1244:
447:
919:
1185:<TLD>. 3600 IN MX 10 your-dns-needs-immediate-attention.<TLD>. <TLD>. 3600 IN SRV 10 10 0 your-dns-needs-immediate-attention.<TLD>. <TLD>. 3600 IN TXT "Your DNS configuration needs immediate attention see https://icann.org/namecollision" <TLD>. 3600 IN A 127.0.53.53
1352:, existed that were in widespread use among computer professionals and academic users, but were not interoperable directly with the Internet and exchanged mail with the Internet via special email gateways. For relaying purposes on the gateways, messages associated with these networks were labeled with suffixes such as
851:
During the 32nd
International Public ICANN Meeting in Paris in 2008, ICANN started a new process of TLD naming policy to take a "significant step forward on the introduction of new generic top-level domains". This program envisioned the availability of many new or already proposed domains, as well as
366:
per authority of
Request for Comments (RFC) 6761. The practice originated in RFC 1597 for reserved address allocations in 1994, and reserved top-level domains in RFC 2606 of 1999. RFC 6761 reserves the following four top-level domain names to avoid confusion and conflict. Any such reserved usage of
316:
ICANN started to accept applications for IDN ccTLDs in
November 2009, and installed the first set into the Domain Names System in May 2010. The first set was a group of Arabic names for the countries of Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. By May 2010, 21 countries had submitted
1375:
Most of these networks have long since ceased to exist, and although UUCP still gets significant use in parts of the world where
Internet infrastructure has not yet become well established, it subsequently transitioned to using Internet domain names, and pseudo-domains now largely survive as
171:(sTLD): These domains are proposed and sponsored by private agencies or organizations that establish and enforce rules restricting the eligibility to use the TLD. Use is based on community theme concepts; these domains are managed under official ICANN accredited registrars.
1814:
796:
TLDs. Site owners argued that a similar TLD should be made available for adult and pornographic websites to settle the dispute of obscene content on the
Internet, to address the responsibility of US service providers under the US
1215:
While this does create apex DNS records of type A and MX, they do not qualify as a dotless domain, as the records should not point to real servers. For instance, the A record contains the IP 127.0.53.53, a loopback address (see
1760:
This memo is a policy statement on the implementation of the Domain Style Naming System in the
Internet. This memo is an update of RFC-881, and RFC-897. This is an official policy statement of the IAB and the
329:
was the first
Internet top-level domain. It was intended to be used only temporarily, aiding in the transition of traditional ARPANET host names to the domain name system. However, after it had been used for
1122:
QUESTION ai. IN ANY ANSWER ai. 21599 IN A 209.59.119.34 ai. 21599 IN MX 10 mail.offshore.ai. ai. 21599 IN NS anycastdns1-cz.nic.ai. ai. 21599 IN NS anycastdns2-cz.nic.ai. ai. 21599 IN NS pch.whois.ai.
2396:
974:
QUESTION org. IN ANY ANSWER org. 21599 IN NS a0.org.afilias-nst.info. org. 21599 IN NS a2.org.afilias-nst.info. org. 21599 IN NS b0.org.afilias-nst.org. org. 21599 IN NS b2.org.afilias-nst.org.
1377:
1687:
This memo provides some information on the structure of the names in the Domain Name System (DNS), specifically the top-level domain names; and on the administration of domains.
3549:
2301:
1010:
have spoken out against the practice, classifying it as a security risk among other concerns. ICANN's
Security and Stability Advisory Committee (SSAC) additionally claims that
2710:
2152:
2682:
286:
224:
192:
1188:
This requirement is meant to avoid domain name collisions when new TLDs are registered. For example, programmers may have used custom local domains such as
2275:
2400:
619:
2703:
1399:
protocol to reach the hidden service to protect the anonymity of users. However, the pseudo-domain became officially reserved in
October 2015.
852:
a new application and implementation process. Observers believed that the new rules could result in hundreds of new gTLDs being registered.
1033:, and not under ICANN's. Because of this, there have been many examples of dotless domains on ccTLDs in spite of ICANN's vocal opposition.
1781:
339:
94:
3498:
3493:
2696:
1609:
1417:
1178:
Following a 2014 resolution by ICANN, newly registered TLDs must implement the following A, MX, TXT, and SRV apex DNS records – where
270:
2346:
334:, it was found impractical to retire it, and is used today exclusively for Internet infrastructure purposes such as in-addr.arpa for
2631:
2615:
1327:
1261:
530:
464:
2093:
1221:
687:
2324:
2249:
2131:
1308:
511:
289:(IDN ccTLD) is a top-level domain with a specially encoded domain name that is displayed in an end-user application, such as a
149:
2156:
1280:
1265:
483:
468:
1912:
3544:
3503:
310:
220:
182:
174:
42:
31:
3539:
1287:
490:
2061:
859:
announced nearly 2,000 applications for top-level domains, which began installation throughout 2013. The first seven –
3529:
3094:
2667:
2279:
1445:
1015:
1007:
78:
2178:
3524:
2941:
798:
556:
168:
165:
Generic restricted top-level domains (grTLD): These domains are managed under official ICANN-accredited registrars.
1294:
1254:
497:
457:
3390:
2601:
759:
2743:
2720:
1521:
611:
343:
159:
2118:
910:. The resulting report was to become known as the Name Collision issue, which was first reported at ICANN 47.
1638:"Restricted" means that the TLD is only usable or reserved for certain people, organizations, countries, ect.
1276:
563:
TLD for the use by international organizations in general, and persuaded NATO to use the second level domain
479:
2964:
1233:
363:
992:
DNS records to serve webpages or allow incoming email directly on a TLD – for example, a webpage hosted on
227:
names, which are displayed in end-user applications in their language-native script or alphabet, but use a
907:
631:
1604:
623:
89:. Responsibility for management of most top-level domains is delegated to specific organizations by the
951:, and since top-level domains are nodes in DNS, they have records of their own. For example, querying
3534:
2371:
1594:
1539:
1018:
of a mail address" and, as such, mail servers would reject emails to addresses with dotless domains.
695:
313:(IDN) system to top-level Internet domains assigned to countries, or independent geographic regions.
153:
35:
1126:
Historically, many other ccTLDs have had A or AAAA records. On 3 September 2013, as reported by the
207:
for testing purposes in the IDN development process; these domains are not present in the root zone.
195:(IDN ccTLD): ccTLDs in non-Latin character sets (e.g., Arabic, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, or Chinese).
1619:
1614:
1369:
331:
212:
129:, and was intended for transitional purposes toward the stabilization of the domain name system.
62:
1977:
1021:
ICANN has also published a resolution in 2013 that prohibits the creation of dotless domains on
367:
those TLDs should not occur in production networks that utilize the global domain name system:
2627:
2611:
2036:
1561:
1301:
1204:
in 2019. As of
September 2023, the only top-level domains with these special apex records are
504:
306:
1817:(Press release). Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). 30 October 2009
555:. NATO considered none of the then-existing TLDs as adequately reflecting their status as an
1744:
1708:
1671:
1463:
185:. With some historical exceptions, the code for any territory is the same as its two-letter
2663:
1205:
2621:
1543:
655:
298:
2097:
1392:
587:
579:
419:
302:
3518:
2866:
2861:
2650:
1396:
1384:
1080:
1056:
956:
731:
423:
416:
405:
98:
70:
17:
2688:
2079:
1076:
1030:
727:
719:
603:
347:
2576:
1052:
2554:
2488:
2444:
2422:
3272:
2959:
2466:
2316:
2023:
1663:
1599:
1243:
985:
960:
446:
290:
82:
74:
58:
2532:
2510:
1736:
1700:
73:
of the name space. For all domains in lower levels, it is the last part of the
3357:
3217:
3122:
3112:
2002:
1659:
1064:
968:
948:
936:
711:
647:
383:
109:
Originally, the top-level domain space was organized into three main groups:
30:"TLD" and "TLDN" redirect here. For Temporary Location Directory Number, see
3342:
3242:
3192:
3187:
3137:
2065:
989:
430:
387:
362:
A set of domain names is reserved by the Internet Engineering Task Force as
338:
and ip6.arpa for IPv6 reverse DNS resolution, uri.arpa and urn.arpa for the
223:(ccTLD). Since 2009, countries with non–Latin-based scripts may apply for
137:
As of 2015, IANA distinguishes the following groups of top-level domains:
3347:
3337:
3287:
3069:
2851:
2781:
2179:"What the new top-level domains from ICANN mean for you - Digital Trends"
1503:
1404:
1040:
981:
964:
747:
671:
595:
544:
422:. These names can only be resolved by a Tor client because of the use of
377:
371:
294:
228:
186:
66:
1887:
1773:
274:
3257:
3252:
3232:
3212:
3132:
3107:
3102:
3079:
3054:
3044:
3009:
2989:
2954:
2871:
2826:
2806:
2656:
2644:
2196:
1353:
1268: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
918:
903:
due to conflicts regarding gTLDs that are in use in internal networks.
841:
785:
639:
471: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
178:
69:
after the root domain. The top-level domain names are installed in the
1804:, ISO-3166, International Organization for Standardization. (May 1981)
1395:, which can only be reached with a Tor client because it uses the Tor
980:
are top-level domains that take advantage of that fact, and implement
3472:
3362:
3352:
3277:
3267:
3262:
3227:
3197:
3182:
3152:
3064:
2974:
2916:
2771:
1748:
1713:
1675:
1388:
1368:, but these domains did not exist as top-level domains in the public
1361:
1341:
1209:
906:
Investigation into the conflicts was conducted at ICANN's request by
663:
412:
401:
2610:, edited by Erica Schlesinger Wass (Rowman & Littlefield, 2003,
1862:
1836:
1093:
Other ccTLDs with A or AAAA records, as of September 2023, include:
3446:
3367:
3319:
3303:
3282:
3247:
3177:
3117:
3059:
3039:
3034:
3029:
2984:
2979:
2969:
2949:
2921:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2821:
2811:
2776:
2761:
2375:
2350:
2302:"Approved Resolutions | Meeting of the New gTLD Program Committee"
2253:
1815:"ICANN Bringing the Languages of the World to the Global Internet"
1552:
1494:
1485:
1454:
1436:
1376:
historical relics. One notable exception is the 2007 emergence of
1365:
1345:
1026:
1003:
917:
900:
896:
856:
845:
837:
825:
821:
789:
781:
777:
769:
765:
743:
739:
735:
703:
679:
548:
393:
351:
326:
263:
204:
200:
145:
126:
90:
2221:
1061:
It simply displays a notice that the website is no longer public.
3467:
3451:
3441:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3237:
3222:
3207:
3202:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3147:
3142:
3127:
3084:
3074:
3049:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2931:
2926:
2911:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2856:
2846:
2816:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2766:
2756:
2751:
1953:, S. Cheshire, M. Krochmal, The Internet Society (February 2013)
1940:, S. Cheshire, M. Krochmal, The Internet Society (February 2013)
1916:
1891:
1472:
1349:
1217:
1201:
1197:
1127:
1022:
1011:
923:
833:
829:
814:
793:
773:
560:
552:
335:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
86:
3388:
2731:
2692:
1966:, J. Appelbaum, A. Muffett, The Internet Society (October 2015)
559:. Soon after this addition, however, InterNIC also created the
3157:
1570:
1540:
Postal and Telecommunications Regulatory Authority of Zimbabwe
1530:
1512:
1481:
1400:
1357:
1237:
1220:), picked as a mnemonic to indicate a DNS-related problem, as
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1068:
1044:
944:
723:
715:
707:
699:
691:
683:
675:
667:
659:
651:
643:
635:
627:
615:
607:
599:
591:
583:
575:
440:
216:
93:, an Internet multi-stakeholder community, which operates the
820:
An older proposal consisted of seven new gTLDs: arts, firm,
211:
Countries are designated in the Domain Name System by their
2119:
ICANN Board Approves Sweeping Overhaul of Top-level Domains
1978:"ICANN reserves .internal for private use at the DNS level"
1562:
Société Internationale de Télécommunications Aéronautiques
354:
is sometimes considered to be a generic top-level domain.
219:). This group of domains is, therefore, commonly known as
2618:) examines connections between cultures and their ccTLDs.
1837:"'Historic' day as first non-Latin web addresses go live"
1029:, however, fall largely under their respective country's
386:– reserved to avoid conflict with the traditional use of
231:-translated ASCII domain name in the Domain Name System.
2153:"Reveal Day 13 June 2012 – New gTLD Applied-For Strings"
2634:) discusses TLDs and domain name policy more generally.
571:
TLD, no longer used, was finally removed in July 1996.
404:
for link-local host names that can be resolved via the
162:(gTLD): Top-level domains with three or more characters
1737:"Domain Name System Implementation Schedule - Revised"
1196:, which would both collide with the creation of gTLDs
1182:
stands for the registered TLD – for at least 90 days:
2579:. Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
2557:. Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
2535:. Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
2513:. Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
2491:. Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
2469:. Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
2447:. Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
2425:. Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
273:
in the root zone is published at the IANA website at
2037:"What is top-level Domain | TLD meaning - Namecheap"
1086:
3460:
3434:
3401:
3328:
3312:
3296:
3093:
2940:
2742:
2608:
National Identity and Internet Country Code Domains
2276:"IAB Statement: Dotless Domains Considered Harmful"
1403:provides a similar hidden pseudo-domain, .i2p. And
895:ICANN rejected several proposed domains to include
2132:"The Top 10 Proposed New Top Level Domains So Far"
1802:Codes for the Representation of Names of Countries
947:, each node in the tree has its own collection of
801:of 1996. Several options were proposed including
2244:
2242:
317:applications to ICANN, representing 11 scripts.
193:Internationalized country code top-level domains
125:group consisted of only the initial DNS domain,
27:Domain at the highest level of the DNS hierarchy
1072:
817:top-level domain eventually went live in 2011.
433:for private-use applications on July 29, 2024.
287:internationalized country code top-level domain
225:internationalized country code top-level domain
144:(ARPA): This group consists of one domain, the
1048:
730:that it represents. Under the chairmanship of
726:has remained active despite the demise of the
2704:
2315:Levine, John; Hoffman, Paul (December 2013).
1664:"Domain Name System Structure and Delegation"
742:is working on a policy for the retirement of
262:. More generic TLDs have been added, such as
8:
2372:"Name Collision Resources & Information"
2317:"Top-Level Domains That Are Already Dotless"
1119:, which shows A and MX records for the TLD:
177:(ccTLD): Two-letter domains established for
97:(IANA), and is in charge of maintaining the
3550:Computer-related introductions in the 1980s
1036:As of September 2023, that is the case of:
203:(tTLD): These domains were installed under
3398:
3385:
2739:
2728:
2711:
2697:
2689:
1387:formerly used the top-level pseudo-domain
1380:Mail, which uses the swift pseudo-domain.
380:– reserved for use in invalid domain names
141:
2647:– list of TLDs on the DNS Root Zone, IANA
2080:"32nd International Public ICANN Meeting"
1712:
1699:Postel, J.; Reynolds, J. (October 1984).
1328:Learn how and when to remove this message
531:Learn how and when to remove this message
148:. It is managed by IANA on behalf of the
77:, that is, the last non-empty label of a
61:at the highest level in the hierarchical
2003:"InterNIC FAQs on New Top-Level Domains"
1414:
309:). IDN ccTLDs are an application of the
1651:
1631:
215:; there are exceptions, however (e.g.,
2664:"Top-Level Domain Names by Host Count"
2347:"Name Collision Occurrence Assessment"
152:for various purposes specified in the
3329:
2096:. ICANN. 15 June 2009. Archived from
1089:, albeit with an invalid certificate.
1014:"requires at least two labels in the
927:is a node in the DNS tree, just like
848:covered most of these old proposals.
415:for the self-authenticating names of
275:https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/
7:
2626:by Milton Mueller (MIT Press, 2001,
2399:. SWIFT. 16 May 2007. Archived from
2155:. Newgtlds.icann.org. Archived from
1964:The ".onion" Special-Use Domain Name
1266:adding citations to reliable sources
469:adding citations to reliable sources
234:Generic top-level domains (formerly
1782:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
1504:VeriSign Information Services, Inc.
426:to protect the anonymity of users.
340:Dynamic Delegation Discovery System
293:, in its language-native script or
281:Internationalized country code TLDs
95:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
1610:List of Internet top-level domains
1115:s presented above can be made for
146:Address and Routing Parameter Area
81:. For example, in the domain name
25:
2659:– Articles on CircleID about TLDs
2005:. Internic.net. 25 September 2002
1976:Sharwood, Simon (8 August 2024).
768:discussed and finally introduced
722:). In contrast to these, the TLD
2345:Atallah, Akram (4 August 2014).
2250:"SSAC Report on Dotless Domains"
1242:
688:Democratic Republic of the Congo
445:
2325:Internet Engineering Task Force
1888:"IANA-managed Reserved Domains"
1576:Internationalized country-code
1253:needs additional citations for
456:needs additional citations for
150:Internet Engineering Task Force
142:Infrastructure top-level domain
3504:Country code top-level domains
374:– reserved for use in examples
221:country-code top-level domains
175:country-code top-level domains
1:
2555:"Delegation Record for .AERO"
2489:"Delegation Record for .NAME"
2445:"Delegation Record for .BLUE"
2423:"Delegation Record for .ARPA"
2397:"SWIFTNet Mail now available"
1407:uses the .bit pseudo-domain.
967:) returns information on its
411:RFC 7686 reserves the use of
400:RFC 6762 reserves the use of
311:internationalized domain name
43:Country code top-level domain
32:Mobile Station Roaming Number
2577:"Delegation Record for .ไทย"
2467:"Delegation Record for .OVH"
955:itself (with a tool such as
746:that have been removed from
2533:"Delegation Record for .ZW"
2511:"Delegation Record for .AC"
2280:Internet Architecture Board
1735:Postel, J. (October 1984).
1446:Internet Architecture Board
1130:, they were the following:
396:– reserved for use in tests
213:two-letter ISO country code
169:Sponsored top-level domains
79:fully qualified domain name
3566:
1913:"Special-Use Domain Names"
1340:Several networks, such as
1231:
935:. As such, it has its own
799:Communications Decency Act
757:
574:Other historical TLDs are
557:international organization
408:name resolution protocol.
350:. For historical reasons,
85:, the top-level domain is
40:
29:
3489:
3397:
3384:
2738:
2727:
2721:generic top-level domains
2121:, CircleID, 26 June 2008.
2026:.sex Considered Dangerous
1774:"IANA root zone database"
1743:. Network Working Group.
1707:. Network Working Group.
1670:. Network Working Group.
887:– were released in 2014.
760:Proposed top-level domain
238:) initially consisted of
160:Generic top-level domains
1938:Special-Use Domain Names
1522:Internet Computer Bureau
1464:Identity Digital Limited
943:Due to the structure of
612:reunification of Germany
364:special-use domain names
344:telephone number mapping
2062:"(historical) gTLD MoU"
1430:Sponsoring institution
1234:Pseudo-top-level domain
301:), or a non-alphabetic
2653:(plain text, ALL-CAPS)
2082:. ICANN. 22 June 2008.
1383:The anonymity network
996:, or an email address
940:
632:Bosnia and Herzegovina
201:Test top-level domains
34:. For other uses, see
2683:TLDs accepted in 2012
1701:"Domain Requirements"
1605:Domain name registrar
921:
758:Further information:
624:Serbia and Montenegro
321:Infrastructure domain
18:Top-level domain name
3545:1980s establishments
2603:Addressing the World
1741:Request for Comments
1705:Request for Comments
1668:Request for Comments
1595:Alternative DNS root
1262:improve this article
1079:4 September 2023 at
908:Interisle Consulting
696:Netherlands Antilles
465:improve this article
342:, and e164.arpa for
271:list of current TLDs
154:Request for Comments
36:TLD (disambiguation)
3540:Internet governance
1620:Second-level domain
1500:Restricted generic
1420:
1108:A similar query to
1055:22 January 2023 at
543:In the late 1980s,
3530:Domain Name System
2645:Root Zone Database
2185:. 5 February 2014.
2094:"New gTLD Program"
1615:Public Suffix List
1415:
1370:Domain Name System
1277:"Top-level domain"
941:
764:Around late 2000,
551:domain for use by
480:"Top-level domain"
437:Historical domains
332:reverse DNS lookup
307:Chinese characters
269:The authoritative
119:Multiorganizations
63:Domain Name System
3525:Top-level domains
3512:
3511:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3375:
1583:
1582:
1372:of the Internet.
1338:
1337:
1330:
1312:
1218:IPv4 § Addressing
1087:https://cctld.uz/
1085:It's a mirror of
855:On 13 June 2012,
541:
540:
533:
515:
348:NAPTR DNS records
16:(Redirected from
3557:
3399:
3386:
2740:
2729:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2690:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2321:Ietf Datatracker
2312:
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2256:. 24 August 2012
2246:
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2218:
2212:
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2209:
2207:
2197:"Name Collision"
2193:
2187:
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2175:
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2168:
2166:
2164:
2149:
2143:
2142:
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2138:
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2122:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2068:on 13 June 2008.
2064:. Archived from
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1999:
1993:
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1990:
1988:
1973:
1967:
1960:
1954:
1947:
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1925:
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1764:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1749:10.17487/RFC0921
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1716:
1714:10.17487/RFC0920
1696:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1676:10.17487/RFC1591
1656:
1639:
1636:
1573:
1555:
1533:
1515:
1497:
1475:
1457:
1439:
1421:
1416:Examples of the
1333:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1270:
1246:
1238:
1222:DNS uses port 53
1181:
1114:
891:Rejected domains
754:Proposed domains
536:
529:
525:
522:
516:
514:
473:
449:
441:
358:Reserved domains
121:. An additional
57:) is one of the
51:top-level domain
21:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3477:
3456:
3430:
3403:
3393:
3372:
3324:
3313:Deleted/retired
3308:
3292:
3089:
2936:
2734:
2723:
2717:
2673:
2671:
2662:
2641:
2623:Ruling the Root
2598:
2596:Further reading
2593:
2592:
2582:
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2574:
2570:
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2553:
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2403:on 29 June 2009
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2172:
2162:
2160:
2159:on 15 June 2012
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2113:
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2101:
2100:on 17 June 2009
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2055:
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2030:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1961:
1957:
1948:
1944:
1935:
1931:
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1911:
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1591:
1585:
1569:
1564:; unrestricted
1551:
1546:; unrestricted
1544:TelOne Zimbabwe
1529:
1524:; unrestricted
1511:
1506:; unrestricted
1493:
1488:, unrestricted
1471:
1466:; unrestricted
1453:
1448:; restricted
1442:Infrastructure
1435:
1424:Example domain
1418:over 1,500 TLDs
1413:
1334:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1271:
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1259:
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1236:
1230:
1186:
1179:
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1112:
1084:
1060:
994:http://example/
978:Dotless domains
975:
916:
914:Dotless domains
893:
762:
756:
656:North Macedonia
537:
526:
520:
517:
474:
472:
462:
450:
439:
429:ICANN reserved
360:
323:
299:Arabic alphabet
283:
135:
107:
83:www.example.com
45:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3297:Infrastructure
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2670:. January 2008
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2640:
2639:External links
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2183:Digital Trends
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2085:
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2053:
2028:
2016:
1994:
1968:
1955:
1942:
1929:
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1879:
1863:".ARPA Domain"
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1662:(March 1994).
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1393:onion services
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1232:Main article:
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1228:Pseudo-domains
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915:
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620:SFR Yugoslavia
588:Czech Republic
580:Czechoslovakia
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420:onion services
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2651:IANA TLD List
2649:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2632:0-262-13412-8
2629:
2625:
2624:
2620:
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2616:0-7425-2810-3
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2042:
2041:namecheap.com
2038:
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2029:
2025:
2020:
2017:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1983:
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1972:
1969:
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1959:
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1951:Multicast DNS
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1536:Country-code
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1518:Country-code
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1398:
1397:onion routing
1394:
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1371:
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1359:
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1321:
1318:December 2018
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1307:
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1300:
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1286:
1282:
1279: –
1278:
1274:
1273:Find sources:
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1256:
1251:This section
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1096:
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1082:
1081:archive.today
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733:
732:Nigel Roberts
729:
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