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in German)—that was subsequently dropped, as in "de Guzmán" (of Guzman) becoming simply Guzmán. While the disappearance of the preposition has been linked to toponymic by-names becoming inherited family names, it (dropping the preposition) predates the trend of inherited family surnames. In
England,
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in the cities, which partly developed due to migration from the countryside to cities. Also linked was the increased popularity of using the names of saints for naming new-borns, which reduced the pool of given-names in play and stimulated a popular demand (and personal desire) for by-names—which
50:, which included names of specific locations, such as the individual's place of origin, residence, or lands that they held, or, more generically, names that were derived from regional topographic features. Surnames derived from landscape/topographic features are also called
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The origins of toponymic by-names have been largely attributed to two non-mutually exclusive trends. One linked the nobility to their places of origin and feudal holdings and provided a marker of their status. The other related to the growth of the
206:"). Likewise, it has been suggested that a toponymic cannot be assumed to be a place of residence or origin: merchants could have adopted a toponymic by-name to associate themselves with a place where they never resided.
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and non-nobiliary forms of toponymic surnames exist, as in some languages they evolved differently. In France, non-nobiliary forms tended to fuse the preposition, where nobiliary forms tended to retain it as the
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Issues such as local pronunciation can cause toponymic surnames to take a form that varies significantly from the toponym that gave rise to them. Examples include
Wyndham, derived from
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this can be seen as early as the 11th century. And although there is some regional variation, a significant shift away from using the preposition can be seen during the 14th century.
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were helpful in distinguishing an individual among increasing numbers of like-named persons. In London in the 13th century, the use of toponymic surnames became dominant.
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One must be cautious to interpret a surname as toponymic based on its spelling alone, without knowing its history. A notable example is the name of
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In some cases, the preposition coalesced (fused) into the name, such as Atwood (at wood) and
Daubney (originating as de Albigni, from
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In Polish, a toponymic surname may be created by adding "(w)ski" or "cki" at the end. For example,
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is a toponymic surname associated with one of the places in Poland named
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283:"Toponymic Surnames as Evidence of the Origin: Some Medieval Views"
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A Critical and
Analytical Dissertation on the Names of Persons
441:"Gary Lefman (2013): Internationalisation of People Names"
236:(class of anthroponyms that are formed from toponyms).
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97:that later were used as hereditary family names.
93:Some toponymic surnames originated as personal
232:terminology, toponymic surnames belong among
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416:Dictionary of American Family Names
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362:, 3rd ed., Routledge, 1991, p. xiv.
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418:. Oxford University Press. 2013.
109:Some forms originally included a
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476:Family Names and Family History
453:from the original on 2020-10-21
422:from the original on 2018-11-14
360:Dictionary of English Surnames
347:Dictionary of English Surnames
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401:, E. P. Dutton and Co., 1916.
305:Last Names and Their Meanings
198:but instead is a distorted
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163:societies of Europe, both
331:In Laudem Hierosolymitani
292:, by Benjamin Z. Kedar.
256:Territorial designation
157:Saint-Martin-d'Aubigny
18:Topographical surname
386:Discovering Surnames
183:, and Badgerly from
52:topographic surnames
36:habitational surname
204:Name of Joan of Arc
499:Toponymic surnames
371:John Henry Brady,
288:2017-02-20 at the
246:Nisba (onomastics)
397:Earnest Weekley,
170:discrete particle
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211:Maliszewski
111:preposition
72:de Castello
56:de Montibus
493:Categories
484:1852855509
457:2020-10-19
426:2019-01-03
267:References
200:patronymic
185:Badgworthy
181:Anstruther
159:). In the
147:in Dutch,
129:in Dutch,
48:place name
219:Maliszewo
177:Wymondham
165:nobiliary
113:—such as
80:del Valle
478:, 2006,
448:Archived
420:Archived
399:Surnames
286:Archived
261:Toponymy
240:See also
223:MaliszĂłw
215:Maliszew
95:by-names
88:de Vinea
84:de Porta
76:de Valle
64:Da Ponte
60:de Ponte
54:, e.g.,
504:Surname
40:surname
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202:(see "
68:Dupont
44:byname
451:(PDF)
444:(PDF)
221:, or
480:ISBN
335:p.55
225:.
228:In
196:Arc
149:von
144:van
127:ten
42:or
34:or
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