetical three-grade promotion from four-star
1436:
461:
2469:
Register of Retired Commissioned and Warrant Officers, Regular and Reserve, of the United States Navy
853:
who were specially commended for performance of duty in actual combat could retire with the grade of
329:
229:
148:
2232:"Professor of Mathematics at United States Naval Academy—Rank on Retirement (32 Op. Atty. Gen. 129)"
3753:
3103:
1491:
1400:
1268:
1260:
1205:(JAG Corps) in 1967. Before the act, there were already two statutory flag officer billets for the
1112:
1096:
1088:
1008:
941:, also in 1924, and received a tombstone promotion to rear admiral when he retired 30 years later.
697:
2913:
2652:
1358:, who forfeited promotion to admiral of the fleet by resigning to protest the cancellation of the
404:
in 1914, Congress authorized Army and Navy officers who had served more than three years with the
3296:
2927:
2669:
2500:
1432:
1065:
1061:
953:
910:
609:
386:
321:
297:
293:
210:
166:
39:
32:
3035:
2772:
2486:
Leadership Embodied: The Secrets to Success of the Most Effective Navy and Marine Corps Leaders
2451:
2195:
2123:
1830:
1693:
825:
that grade for at least two years on active duty. For example, Marine Corps Lieutenant General
749:
3743:
3697:
3687:
3669:
3649:
3619:
3613:
3534:
3455:
3435:
3393:
3320:"Model of a modern major general? National Guard official may lose job over choice of uniform"
3275:
3210:
3186:
3155:
2944:
2807:"Pay—Retired—Increases Under Act of May 20, 1958—Generals, Admirals, Etc. (41 Comp. Gen. 116)"
2806:
2749:
2685:
2608:
2562:
2543:
2386:
2303:
2285:
2267:
2249:
2231:
2213:
2176:
2153:
2143:
1653:
1635:
1412:
1001:
985:
969:
945:
888:
880:
871:
429:
328:
to brigadier general two days before he retired for age. In November 1923, Brigadier Generals
156:
54:
42:
veterans to make way for younger officers. After postwar cutbacks following the Civil War and
3643:
3508:
3429:
3387:
3204:
2996:
2484:
2467:
2435:
2349:
2310:. Vol. LXVII. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1929. pp. 277–280.
1926:
31:
The term was originally coined to describe the one-grade retirement promotion authorized for
3528:
3417:. Major Issues in History. New York City, New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 115–116.
2160:. Vol. LXXX. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1936. pp. 235–241.
2082:
1441:
1396:
1308:
1123:
1092:
1053:
993:
973:
826:
817:
678:
285:
270:
201:
3232:
Retirement of the Assistant Judge Advocate General of the Navy (SecNav Instruction 1800.3A)
2456:. Vol. 4. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1956. pp. 6966–1973.
2292:. Vol. LXV. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1928. pp. 699–703.
2220:. Vol. LIX. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1925. pp. 192–196.
1036:
sacrificed a fourth star by choosing to retire two months after tombstone promotions ended.
1028:
952:
tombstone promotions during his tenure as acting personnel chief under Army Chief of Staff
281:
and August 1901, 23 more colonels were promoted to brigadier general and promptly retired.
3087:
2778:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1949. pp. 2121, 2123, 2126–2136.
2238:. Vol. 32. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1922. pp. 129–132.
2150:. Vol. 11. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1932. pp. 291–295.
1528:
1328:
1292:
1275:
1238:
1146:
Under the Officer Personnel Act of 1947, any permanent professor, except the dean, of the
1138:
program for 20 years, was promoted to vice admiral when he stepped down in November 1977.
1119:
to nominate any officer to be retired in a higher grade, subject to Senate confirmation.
1072:
1068:
all retired on November 1 to collect their tombstone promotions to four-star general, but
1057:
1033:
788:
771:
763:
754:
301:
84:
or commendable performance in combat. From 1925 to 1959, thousands of United States Navy,
1642:. Vol. V. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1899. pp. 754–755.
1467:'." Castelo Branco called the practice absurd, but it persisted because the only living
1512:
1427:
1408:
1332:
1264:
1131:
1049:
640:
597:
523:
333:
313:
274:
266:
3106:, United States Constitution. To be Vice Admiral: Nominee: Rear Adm. John D. Bulkeley.
3827:
2940:. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1956. p. 1006.
2813:. Vol. 41. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1962. pp. 116–118.
2548:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1925. pp. 233–234, 255–256.
2472:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. September 30, 1976. p. iii.
1108:
842:
574:
543:
530:
289:
262:
144:
3392:. Bloomington and Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 46, 59.
2932:. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1954. p. 338.
2391:. Vol. I. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1916. p. 205.
2274:. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1927. p. 604.
2256:. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1927. p. 203.
345:
officers meeting those criteria were granted the same tombstone promotions, as were
3002:. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. June 17, 1959. pp. 25–27, 61–62.
2718:
Into the Jet Age: Conflict and Change in Naval Aviation, 1945–1975, An Oral History
1451:
1320:
1214:
846:
738:
625:
578:
409:
401:
393:
389:
222:
97:
81:
50:
35:
3352:
903:
696:
Two years later, Congress had to pass another law to advance retired Navy Captain
589:
453:
he had transferred to the line along with the rest of the Engineer Corps in 1899.
381:
284:
Navy officers made similar pacts to retire more officers in flag grades. In 1883,
3269:
3676:. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. pp. 308, 312–313.
3251:
Comprehensive Review of the Department of the Navy's Uniformed Legal Communities
690:
671:
358:
308:, was rear admiral for five weeks, until his statutory retirement in September.
305:
43:
2826:
In Many a Strife: General Gerald C. Thomas and the U.S. Marine Corps, 1917–1956
2523:"Time Machine: Iowa's priest-admiral, the extraordinary life of Maurice Sheehy"
1430:
officers received a two-grade promotion at retirement. For example, three-star
1241:
received a tombstone promotion to brevet lieutenant general in the state Guard.
866:
812:
3772:
3718:
3572:
3474:
3319:
3118:
3069:
3051:
2960:
2731:
2658:. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. August 1949. pp. 193–196.
2202:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1923. pp. 1701–1705.
2129:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1938. pp. 3191–3196.
1942:
1745:
1355:
1324:
1230:
472:
was promoted four grades from lieutenant to commodore when he retired in 1921.
392:
received a tombstone promotion to lieutenant general for helping to build the
126:
3554:
3431:
The Russian Officer Corps in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1792–1815
2754:. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. April 1948. pp. 127–131.
1989:
1971:
1958:
A Forgotten Soldier: The Life and Times of Major General Harry Hill Bandholtz
1883:
1811:
1727:
1709:
1636:"Pay of Officers of the Navy Under the Navy Personnel Act (5 Comp. Dec. 750)"
1178:
program in 1997, but retiring officers do not receive a tombstone promotion.
3173:
A History of the Permanent Professors of the United States Air Force Academy
2982:. Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army Military History Institute. pp. 6–7.
2613:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1927. pp. 759–760.
2567:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1930. pp. 389–392.
2181:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1922. pp. 685–687.
1377:
25:
3736:
Sverige Utredningen om befordringsförfarandet m m inom krigsmakten (1974).
1388:
964:
3737:
3618:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 114–115, 240.
2674:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1943. pp. 18–21.
2440:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1955. pp. 21–36.
2354:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1924. pp. 84–85.
1931:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1906. pp. 80–83.
1198:, AJAG tombstone promotions conferred the retired pay of the higher rank.
162:
In 1881, to flatten the hump of unpromotable officers, a board chaired by
3257:. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy. December 9, 2019. p. 43.
3088:"PN1315 — 100th Congress (1987–1988) — Rear Adm. John D. Bulkeley — Navy"
2897:
1960:. West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: Infinity Publishing. pp. 178–179.
1316:
1287:
1218:
rear admirals or brigadier generals even if they served in lower grades.
3510:
Promotion and Retirement of Flag Officers and Captains of the Royal Navy
2603:
2406:
2328:
2110:
2087:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1940. pp. 8–9.
2044:
1605:
1201:
This arrangement stems from the legislative compromise that created the
408:
to be advanced one grade in rank upon retirement. Under this provision,
3696:. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. p. 380.
3530:
The British Admirals of the Fleet, 1734–1995: A Biographical Dictionary
3274:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 678–682.
3192:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 2010. p. 168.
2883:
2875:
2867:
2859:
2851:
2843:
2793:
2690:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1944. p. 828.
2422:
2414:
2375:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1916. p. 194.
2344:
2336:
2250:"Pay—Retired—Passed Assistant Paymaster of the Navy (6 Comp. Gen. 203)"
2118:
2102:
2077:
2069:
2061:
2019:
2011:
1921:
1906:. Washington, D.C.: The Military Secretary's Office. 1906. p. 432.
1679:
1373:
147:
in 1866 and spent only a year as a lieutenant before being promoted to
2027:
1515:, was promoted to admiral after assuming his new position as Chief of
1380:
for at least five years can retire with the honorary rank of colonel.
635:
Honorary tombstone promotions for combat citations produced the first
3648:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 49–50.
1359:
300:
retired early to vacate his rear admiralcy for the senior commodore,
3494:
British Flag Officers in the French Wars, 1793–1815: Admirals' Lives
3462:. Vol. II. London: Hurst and Blackwell. 1860. pp. 242–246.
3757:
1387:
1229:
1185:
1087:
1027:
963:
902:
865:
811:
748:
588:
522:
460:
380:
244:
125:
3460:
Colburn's United Service Magazine, and Naval and Military Journal
324:'s 1908 retirement triggered a chain of promotions that elevated
3369:"Column: Give support during Military Family Appreciation Month"
1560:
List of United States Marine Corps tombstone lieutenant generals
1464:
1372:
A substantive lieutenant colonel who has held an appointment as
1016:
Senator, is that we do not approve of this, but it is the law."
2828:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 343–347.
2720:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 104–105.
2236:
Official Opinions of the Attorneys General of the United States
1490:
when he retired from the Army the day before being inaugurated
3119:"Last WWII admiral still on duty to leave Navy after 55 years"
2171:
2169:
2167:
1307:
During the Napoleonic Wars, a captain had to have commanded a
1298:
The Royal Navy equivalent of a tombstone admiral was called a
3817:
Dictionary of Admirals of the U.S. Navy - Volume 2, 1901–1918
3806:
Dictionary of Admirals of the U.S. Navy - Volume 1, 1862–1900
2319:
2317:
3238:. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy. October 5, 2018.
917:
tombstone promotions to old friends and sons of old friends.
3318:
Bombardieri, Marcella; Phillips, Frank (December 2, 1999).
2144:"Pay—Retired—Vice Admirals of the Navy (11 Comp. Gen. 291)"
689:
performance of duty in actual combat with the enemy during
3533:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Leo Cooper. pp. 1, 3–4.
2705:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 268.
2703:
For Country and Corps: The Life of General Oliver P. Smith
717:, and Coast Guard and Coast and Geodetic Survey officers.
2811:
Decisions of the Comptroller General of the United States
2489:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 82.
2308:
Cases Decided in the Court of Claims of the United States
2304:"Edward F. Delaney v. The United States (67 C. Cls. 277)"
2290:
Cases Decided in the Court of Claims of the United States
2272:
Decisions of the Comptroller General of the United States
2254:
Decisions of the Comptroller General of the United States
2218:
Cases Decided in the Court of Claims of the United States
2214:"Frank W. Bartlett v. The United States (59 C. Cls. 192)"
2158:
Cases Decided in the Court of Claims of the United States
2148:
Decisions of the Comptroller General of the United States
1555:
List of United States Coast Guard tombstone vice admirals
1503:
In Sweden in older times, so-called honorary promotions (
1095:
received a tombstone promotion to vice admiral under the
1006:
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Manpower and Personnel
2557:
2555:
2538:
2536:
2501:"Historical Dental School Receives Navy Alumnus Memento"
774:
offended the secretary of the Navy during the so-called
593:
A tombstone promotion for combat citations made retired
3434:. New York City, New York: Savas Beattie. p. xxi.
2899:
Oral History Interview #2 - Captain John E. Greenbacker
1196:
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017
3513:. Portsmouth, Hampshire: Holbrook and Son. p. 28.
3415:
Modernization of Russia Under Peter I and Catherine II
2902:. East Carolina Manuscript Collection. pp. 26–27.
2286:"Ellis W. Craig v. The United States (67 C. Cls. 277)"
3645:
The Military in Politics: Changing Patterns in Brazil
3496:. London: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 1–2, 165–169.
3389:
Reform and Regicide: The Reign of Peter III of Russia
3070:"Assistant Marine Commandant Won't Retire Until 1960"
2154:"James F. Leys v. The United States (80 C. Cls. 235)"
1319:, it was customary for the professional heads of the
608:
From 1925 to 1959, officers of the maritime services—
104:
had never served in that grade on active duty, being
1624:. Vol. 32. January 17, 1899. pp. 708, 711.
1455:, the highest active-duty rank, Army chief of staff
3739:
Befordringsförfarandet inom krigsmakten: betänkande
2991:
2989:
2631:"The Effect of Combat Commendation Upon Retirement"
1407:From the early 1800s, it was standard practice for
3209:. New York City, New York: Routledge. p. 11.
3175:. Golden, Colorado: Fulcrum Group. pp. 41–44.
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2624:
2622:
2620:
1550:List of United States Navy tombstone vice admirals
420:Navy staff corps officers with 40 years of service
155:was commissioned in 1870 and was only promoted to
3797:, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press
849:. The 1949 law further provided that Coast Guard
845:that governed the Coast Guard were codified into
216:Although the Act had also abolished the rank of
2268:"Pay, Retired—Naval Officer (6 Comp. Gen. 604)"
2138:
2136:
1616:
1614:
1166:The equivalent of a permanent professor at the
585:Combat citations before the end of World War II
100:. By May 1959, 1,222 of the 1,420 retired Navy
2190:
2188:
1746:"Federal Notes: The Way They Have In The Navy"
1698:. Vol. 33. pp. 3319–3322, 3601–3602.
519:Marine Corps colonels with 40 years of service
3693:President Castello Branco: Brazilian Reformer
3674:President Castello Branco: Brazilian Reformer
3592:The Promotions and Appointments Warrant, 2009
1829:Congress, United States (February 18, 1903).
1578:
1576:
1574:
1545:List of United States Navy tombstone admirals
1182:Assistant judge advocates general of the Navy
1041:retire by the end of the fiscal year anyway.
729:already been commended for actions since the
551:Coast Guard officers with 40 years of service
75:assistant judge advocates general of the Navy
8:
3819:, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press
3808:, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press
3719:"Young Brazilians Turn Back on Armed Forces"
3522:
3520:
2943:Congress, United States (January 25, 1954).
1640:Decisions of the Comptroller of the Treasury
1486:Castelo Branco, who was himself advanced to
3773:"The bizarre world of tombstone promotions"
3034:Congress, United States (August 13, 1959).
1847:"Too Many Generals, Prince Tells The House"
1591:Chisholm, pp. 181, 223, 404, 444, 454, 460.
1483:, all promoted to that rank at retirement.
261:Among the brigadier general ranks in 1894,
3637:
3635:
3607:
3605:
3011:
3009:
1692:Congress, United States (March 26, 1900).
1459:joked, "Perhaps those of us who retire as
292:agreed to step down a few months early so
3171:Head, James H.; Royer, Erlind G. (2018).
2961:"Retired Navy Officer Seeks A Law Degree"
2635:United States Naval Institute Proceedings
1211:deputy judge advocate general of the Navy
602:four-star general in Marine Corps history
3157:Adapting to Flexible Response, 1960–1968
1582:Cogar (1991), pp. xi–xiii, 41–42, 51–52.
500:Comptroller General of the United States
3473:Brown, Alexander C. (October 2, 1977).
3052:"More Marine Brass Joins Nov. 1 Exodus"
2914:"Be Thou At Peace: John Gillespie Hill"
1570:
1353:first sea lord and chief of naval staff
265:was promoted to major general ahead of
3717:Stein, Louis R. (September 26, 1966).
1533:Police and Fireman's Retirement System
1531:. For example, in 1982 the New Jersey
1362:aircraft carrier program in 1966, and
1158:For Air Force Academy professors, the
3367:Tschohl, William (November 9, 2017).
2732:"Bogan's Retirement Rank In Jeopardy"
512:Attorney General of the United States
130:After 22 years as a Navy lieutenant,
16:Advance in rank awarded at retirement
7:
2896:Greenbacker, John E. (May 2, 1996).
2579:"National Affairs: Generals' Exodus"
2178:Laws Relating to the Navy, Annotated
1142:Service academy permanent professors
1136:submarine-launched ballistic missile
3834:Military ranks of the United States
3771:Fuetsch, Michele (April 14, 1987).
3386:Leonard, Carol S. (22 March 1993).
2655:retired officers not on active duty
2388:War Department Annual Reports, 1916
1835:. Vol. 36. pp. 2347–2349.
1473:JoĂŁo Baptista Mascarenhas de Morais
1203:Navy Judge Advocate General's Corps
1134:, technical director of the Navy's
948:later corroborated this account of
2788:Act of October 12, 1949 (63
2629:Patrick, Howard A. (August 1948).
2401:Acts of January 12, 1923 (42
1884:"Big Bunch Of New Brigadiers Made"
1471:to hold that rank on active duty,
1457:Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco
1395:received a tombstone promotion to
1393:Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco
1172:Corps of Professors of Mathematics
785:Judge Advocate General of the Navy
486:Corps of Professors of Mathematics
159:in 1897, after 22 years in grade.
14:
3076:. September 1, 1959. p. B-6.
3017:"160 Top Navy Men Ask Retirement"
1728:"Making Numerous Army Promotions"
1426:Until 1966, the vast majority of
1399:the day before being inaugurated
1170:was originally an officer in the
1126:, who served as president of the
715:Naval and Marine Corps Reservists
457:Lieutenants retired as commodores
3058:. September 12, 1959. p. 5.
3023:. September 19, 1959. p. 1.
2878:); and August 11, 1959 (73
2339:), and August 7, 1947 (61
2196:"Section 1481, Revised Statutes"
2113:), and August 7, 1947 (61
2072:), and August 7, 1947 (61
2006:Acts of April 23, 1904 (33
1782:. September 10, 1894. p. 4.
1674:Act of August 22, 1912 (37
1163:promotion to brigadier general.
1032:Marine Corps Lieutenant General
816:Marine Corps Lieutenant General
741:, defined as December 31, 1946.
400:Following the completion of the
3561:. February 22, 1966. p. 3.
3555:"British Choose Jets Over Navy"
3428:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2005).
3413:Dmytryshyn, Basil, ed. (1974).
3104:Article II, Section 2, Clause 2
3040:. Vol. 100. p. 15748.
2738:. January 31, 1950. p. 12.
2483:Thomas, Joseph J., ed. (2013).
2417:), and August 4, 1949 (63
2323:Acts of March 4, 1925 (43
2097:Acts of June 23, 1938 (52
2056:Acts of July 31, 1935 (49
2022:); and April 16, 1908 (35
1853:. February 23, 1906. p. 5.
1818:. February 19, 1903. p. 3.
1800:. February 18, 1903. p. 8.
998:Senate Armed Services Committee
3579:. October 8, 1976. p. 24.
3206:Military Culture and Education
3203:Higsbee, Douglas, ed. (2010).
3125:. August 11, 1988. p. A6.
2967:. April 14, 1955. p. 9-A.
2838:Acts of June 6, 1942 (56
2598:Act of March 3, 1927 (44
2039:Act of March 2, 1907 (34
1996:. November 3, 1923. p. 4.
1916:Act of June 12, 1906 (34
1890:. July 18, 1903. pp. 1–2.
1752:. October 31, 1883. p. 1.
1600:Act of March 3, 1899 (30
1345:marshal of the Royal Air Force
1304:red, white, and blue squadrons
1128:Board of Inspection and Survey
1046:commandant of the Marine Corps
931:United States Military Academy
899:"Tombstone promotion with pay"
424:In 1877, Navy officers of the
172:Senate Naval Affairs Committee
1:
2949:. Vol. 100. p. 733.
2505:U.S. Navy Medical News Letter
2105:), October 14, 1940 (54
1477:Brazilian Expeditionary Force
1048:in favor of a major general,
198:House Naval Affairs Committee
53:opportunities. Until 1925, a
1990:"Michigan Army Men Promoted"
1978:. April 2, 1923. p. 10.
1956:Garland, Patrick V. (2009).
1945:. March 27, 1908. p. 1.
1794:"Army Appropriations Passed"
1734:. June 15, 1902. p. 10.
1664:(21): 539. January 25, 1908.
1517:His Majesty's Military Staff
1176:permanent military professor
855:commissioned warrant officer
837:Coast Guard warrant officers
164:Naval Academy superintendent
112:United States armed services
3573:"General takes pension cut"
3475:"Beaufort of the Admiralty"
2978:Powell, Herbert B. (1972).
2862:); August 3, 1950 (64
2846:); August 4, 1949 (63
1872:. July 27, 1903. p. 6.
1812:"Lively Clash in the House"
1772:. July 10, 1894. p. 5.
939:United States Naval Academy
651:; and the first three-star
3850:
3815:Cogar, William B. (1991),
3804:Cogar, William B. (1989),
3642:Stepan, Alfred C. (1971).
2824:Millett, Allan R. (1993).
2716:Wooldridge, E. T. (1995).
2331:), June 10, 1926 (44
2064:), June 13, 1940 (54
2014:); June 29, 1906 (34
1943:"Many Changes In The Army"
1766:"Erben To Be Rear Admiral"
1750:The San Francisco Examiner
1716:. May 11, 1897. p. 1.
1447:Communist uprising of 1935
1226:National Guard state ranks
1160:secretary of the Air Force
1122:For example, Rear Admiral
1117:United States Constitution
1107:The President can use his
1101:United States Constitution
925:For example, Army officer
249:Over three weeks in 1903,
151:in 1869 at the age of 25;
3793:Chisholm, Donald (2001),
3612:McCann, Frank D. (2004).
3527:Heathcote, T. A. (2002).
3339:SC Code § 25-1-590 (2019)
3154:Poole, Walter S. (2013).
2701:Shisler, Gail B. (2009).
2511:(4): 19. August 27, 1965.
2409:), June 9, 1937 (50
2347:). Cogar (1989), p. xxi.
1608:). Chisholm, pp. 464–465.
1509:Eastern Military District
831:National Security Council
770:Conversely, Vice Admiral
622:Coast and Geodetic Survey
480:, Nathaniel M. Terry and
442:professors of mathematics
406:Isthmian Canal Commission
377:Building the Panama Canal
94:Coast and Geodetic Survey
3456:"Royal Naval Retirement"
2924:(3): 122. December 1983.
1866:"Promotions in the Army"
1235:Minnesota National Guard
983:Chief of Naval Personnel
573:the various Coast Guard
38:in 1899 to induce aging
3507:Bramble, James (1891).
3354:MN Code § 192.20 (2020)
3268:Siegel, Jay M. (1997).
3137:"Who's News in Defense"
1816:San Francisco Chronicle
1776:"A Ladder To Flag Rank"
1654:"Army and Navy Journal"
1439:retired as a five-star
643:; the first three-star
595:Marine Corps Commandant
547:after it was extended.
320:example, major general
179:1899 Navy Personnel Act
153:George P. Colvocoresses
132:George P. Colvocoresses
3615:Soldiers of the Patria
3123:The Arizona Daily Star
2937:Official Army Register
2929:Official Army Register
2372:Official Army Register
1994:The Detroit Free Press
1903:Official Army Register
1404:
1364:Chief of General Staff
1351:. Exceptions included
1349:chief of defence staff
1331:to be promoted to the
1242:
1207:judge advocate general
1191:
1152:U.S. Air Force Academy
1104:
1052:. Lieutenant Generals
1037:
977:
918:
875:
821:
776:Revolt of the Admirals
758:
731:attack on Pearl Harbor
722:Department of the Navy
686:Department of the Navy
605:
534:
473:
397:
347:Revenue Cutter Service
254:
135:
71:U.S. Air Force Academy
3559:Abilene Reporter-News
3492:Morrow, John (2018).
2585:. September 7, 1959.
1658:Army and Navy Journal
1391:
1233:
1189:
1148:U.S. Military Academy
1091:
1031:
1013:Department of Defense
967:
906:
870:Army personnel chief
869:
815:
808:Recall to active duty
752:
676:Minnesota Congressman
655:, Maurice S. Sheehy.
592:
526:
464:
384:
248:
129:
67:U.S. Military Academy
3037:Congressional Record
2965:Paducah Sun-Democrat
2946:Congressional Record
1832:Congressional Record
1695:Congressional Record
1622:Congressional Record
1475:, had commanded the
1461:generais de exército
1341:admiral of the fleet
1070:assistant commandant
701:disability in 1936.
373:during World War I.
279:Spanish–American War
194:lieutenant commander
149:lieutenant commander
122:Promotion stagnation
3301:Military Law Review
1492:President of Brazil
1452:general de exército
1401:President of Brazil
1269:Catherine the Great
1261:Peter III of Russia
1113:Appointments Clause
1097:Appointments Clause
1084:Appointments Clause
1009:Charles C. Finucane
937:graduated from the
929:graduated from the
908:Army Chief of Staff
745:Grade at retirement
698:Reginald R. Belknap
528:Army Chief of Staff
371:Naval Reserve Force
251:Charles A. Woodruff
21:tombstone promotion
3688:Dulles, John W. F.
3670:Dulles, John W. F.
3307:(Spring 2009): 82.
3021:The New York Times
1870:The New York Times
1851:The New York Times
1798:The New York Times
1780:The New York Times
1770:The New York Times
1710:"Military Circles"
1433:general de divisĂŁo
1405:
1243:
1192:
1168:U.S. Naval Academy
1105:
1066:Robert E. Hogaboom
1062:Merrill B. Twining
1038:
996:, a member of the
978:
954:Matthew B. Ridgway
919:
911:Matthew B. Ridgway
876:
862:Army and Air Force
822:
759:
726:state of emergency
606:
535:
482:W. Woolsey Johnson
474:
470:W. Woolsey Johnson
446:naval constructors
398:
387:Chief of Engineers
340:Civil War veterans
330:Harry H. Bandholtz
322:Adolphus W. Greely
298:Joseph S. Skerrett
294:Alexander C. Rhind
255:
167:Robert L. Phythian
141:French E. Chadwick
136:
61:could retire as a
40:American Civil War
33:United States Navy
3141:Commanders Digest
3056:The York Dispatch
2366:Herbert J. Slocum
1972:"Fort Bliss News"
1437:Ademar de QueirĂłs
1237:Adjutant General
1011:replied that the
1002:Air Force Reserve
992:Asked by Senator
986:Harold Page Smith
970:Air Force Reserve
946:Herbert B. Powell
935:Eugene T. Seaward
889:Richard E. Nugent
881:John E. Dahlquist
872:John E. Dahlquist
649:Alexander G. Lyle
143:was commissioned
3841:
3820:
3809:
3798:
3781:
3780:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3639:
3630:
3629:
3609:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3524:
3515:
3514:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3324:The Boston Globe
3315:
3309:
3308:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3013:
3004:
3003:
2993:
2984:
2983:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2941:
2933:
2925:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2893:
2887:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2803:
2797:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2769:
2756:
2755:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2626:
2615:
2614:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2540:
2531:
2530:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2432:
2426:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2321:
2312:
2311:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2192:
2183:
2182:
2173:
2162:
2161:
2151:
2140:
2131:
2130:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2054:
2048:
2037:
2031:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1888:The Boston Globe
1880:
1874:
1873:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1773:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1689:
1683:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1609:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1505:honnörsbefordran
1309:ship of the line
1124:John D. Bulkeley
1093:John D. Bulkeley
1054:Edwin A. Pollock
994:Howard W. Cannon
974:Howard W. Cannon
851:warrant officers
827:Gerald C. Thomas
818:Gerald C. Thomas
711:Navy staff corps
679:Thomas D. Schall
637:four-star Marine
353:World War I hump
271:James W. Forsyth
241:One-day generals
202:Amos J. Cummings
59:Navy staff corps
3849:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3824:
3823:
3814:
3803:
3792:
3789:
3784:
3779:. p. A-11.
3770:
3769:
3765:
3750:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3723:Daily News-Post
3716:
3715:
3711:
3704:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3641:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3611:
3610:
3603:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3526:
3525:
3518:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3217:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3096:
3094:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3015:
3014:
3007:
2995:
2994:
2987:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2942:
2934:
2926:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2787:
2783:
2771:
2770:
2759:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2628:
2627:
2618:
2607:
2597:
2593:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2542:
2541:
2534:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2400:
2396:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2369:
2363:
2359:
2348:
2322:
2315:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2194:
2193:
2186:
2175:
2174:
2165:
2152:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2122:
2096:
2092:
2081:
2055:
2051:
2038:
2034:
2005:
2001:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1925:
1915:
1911:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1774:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1732:The Inter Ocean
1726:
1725:
1721:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1673:
1669:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1620:
1619:
1612:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1572:
1568:
1541:
1529:pension spiking
1525:
1523:Pension spiking
1511:, Vice Admiral
1501:
1463:are to become '
1386:
1333:five-star ranks
1329:Royal Air Force
1293:Napoleonic Wars
1284:
1276:Napoleonic Wars
1257:
1252:
1239:Richard C. Nash
1228:
1184:
1144:
1086:
1081:
1079:Modern examples
1073:Verne J. McCaul
1058:Vernon E. Megee
1034:Verne J. McCaul
1026:
962:
901:
864:
839:
810:
797:
789:David W. Bagley
772:Gerald F. Bogan
764:Oliver P. Smith
755:Gerald F. Bogan
747:
707:
661:
587:
553:
521:
505:Court of Claims
459:
422:
379:
355:
342:
302:Joseph P. Fyffe
286:Asiatic Station
243:
230:Robert M. Berry
181:
124:
119:
114:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3847:
3845:
3837:
3836:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3811:
3810:
3800:
3799:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3763:
3748:
3728:
3709:
3702:
3679:
3661:
3654:
3631:
3624:
3601:
3582:
3564:
3546:
3539:
3516:
3499:
3484:
3465:
3447:
3440:
3420:
3405:
3398:
3378:
3359:
3344:
3329:
3310:
3287:
3280:
3260:
3241:
3222:
3215:
3195:
3178:
3163:
3146:
3128:
3110:
3079:
3061:
3043:
3026:
3005:
2985:
2970:
2952:
2905:
2888:
2831:
2816:
2798:
2781:
2757:
2741:
2723:
2708:
2693:
2677:
2661:
2644:
2616:
2591:
2570:
2551:
2532:
2529:. May 8, 2017.
2514:
2492:
2475:
2459:
2443:
2427:
2394:
2378:
2357:
2313:
2295:
2277:
2259:
2241:
2223:
2205:
2184:
2163:
2132:
2090:
2049:
2032:
1999:
1981:
1976:El Paso Herald
1963:
1948:
1934:
1909:
1893:
1875:
1857:
1838:
1821:
1803:
1785:
1755:
1737:
1719:
1701:
1684:
1667:
1645:
1627:
1610:
1593:
1584:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1540:
1537:
1524:
1521:
1513:Bror Stefenson
1500:
1497:
1428:Brazilian Army
1409:Brazilian Army
1385:
1382:
1300:yellow admiral
1283:
1282:United Kingdom
1280:
1265:Table of Ranks
1256:
1255:Russian Empire
1253:
1251:
1250:Other examples
1248:
1227:
1224:
1183:
1180:
1143:
1140:
1132:Levering Smith
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1050:David M. Shoup
1025:
1022:
961:
958:
900:
897:
863:
860:
838:
835:
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641:Thomas Holcomb
598:Thomas Holcomb
586:
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564:held only the
552:
549:
520:
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495:Ellis W. Craig
458:
455:
434:Engineer Corps
421:
418:
378:
375:
354:
351:
341:
338:
334:William H. Hay
326:Charles Morris
314:John L. Bullis
275:Zenas R. Bliss
267:John R. Brooke
242:
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211:George E. Foss
180:
177:
123:
120:
118:
117:Civil War hump
115:
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15:
13:
10:
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6:
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3:
2:
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3598:. p. 35.
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3481:. p. 10.
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3326:. p. B6.
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3093:
3092:U.S. Congress
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2641:(8): 957–965.
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2364:For example,
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2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
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1949:
1944:
1938:
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1342:
1338:
1337:field marshal
1334:
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1296:
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1281:
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1262:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1215:line officers
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1188:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:plenary power
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
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1021:
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1007:
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987:
984:
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951:
947:
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936:
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905:
898:
896:
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873:
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859:
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832:
828:
819:
814:
807:
805:
801:
794:
792:
790:
786:
780:
777:
773:
768:
765:
756:
753:Vice Admiral
751:
744:
742:
740:
735:
732:
727:
723:
720:In 1943, the
718:
716:
712:
704:
702:
699:
694:
692:
687:
682:
680:
677:
673:
669:
668:
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629:
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623:
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611:
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599:
596:
591:
584:
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580:
576:
570:
567:
563:
557:
550:
548:
545:
544:Hugh L. Scott
539:
532:
531:Hugh L. Scott
529:
525:
518:
516:
513:
508:
506:
501:
496:
490:
487:
483:
479:
478:Naval Academy
471:
467:
466:Naval Academy
463:
456:
454:
450:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
419:
417:
413:
411:
407:
403:
395:
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348:
339:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
317:
315:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
290:Peirce Crosby
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
263:Frank Wheaton
259:
252:
247:
240:
238:
234:
231:
226:
224:
219:
214:
212:
206:
203:
199:
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168:
165:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
133:
128:
121:
116:
111:
109:
107:
103:
102:rear admirals
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
45:
41:
37:
36:line officers
34:
29:
27:
22:
3816:
3805:
3794:
3776:
3766:
3738:
3731:
3725:. p. 4.
3722:
3712:
3692:
3682:
3673:
3664:
3644:
3614:
3591:
3585:
3577:The Guardian
3576:
3567:
3558:
3549:
3529:
3509:
3502:
3493:
3487:
3478:
3468:
3459:
3450:
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3414:
3408:
3388:
3381:
3373:Sun ThisWeek
3372:
3362:
3353:
3347:
3338:
3332:
3323:
3313:
3304:
3300:
3290:
3270:
3263:
3250:
3244:
3231:
3225:
3205:
3198:
3189:Environment?
3187:
3181:
3172:
3166:
3156:
3149:
3140:
3131:
3122:
3113:
3101:
3095:. Retrieved
3091:
3082:
3073:
3064:
3055:
3046:
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2801:
2784:
2773:
2750:
2744:
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2702:
2696:
2686:
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2609:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2573:
2563:
2544:
2526:
2517:
2508:
2504:
2495:
2485:
2478:
2468:
2462:
2452:
2446:
2436:
2430:
2397:
2387:
2381:
2371:
2360:
2350:
2307:
2298:
2289:
2280:
2271:
2262:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2177:
2157:
2147:
2124:
2093:
2083:
2052:
2035:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1951:
1937:
1927:
1912:
1902:
1896:
1887:
1878:
1869:
1860:
1850:
1841:
1831:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1769:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1731:
1722:
1714:Deseret News
1713:
1704:
1694:
1687:
1670:
1661:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1621:
1596:
1587:
1526:
1504:
1502:
1487:
1485:
1480:
1468:
1460:
1450:
1440:
1431:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1406:
1371:
1321:British Army
1314:
1297:
1285:
1273:
1258:
1244:
1220:
1200:
1193:
1165:
1157:
1145:
1121:
1106:
1043:
1039:
1018:
991:
979:
968:Senator and
949:
943:
927:John G. Hill
924:
920:
914:
893:
886:
877:
847:positive law
840:
823:
802:
798:
781:
769:
760:
739:World War II
736:
719:
708:
705:World War II
695:
683:
667:Mount Vernon
666:
662:
634:
630:
626:World War II
614:Marine Corps
607:
579:positive law
571:
565:
558:
554:
540:
536:
509:
491:
475:
451:
423:
414:
410:Edgar Jadwin
402:Panama Canal
399:
394:Panama Canal
390:Edgar Jadwin
368:
364:
357:The massive
356:
343:
318:
310:
283:
260:
256:
235:
227:
223:rear admiral
215:
207:
182:
161:
137:
98:World War II
86:Marine Corps
82:Panama Canal
79:
48:
30:
20:
18:
3479:Daily Press
3295:Ku, Fansu.
3074:Independent
2527:The Gazette
1315:During the
1024:Termination
795:Retired pay
691:World War I
672:World War I
659:World War I
618:Coast Guard
359:World War I
306:Henry Erben
90:Coast Guard
44:World War I
3787:References
3777:The Record
3749:9138018845
3097:2021-07-14
2870:, 64
2854:, 63
2736:News-Pilot
1367:Peter Hunt
1356:David Luce
1325:Royal Navy
1111:under the
713:officers,
600:the first
566:ex officio
562:commandant
510:After the
468:professor
288:commander
225:instead.
157:lieutenant
55:lieutenant
1378:sovereign
1259:In 1762,
581:in 1949.
438:chaplains
218:commodore
190:commander
139:example,
73:, and to
63:commodore
51:flag-rank
26:tombstone
3828:Category
3690:(1980).
3672:(1978).
2918:Assembly
2126:Congress
1539:See also
1488:marechal
1481:marechal
1469:marechal
1442:marechal
1417:graduado
1403:in 1964.
1317:Cold War
1288:half-pay
1103:in 1988.
972:Colonel
950:de facto
944:General
915:de facto
843:statutes
653:chaplain
604:in 1944.
575:statutes
106:captains
3758:7257732
1397:marshal
1376:to the
1374:equerry
1274:By the
1115:of the
1099:of the
670:during
645:dentist
426:Medical
200:member
186:captain
3756:
3754:SELIBR
3746:
3700:
3652:
3622:
3537:
3438:
3396:
3278:
3213:
2882:
2874:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2842:
2792:
2602:
2421:
2413:
2405:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2043:
2026:
2018:
2010:
1920:
1678:
1604:
1499:Sweden
1413:brevet
1384:Brazil
1360:CVA-01
1327:, and
1064:, and
960:Repeal
620:, and
444:, and
432:, and
192:, and
145:ensign
92:, and
3596:(PDF)
3255:(PDF)
3236:(PDF)
2880:Stat.
2872:Stat.
2864:Stat.
2856:Stat.
2848:Stat.
2840:Stat.
2790:Stat.
2600:Stat.
2419:Stat.
2411:Stat.
2403:Stat.
2341:Stat.
2333:Stat.
2325:Stat.
2115:Stat.
2107:Stat.
2099:Stat.
2074:Stat.
2066:Stat.
2058:Stat.
2041:Stat.
2024:Stat.
2016:Stat.
2008:Stat.
1918:Stat.
1676:Stat.
1602:Stat.
1566:Notes
1465:Popes
1415:, or
1343:, or
913:gave
577:into
385:Army
57:in a
3744:ISBN
3698:ISBN
3650:ISBN
3620:ISBN
3535:ISBN
3436:ISBN
3394:ISBN
3276:ISBN
3211:ISBN
2999:1795
2922:XLII
2604:1354
2407:1131
2329:1271
2111:1175
2045:1163
1606:1006
1209:and
1000:and
610:Navy
332:and
273:and
69:and
3305:199
2884:338
2876:407
2868:406
2860:519
2852:516
2844:328
2794:835
2606:).
2423:543
2415:252
2345:882
2337:724
2121:).
2119:882
2103:950
2080:).
2078:913
2070:381
2062:507
2020:554
2012:264
1924:).
1922:245
1680:328
1662:XLV
1335:of
1150:or
430:Pay
3830::
3775:.
3752:.
3721:.
3634:^
3604:^
3575:.
3557:.
3519:^
3477:.
3458:.
3371:.
3322:.
3303:.
3299:.
3139:.
3121:.
3100:.
3090:.
3072:.
3054:.
3019:.
3008:^
2988:^
2963:.
2920:.
2916:.
2886:).
2809:.
2796:).
2760:^
2734:.
2639:74
2637:.
2633:.
2619:^
2581:.
2554:^
2535:^
2525:.
2509:46
2507:.
2503:.
2425:).
2368:.
2316:^
2306:.
2288:.
2270:.
2252:.
2234:.
2216:.
2198:.
2187:^
2166:^
2156:.
2146:.
2135:^
2047:).
2030:).
2028:62
1992:.
1974:.
1886:.
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