494:
184:
43:
142:
377:
configuration, the two end pistons (pistons 1 and 4) reach TDC simultaneously, as do the two centre pistons (pistons 2 and 3), but these two pairs reach TDC with an angular displacement of 180°. Similar patterns are found in almost all
382:
with even numbers of cylinders, with the two end pistons and two middle pistons moving together (not necessarily 180° out of phase however) and the intermediate pistons moving in pairs in mirror-image around the centre of the
444:
by hand. In large engines the flywheel is moved with a lever or "turning bar". Both operations must be done with care to avoid the operator becoming entangled in the machinery. Even larger engines might require the use of a
483:
employs a crankshaft similar to that found in an engine. In the punch press the crankshaft drives a ram which when it is farthest away from the platen of the press is considered to be in the position of top dead centre.
414:
for example it occurs three times for every one revolution of the rotor (although only once per revolution of the engine output shaft, since the output rotates at three times the speed of the rotor).
370:
configuration, two opposing pistons reach TDC simultaneously, which is also called 0° displacement - but one piston will be at TDC of the compression stroke, the other on TDC of the exhaust stroke.
336:
showing the recommended ignition timing settings as decided during engine development. These timing marks can be used to set the ignition timing either statically by hand or dynamically using a
608:
440:
If a single-cylinder steam engine stops in either of the dead centre positions it must be moved off the dead centre before it will restart. In small engines this is done by turning the
1208:
242:
is an example of the latter, the connecting rods being arranged such that the dead centre for each cylinder occurs out of phase with the other one (or more) cylinders.
601:
410:, and means the point in the cycle in which the volume of a combustion chamber is smallest. This typically occurs several times per rotor revolution; In the
1030:
594:
60:
1201:
195:
where the applied force is straight along its axis, meaning no turning force can be applied. Many sorts of machines are crank driven, including
467:
will always be off the dead centre and no starting assistance is required. In the common case of a two piston locomotive, the cranks are set at
1000:
1776:
696:
471:, so that whenever one piston is at dead centre the other is in mid-stroke, and giving four equally spaced power strokes per revolution.
1194:
1025:
1715:
107:
574:
531:
126:
79:
86:
1393:
944:
64:
253:
cranks have dead centres at approximately 12 o'clock and 6 o'clock where simple pushing down of the pedal will not turn the
1690:
269:
of the bicycle and rider to keep the chainwheel turning even if the rider makes no attempt to pedal in a circular motion.
93:
1274:
754:
31:
985:
347:
In a multi-cylinder engine, pistons may reach top dead centre simultaneously or at different times depending on the
75:
1865:
1217:
980:
860:
215:
53:
1740:
1685:
1637:
1545:
417:
Finding the volume of the cylinder using TDC and BDC and multiplying it by the number of cylinders will give the
1821:
1662:
1371:
1060:
975:
810:
407:
586:
1596:
924:
855:
749:
1418:
1160:
995:
895:
456:
1535:
1376:
1170:
949:
910:
875:
716:
1530:
1302:
1155:
1083:
1035:
629:
620:
360:
348:
278:
235:
153:
100:
1680:
1578:
1308:
1124:
830:
418:
1601:
1398:
1139:
990:
939:
835:
769:
569:. Audel Technical Trades Series. Vol. 9 (5th ed.). Wiley Publishing, Inc. p. 345.
258:
498:
437:, the relevant terms are front dead centre and back dead centre rather than "top" and "bottom".
1403:
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870:
865:
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805:
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527:
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329:
192:
547:
394:, the piston motion within each bank is similar to that of a straight engine, however in the
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1525:
1446:
1433:
789:
779:
681:
552:. Technical Manual. United States Department of the Army. October 1985. pp. 2−33, 2−34.
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219:
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1735:
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1482:
1477:
1441:
1358:
1298:
1259:
1249:
1040:
885:
880:
815:
759:
671:
411:
257:, but the rider's leg is able to apply tangential force at the pedal to overcome it.
227:
208:
160:
is the position of a piston in which it is either farthest from, or nearest to, the
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1318:
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1134:
1129:
905:
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711:
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30:
This article is about engineering of crank-driven machinery. For other uses, see
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Top dead centre for cylinder one is often marked on the crankshaft pulley, the
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479:
This term is also used in the realm of production equipment. A mechanical
359:
configuration, the two pistons reach TDC at different times, equal to the
238:, so that dead centres can never exist on all cranks at the same time. A
1789:
1785:
1657:
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325:
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1816:
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27:
The positions of an engine's piston at the top or bottom of its stroke
1627:
1606:
1383:
1333:
731:
701:
464:
356:
1094:
301:). A very few small and fast-burning engines require a spark just
140:
1781:
1190:
590:
1228:
36:
234:
to overcome the dead centre, or are designed, in the case of
293:
is normally specified as degrees of crankshaft rotation
281:, top dead centre of piston #1 is the point from which
230:. Crank-driven machines rely on the energy stored in a
191:
More generally, the dead centre is any position of a
1799:
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1352:
1237:
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1082:
1059:
1013:
958:
932:
923:
798:
740:
637:
628:
406:The concept of top dead centre is also extended to
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1202:
602:
8:
1209:
1195:
1187:
929:
634:
609:
595:
587:
563:Miller, Rex; Miller, Mark Richard (2004).
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1275:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)
182:
566:Audel Machine Shop Tools and Operations
512:
402:engines the motion is far more complex.
7:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
623:components, systems and terminology
25:
549:Principles of Automotive Vehicles
492:
41:
1377:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout
526:. Firewall Media. p. 297.
463:to be set so that at least one
172:) while the latter is known as
52:needs additional citations for
945:Propeller speed reduction unit
285:measurements are made and the
76:"Dead centre" engineering
1:
497:The dictionary definition of
755:Capacitor discharge ignition
523:Basic Mechanical Engineering
289:is determined. For example,
455:normally have at least two
1882:
1218:Internal combustion engine
164:. The former is known as
29:
1835:
1686:Diesel particulate filter
1638:Idle air control actuator
1579:Engine control unit (ECU)
1224:
765:Electronic fuel injection
408:pistonless rotary engines
1751:Viscous fan (fan clutch)
1663:Throttle position sensor
1372:Overhead camshaft layout
811:Aircraft engine starting
1290:Core plug (freeze plug)
856:Mean effective pressure
457:double acting cylinders
332:or both, with adjacent
896:Time between overhauls
363:between the cylinders.
295:before top dead centre
236:multi-cylinder engines
188:
149:
1171:Ice protection system
911:Volumetric efficiency
876:Overhead valve engine
303:after top dead centre
186:
145:Top dead center in a
144:
1531:Compression ignition
1156:Auxiliary power unit
1036:Flight data recorder
459:, which enables the
361:angular displacement
349:engine configuration
279:reciprocating engine
273:Reciprocating engine
154:reciprocating engine
61:improve this article
1681:Catalytic converter
1125:Pressure carburetor
861:Naturally aspirated
831:Engine displacement
520:Sen, Mohan (2006).
419:engine displacement
313:with hemispherical
259:Fixed-gear bicycles
207:, various types of
187:Position of pistons
1807:Knocking / pinging
1399:Combustion chamber
1140:Updraft carburetor
1014:Engine instruments
940:Propeller governor
836:Four-stroke engine
340:, by rotating the
189:
174:bottom dead centre
150:
1866:Engine technology
1853:
1852:
1822:Stratified charge
1589:Electrical system
1571:Engine management
1404:Compression ratio
1344:Starter ring gear
1243:rotating assembly
1184:
1183:
1021:Annunciator panel
1009:
1008:
919:
918:
901:Two-stroke engine
871:Overhead camshaft
851:Manifold pressure
821:Compression ratio
453:Steam locomotives
386:In the flatplane
330:harmonic balancer
224:steam locomotives
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
1873:
1696:Exhaust manifold
1561:Spark plug wires
1447:Boost controller
1434:Forced induction
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1197:
1188:
1166:Hydraulic system
986:Counter-rotating
930:
682:Hydraulic tappet
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611:
604:
597:
588:
581:
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554:
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390:and many larger
380:straight engines
319:hydrogen engines
311:Nissan MA engine
240:steam locomotive
132:
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45:
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1827:Top dead centre
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1384:Tappet / lifter
1367:Flathead layout
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1185:
1180:
1161:Coffman starter
1144:
1087:
1078:
1069:Carburetor heat
1061:Engine controls
1055:
1005:
981:Contra-rotating
954:
915:
846:Ignition timing
794:
775:Ignition system
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736:
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500:top dead center
490:
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351:. For example:
309:), such as the
291:ignition timing
283:ignition system
275:
248:
209:machine presses
166:top dead centre
147:gasoline engine
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
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58:
46:
35:
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18:Top dead centre
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1673:Exhaust system
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1643:Inlet manifold
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1498:Fuel injection
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1265:Connecting rod
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1001:Variable-pitch
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993:
988:
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976:Constant-speed
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692:Obturator ring
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652:Connecting rod
649:
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630:Piston engines
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511:
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503:at Wiktionary
489:
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475:Other machines
473:
447:barring engine
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247:
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220:diesel engines
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1729:Water cooling
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1706:Oxygen sensor
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1621:Intake system
1619:
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1612:Starter motor
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1551:Ignition coil
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1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1483:Petrol engine
1481:
1479:
1478:Diesel engine
1476:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1458:
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1453:
1450:
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1442:Blowoff valve
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1359:Cylinder head
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1250:Balance shaft
1248:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
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1149:Other systems
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1113:
1111:
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1101:
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1093:
1092:
1090:
1086:and induction
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1075:
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1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
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1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
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1041:Glass cockpit
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1029:
1027:
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912:
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904:
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894:
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889:
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886:Shock cooling
884:
882:
881:Rotary engine
879:
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766:
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761:
760:Dual ignition
758:
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753:
751:
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745:
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672:Cylinder head
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621:piston engine
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433:are commonly
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431:steam engines
425:Steam engines
424:
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420:
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412:Wankel engine
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344:in its seat.
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117:November 2015
109:
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81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
1826:
1736:Electric fan
1536:Coil-on-plug
1462:Turbocharger
1457:Supercharger
1329:Main bearing
1319:Firing order
1309:Displacement
1255:Block heater
1239:Engine block
1227:Part of the
1226:
1176:Recoil start
1135:Turbocharger
1130:Supercharger
996:Single-blade
906:Valve timing
825:
727:Sleeve valve
712:Poppet valve
687:Main bearing
565:
558:
548:
542:
522:
515:
499:
491:
478:
469:right angles
451:
439:
428:
416:
405:
346:
338:timing light
334:timing marks
323:
306:
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298:
294:
287:firing order
276:
249:
226:, and other
190:
177:
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169:
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138:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
1760:Lubrication
1724:Air cooling
1541:Distributor
1493:Fuel filter
1471:Fuel system
1452:Intercooler
1419:Timing belt
1409:Head gasket
1339:Piston ring
1120:Intercooler
1046:Hobbs meter
971:Blade pitch
966:Autofeather
959:Terminology
866:Monosoupape
826:Dead centre
799:Terminology
707:Piston ring
677:Gudgeon pin
481:punch press
398:V8 and all
342:distributor
315:combustions
261:(without a
158:dead centre
32:Dead center
1812:Power band
1772:Oil filter
1746:Thermostat
1691:EGT sensor
1653:MAF sensor
1648:MAP sensor
1633:Air filter
1597:Alternator
1556:Spark plug
1488:Carburetor
1414:Rocker arm
1354:Valvetrain
1285:Crankshaft
1229:Automobile
1110:Gascolator
1100:Carburetor
1051:Tachometer
933:Components
925:Propellers
841:Horsepower
806:Air-cooled
785:Spark plug
750:Alternator
743:components
741:Electrical
722:Rocker arm
662:Crankshaft
640:components
638:Mechanical
507:References
435:horizontal
396:crossplane
375:straight-4
265:) use the
255:chainwheel
162:crankshaft
87:newspapers
1546:Glow plug
1508:Fuel tank
1503:Fuel pump
1270:Crankcase
770:Generator
392:V engines
368:flat twin
205:tricycles
197:unicycles
1860:Category
1845:Category
1790:Dry sump
1786:Wet sump
1777:Oil pump
1741:Radiator
1658:Throttle
1518:Ignition
1389:Camshaft
1314:Flywheel
1295:Cylinder
1280:Crankpin
1074:Throttle
991:Scimitar
697:Oil pump
667:Cylinder
657:Crankpin
647:Camshaft
618:Aircraft
488:See also
442:flywheel
326:flywheel
267:momentum
246:Bicycles
232:flywheel
213:gasoline
201:bicycles
1817:Redline
1701:Muffler
1602:Battery
1526:Magneto
950:Spinner
790:Starter
780:Magneto
717:Pushrod
383:engine.
373:In the
366:In the
355:In the
263:freehub
251:Bicycle
216:engines
101:scholar
1840:Portal
1628:Airbox
1607:Dynamo
1334:Piston
1324:Stroke
1303:layout
1231:series
1088:system
891:Stroke
732:Tappet
702:Piston
573:
530:
465:piston
461:cranks
357:V-twin
156:, the
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
1800:Other
1424:Valve
1394:Chest
1095:Avgas
1031:EICAS
317:, or
277:In a
193:crank
152:In a
108:JSTOR
94:books
1782:Sump
1299:bank
1260:Bore
1084:Fuel
1026:EFIS
816:Bore
571:ISBN
528:ISBN
307:ATDC
299:BTDC
80:news
1767:Oil
1356:and
1241:and
429:As
400:V10
328:or
180:).
178:BDC
170:TDC
63:by
1862::
1788:,
1301:,
449:.
421:.
388:V8
321:.
222:,
218:,
211:,
203:,
199:,
1792:)
1784:(
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1297:(
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1203:t
1196:v
610:e
603:t
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579:.
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305:(
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176:(
168:(
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124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
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